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ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
ill
3 1833 01 091 7489
n
ILLUSTRATED HISTORY
OF
^NNEBEC ^UNTY
MAINE
1799
1625
^"
-1892
EDITORS
HEHRY D. KIHGSBURY
SIMEOH L. DEYO
Resident ContriTDutors
JAMES W. BRADBURY
WILLIAM PENN WHITEHOUSE
SAMUEL L. BOARDMAN
WILLIAM B. LAPHAM
HIRAM K. MORREI.L
LENDALL TITCOMB
J. CLAIR MINOT
JAMES M. LARRABEE
HENRY S. WEBSTER
CHARLES E. NASH
JOHN L. STEVENS
HOWARD OWEN
RUFUS M. JONES
ASBURY C. STILPHEN
HARRY H. COCHRANE
GEORGE UNDERWOOD
ORRIN F. SPROUL
ALBION F. WATSON
New York
W. BLAKE & COMPANY
94 Reade St.
1893
V-
Edition Limited to 1600 Prints.
COPYRIGHTED 1892,
H. W. BLAKE & CO.
-4
fA. H. Ritchie.
Engravers, • Hazlett Gilmour.
I A. C. Shipley.
Artist, Frank M. Gilbert.
Printer, J. Henry Probst.
Binders, T. Russell & Son.
1127768
INTRODUCTION.
HISTORY is a record of human experience. Human acts are its
sources, its forces, its substance, its soul. Individual life is its
unit; collective biography its sum total. This book is an effort to
preserve some of the staple facts in the lives of the men and women
of Kennebec county. Those who have attempted such work know
its difficulties; those who have not cannot understand them.
Early local history is, at best, but a collection of memories and tra-
ditions, with an occasional precious bit of written data. Of necessity,
such chains have many missing links. The questioner is so frequently
told that had he but come ten— or twenty — years ago, such and such
an one, now gone, could have told him so much. Those people then
would surely have said the same of their predecessors. So if, for the
printed page, we get what we can when we can, the reader has the
best obtainable.
Happily, both in character and extent, the matter here given
greatly excels the original expectations and plans of the publishers.
In addition to the historical matter, in which they take genuine pride,
they regard as of great importance the genealogical and biographical
matter.
The facts of life and generation are beyond question of superla-
tive worth. There is no more significant tendency of civilization than
the growing attention paid to making more detailed records of family
statistics. Scarcely a New England family of long, vigorous con-
tinuance can be found, some loyal member of which has not — at great
cost of time and often of money— prepared an approximate genealogy.
Every effort at local history puts in imperishable form the priceless
annals of the past. The recollections and experiences taken from
the lips of the aged is so much rescued from oblivion. Every promi-
nent figure in the realms of business, science, art or profession has
IV INTRODUCTION.
passed through the uneventful periods of childhood and youth, often
in some obscure locality; and there is not a town in Kennebec county-
whose pride in having produced and whose interest in watching or
relating the careers of its honored sons and daughters do not still
make its air richer and its sunshine brighter.
While writing these last lines on a winter's day near the close of
the second year of labor on the work in hand, we wish in behalf of
their posterity, whom we have tried to serve, to thank the good people
of Kennebec who have so kindly and faithfully cooperated with us in
every way to make this volume worthy of its title. Besides to twenty
writers whose names these chapters bear, we gladly acknowledge our
obligation to more than twenty hundred who have, in personal inter-
views or in correspondence, or both, done what they could to leave
for coming times this record of their county's past — this monument
to what it is. .
Augusta, Me., c.,^^^>?z^
December, 1892.
^^:^2!f^
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Chapter I.
General View. By Hiram K. Mor-
rell 1
Chapter II.
The Indians of the Kennebec. By
Capt. Charles E. Nash 9
Chapter III.
Sources of Land Titles. By Len-
dall Titcomb, Esq 73
Chapter IV.
Civil History and Institutions 78
Chapter V.
Military History 109
Chapter VI.
Military History (Concluded) 122
Chapter VII.
Industrial Resources 175
Chapter VIII.
Agriculture and Live Stock. By
Samuel L. Boardman 187
Chapter IX.
Travel and Transportation 225
Chapter X.
The Newspaper Press. By Mr.
Howard Owen 238
Chapter XI.
Literature and Literary People.
By Thomas Addison 254
Chapter XII.
The Society of Friends. By Rufus
M. Jones 269
Chapter XIII.
History of the Courts. By Judge
William Penn Whitehouse 297
Chapter XIV.
The Kennebec Bar. By James W.
Bradbury, LL.D 308
Chapter XV.
The Medi^ al Profession 347
Chapter XVI.
Augusta. By Capt. Charles E.Nash. 381
Chapter XVII.
Augusta (Continued) 405
Chapter XVIII.
Augusta (Concluded) 427
Chapter XIX.
Hallowell. By Dr. William B.
Lapham 489
Chapter XX.
Town of Farmingdale. By A. C.
Stilphen, Esq 517
Chapter XXI.
Town of Winslow. By Henry D.
Kingsbury ' 537
Chapter XXII.
City of Waterville. By Henry D.
Kingsbury 568
Chapter XXIII.
City of Waterville (Concluded) ... 580
Chapter XXIV.
The City of Gardiner 601
Chapter XXV.
Town of West Gardiner 668
Chapter XXVI.
Town of Litchfield. By H. D.
Kingsbury 684
Chapter XXVU.
Town of Pittston 712
Chapter XXVIII.
Town of Randolph 738
Chapter XXIX.
Town of Chelsea 749
Chapter XXX.
Town of Monmouth. By Harry H.
Cochrane 764
Chapter XXXI.
Town of Wayne 807
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Chapter XXXII.
Town of Winthrop 826
Chapter XXXIII.
Town of Manchester 875
Chapter XXXIV.
Town of Readfield. By Henry D.
Kingsbury 890
Chapter XXXV.
Town of Mount Vernon 9.S0
Chapter XXXVI.
Town of Fayette. By George Un-
derwood, Esq 953
Chapter XXXVII.
Town of Vienna 974
Chapter XXXVIII.
Town of Rome 988
Chapter XXXIX.
Town of Belgrade. By J. Clair
Minot 993
Chapter XL.
Town of Sidney 10.34
Chapter XLI.
Town of Oakland 1064
Chapter XLII.
Town of \^assalboro 1095
Chapter XLIII.
Town of China 1139
Chapter XLIV.
Town of Windsor 1172
Chapter XLV.
Town of Albion 1194
Chapter XL\'I.
Town of Benton 1218
Chapter XLVII.
Town of Clinton 1243
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Adams, Enoch, M. D 348
Adams, Hermon H 1018
Albion, Map of 1202
Allen, E. C 452
Asylum for Insane 96
Augusta, Settlers' Map 387
Ayer, John 1076
Bailey, Hannah J., Residence 852
Bailey, Moses 853
Barnard, Mrs. Henrietta M., Res.. 648
Barton, Asher H 1331
Barton, Asher H. , Residence 1332
Bassett, Alexander, Residence 1162
Bassett, Jonathan 1163
Bean, Emery O 316
Benson, Benj. Chandler 1079
Besse, Charles K 980
Billings, Oliver 965
Billings Homestead •. 965
Blaine, James G 456
Blaisdell, Elijah 1233
Blake, Fred K., Residence 795
Blake, Henry M 350
Blake Homestead 795
Blake, William P 1081
Bodwell, Joseph R 185
Boutelle, Nathaniel R 351
Boutelle, Timothy 308
Bowman, Sifamai 625
Bradbury, James W 318
Brooks, Samuel S 466
Brown, Frederick 1 909
Brown, Frederick I., Res. and Store. 908
Brown, George 756
Burbank, Silas 852
Burleigh, Edwin C 82
Bussell, John 1124
Butman, James O., Farm Res 910
Cabin, ' ' Uncle Tom's. " 705
Capitol, at Augusta 80
Carleton, Leroy T 324
Carr, Albert C, Residence 855
Carr, Daniel 833
Chelsea, Settlers' Map of 750
China, Sketch Map of 1140
Christ's Church, Gardiner 630
Cobb, Chandler F., Stock Farm. . . 311
Cobbosseecontee Lake 880
Coburn Classical Institute lOO
Colby University 98
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Colcord, John B., Farm Residence. 1335
Collins, Jason 234
Collins, John 672
Comfort Publishing House 443
Cony, Daniel 469
Cony High School 425
Cony, Samuel 468
Copsecook Paper Mills 615
Cornish, Colby C 556
Court House, Augusta 79
Crooker, Leander J 354
Crosby, George H., Residence 1309
Cumston, Charles M 793
Cumston, Charles M., Residence.. 792
Cushnoc, Plan of 1761 387
Dingley, J. B 647
Dodge, Howard W 1260
Doherty, Charles W 434
Druillette's, Fr. Gabriel, Autogr'h. 83
East Winthrop, Village Plan 849
Eaton, Joseph 560
Emerson, Luther D 1084
Fairfax, Settlers' Map 1202
Father Rale's Monument 65
Faught, Albert, Residence 1052
Fifield, Joseph S 883
Fifield. Joseph S. , Farm Res 883
Fogg, Samuel G.. Farm Res 912
Fort Western, Vicinity of 392
Friends' Meeting House, East Vas-
salboro 376
Friends' Meeting House, Winthrop. 293
Gannett & Morse Concern 443
Gardiner High School. . .-. 638
Gardiner Savings Bank 627
Giddings, Wooster P 358
Giddings, Wooster P., Residence.. 358
Giris' Reform School 104
Gott, John M 824
Gower, John 857
Gray, Jo.shua 608
Guptill. D. F 562
Haley, Eben D 180
Hallowell Social Library 502
Hammond, Carlos 1054
Hanscom, David 1237
Hanson, James H 588
Harlow, Henry M 95
Harriman, Benjamin W 914
Harriman, Benj. W., Residence. . . 915
Harvey Homestead 917
Harvey, William, Birthplace 917
Hathaway, Charles F 589
He wins, George E., Residence 472
Hewins Homestead 472
Hewins, Daniel 473
Haynes, J. Manchester 470
High School, Gardiner 638
Hobbs, Josiah S 105
Hodgdon, Elbridge G 1262
Hodges, Albert .564
Hodges, Albert, Residence 564
Hodges, Bamum 564c
Holway, Oscar 474
Hopkins, Myrick 649
Hopkins, Myrick, Homestead 648
Howard, Oakes 860
Hussey, Ben. G., Residence 1114
Hussey, Orrett J., Residence 1128
Industrial School for Girls 104
Insane, Hospital for the 96
Jail, Kennebec County 79
Jewett, Hartley W 532
Jones, Levi 863
Jones Plantation, Plan of 1140
Kendrick, Cyrus 363
Kennebec Court House 79
Kennebec County Jail 79
Kent, Elias H., Residence 968
Kents Hill Seminary 102
Kilbreth, Sullivan 887
Knight, Austin D 513
Ladd, Harvey 919
Lamb, William 1264
Lane, Samuel W 476
Lapham, Eliphalet H 731
Lapham, William B 360
Lawrence, Charles 618
Lawrence, Sherburn 630
Lawrence Homestead 619
Lewis, Allen E 740
Library, Hallowell 503
Lithgow, L. W 439
Longfellow, George A 864
Loring. Henry S 1058
MacDonald, Roderick 920
Maine Wesleyan Seminary 103
Manley, Joseph H 478
Marston, David E 364
Minot, George E 1034
Minot, George E., Residence 1024
Mitchell, Benjamin G 593
Monument, Father Rale's 65
Morrell, Arch 656
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Morrell, Hiram K 262
Morrell, James S 1213
Mt. Pleasant Stock Farm 211
Nason, Charles H 445
Nichols, Thomas B 1130
North, James W 479
Oak Grove Seminary 280
" Oak Hill "— BiUings Homestead.. 96.5
" Oak Trees "—Gov. Williams' Res. 487
Owen, Howard, Cottage 880
Packard, Henry 868
Parsons, David E 366
Rale, Fr. Seb., Autograph of .53
Richardson, Alton 1268
Robbins, George A 1134
Robbins, George A., Residence 1134
Rowell, Eliphalet .514
Sampson, Thomas B 679
Sanborn, Bigelow T 97
Savings Institution, Gardiner 627
Searls, William T 762
Shores, George E 595
Sidney, Sketch Map of 1035
Small, Abner R 1089
Smith, David T 704
Smith, E. H. W 481
Smith, William R 482
Snell, William B 332
Snow, Albion P . . .\ 371
Springer, David S 706
State House, Augusta 80
St. Augustine Church, Augusta 436
St. Joseph's Church, Gardiner 635
St. Mary's Church, Augusta 432
Stevens, Greenlief T 92
Stevens Homestead 1028
Sturgis, Ira I ) 484
Strout, Albion K. P., Residence. . . 373
Taylor, Joseph 1030
Thayer. Frederick C 375
"The Elms"— Res. Geo. H. Crosby. 1209
Thing, Daniel H 949
Thomas, Joseph B 736
Tinkham, Andrew W 804
Titcomb, Samuel 336
Torsey, Henry P 926
Towne, Benjamin F. , Residence . . 567
Trott, Freeman 664
"Uncle Tom's Cabin." 705
Underwood, Joseph H 971
Underwood Homestead 972
\^assalboro, Plan of 1096
Vining, Marcellus 1192
Ware, John 598
Webb, E. F 338
West Gardiner Map 669
Whitehouse, Seth C 486
Whitehouse, William Penn 297
Whitehouse Homestead 1137
Whitmore, Chadbourn W 378
Whitmore, Nathaniel M 342
Whitmore, Stephen 376
Whittier Homestead 984
Williams, Joseph H 487
Williams, Joseph H., Residence. . . 487
Williams, Reuel 310
Williams, Seth 166
Winslow, Map of 538
Winslow, Alfred 1092
Woodbury, John 710
Woods, Jacob S 986
HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL VIEW.
By Hiram K. Morrell.
Geographical and Astronomical Position. — Rocks. — Fossils. — Clay-beds. — Drain-
age.— Streams. — Ponds. — Hills. — Climate. — Karnes. — Shell Deposits. — Min-
eralogy.— Primitive and Present Forests. — Landscapes. — Game. — Fishes.
THAT portion of south-central Maine now embraced within the
county of Kennebec — lying on either side of the Kennebec
river and almost wholly drained by its tributaries — has an area
of nearly a half million acres. Its southern boundary, thirty miles
from the ocean, is in north latitude, 44°, whence it extends northward
to 44° 31'. It is from twenty to thirty-five miles wide, lying between
meridians 69° 20' and 70° 10', we.st. Its greatest diameter from north-
east to southwest is 48.5 miles. With the ultimate purpose of tracing
the course of human events within this territory, our more immediate
purpose in this chapter is to consider the county as a physical struc-
ture, regardless of its occupancy by man.
The indications of a glacial period are probably as well shown in
this county as anywhere in Maine. Underlying the modified drift
are often found masses of earth and rocks mingled confusedly
together, having neither stratification nor any appearance of having
been deposited in water. These are the glacial drift, or ////. This
drift frequently covers the slopes, and even the summits, of the
greater elevations. It contains bowlders of all diameters up to forty
feet, which have nearly all been brought southward from their native
ledges, and can be traced, in some instances, for a hundred miles,
southward or southeastward. Wherever till occurs, the ledges have
mostly been worn to a rounied form, and, if the rock be hard, it is
covered with long scratches, or striic, in the direction of the course
taken by the bowlders. Geology now refers these to a moving ice-
sheet which spread over this continent from the north, and was of
sufficient thickness to cover even Mount Washington, to within 300
1
2 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
feet of its top. This ice-sheet was so much thicker at the north than
in this latitude that its great weight pressed the ice steadily onward
and outward to the south-southeast. The termination of this ice-sheet
in the Atlantic, southeast of New England, was probably like the
present great ice-wall of the Antarctic continent.
Of Maine as a whole the rocks are both vietaniorpliic {i. c, changed
from the original sandstones, shales, conglomerates and limestones by
the action of heat, water and chemical forces into other kinds of rock
than their first character) slxiA fossi/ifcrous. These metamorphic strati-
fied rocks occur: gneiss, mica schist, talcose schist, steatite, and ser-
pentine, the saccharoid limestone, clay slate, quartz, and conglomer-
ates, jasper, siliceous slate, and hornstone. The unstra'tified rocks are
mostly granite, sienite, protogine, porphyry, and trap or greenstone.
The fossiliferous rocks are Paleozoic, except some marine alluvial
deposits, and represent the Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devon-
ian, and Drift and Alluvium groups. These formations have been
studied but superficially, as yet, by .scientific men; Prof. C. H.
Hitchcock, however, gives this arrangement: Champlain clays, terti-
ary; Glacial drift, till; Lower Carboniferous or Upper Devonian;
Lower Devonian, Oriskany group; Upper Silurian; Silurian and Cam-
brian clay slates; Cambrian and Huronian with Taconic; Montalban;
Laurentian; Granite; Trap and altered slates. The topographical
survey by the government is not yet published, and Prof. W. S.
Bayley, of Colby University, says that not even a nucleus of a repre-
sentative collection of the minerals of the state exists anywhere in it,
although Maine possesses unique minerals unknown elsewhere.
The accepted theory of many geologists, among them Miller,
Lyell and Darwin, is that there was a time during the Pleistocene
period when most of this continent was under water; when the whole
of Kennebec county was submerged; and that millions of immense
icebergs were carried by the currents, bringing large bowlders frozen
firmly to their bottoms. These, passing over the submerged ledge,
ground to impalpable powder that which, precipitated in layers on the
then ocean bottom, formed the clay layers of to-day. The subsequent
gradual elevation of the eastern coast of this continent left above tide
water many of the characteristics of the former ocean bottom, and
now at various depths below the surface layers of marine shells may
be found.
The surface in many sections is of slate of the lower Silurian
formation, which, having been ground «o a fine paste, makes the gray
clay, frequently tinged with oxide of iron and containing fossil marine
shells. Where these clay-beds are deepest the clay is very salt and
sometimes contains water-worn pebbles, on some of which fossil
barnacles have been found. Under the gray clays is the blue clay
deposit, doubtless antedating them by many ages, and formed in part
GENERAL VIEW. 3
from the ocean ooze. These original day deposits are thirty, sixty,
and in places, more than one hundred feet thick, through which the
streams have cut deep channels, leaving the clay hills of irregular
outline.
Of the county as a place of residence it hardly seems necessary
to speak. Those who have always lived in it show, from that fact,
their appreciation of it. Those who have gone from it have either
come back, or intend to, if they can. Those who have been away from
it and returned, think most of it. and the more they have traveled,
the more they appreciate good " Old Kennebec " as a home.
I was born in it and always lived in it except about two j^ears in
Minnesota, aiid then I had a home here. I have been young and now
I am old, yet never have I seen the Kennebecker forsaken, nor his
seed begging bread — and never expect to — unless he is too lazy to
work. I have traveled in twenty-six states, both of the Canadas, New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and I honestly, after mature deliberation,
believe that in no other land can one with honesty and thrift get more
of the good things of life— of all that makes life enjoyable to the hon-
est, intellectual man — than in Kennebec county.
The county is one of the highly favored places of the world as to
its water and drainage systems. The splendid water power at Water-
ville, known as Ticonic (anciently spelled Teconnet) falls, is the head
of navigation for large boats.
The total fall of the Kennebec from the foot of Ticonic falls to
Augusta is 36.6 feet. The dam at Augusta, which is passed by a lock,
makes still water for several miles. Just below Ticonic falls the
Sebasticook river, having drained Winslow, Benton and Clinton, and
many towns in Somerset county, joins the Kennebec near the old Fort
Halifax of 1746. The Messalonskee stream, having drained the lake of
the same name and five towns and several large ponds, at Oakland tum-
bles in a beautiful cascade of forty feet and soon enters the Kennebec,
just below and opposite the mouth of the Sebasticook. , Several large
brooks or streams, which would be called rivers in the western part of
the state, enter the Kennebec between Waterville and Gardiner, where
the Cobbosseecontee — the prettiest, merriest and busiest of streams —
having drained the towns of Wayne, Winthrop, Monmouth, Litchfield
and West Gardiner, in Kennebec county, and several in Androscoggin
and Sagadahoc, after a vexed and troubled journey of a mile over
eight dams, with a fall of 128 feet, laughingly and gleefully enters
placidly the Kennebec.
The Cobbossee is the outlet of Cobbossee Great pond, which re-
ceives also the waters of Aunabessacook and Maranocook ponds. It
also receives the discharge from Lake Tacoma, or " Shorey pond,"
Sand, Buker, Jimmy and Wood ponds, which are nearly on a level, and
known on the map as Purgatory ponds. It is one of the best and most
4 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
available water powers in the state. Worromontogus stream, the out-
let of the pond of the same name — usually abbreviated to " Togus " —
forms the line between Randolph and Pittston, where it forms a valu-
able water power before its entrance into the Kennebec. The south-
ern and eastern portions of Pittston are drained by the Eastern river,
which joins the Kennebec at Dresden, opposite Swan island. Windsor
is drained by the eastern branch of the Sheepscot. The towns in the
extreme west of the county contain sixteen ponds which drain into
the Androscoggin. As a whole, the water that falls on Kennebec
county flows into the ocean through the Kennebec, for it receives all
of the water of the Androscoggin at Merrymeeting bay.
Of course this imperfect sketch of these leading drainage systems
gives but a faint idea of the water system of the county. On Half-
penny's atlas of Kennebec county, some seventy-five named ponds are
laid down, which number of course does not include all. Some of
these ponds, several miles in extent, would be called lakes in other
places. Cobbossee Great pond forms the boundary, in whole or in
part, of five towns; and there are several others nearly as large. I
will not consider the water powers of these ponds and streams, but
their natural beauties and attractions. I know them and love them,
but it will take an abler pen than mine to picture even a small part of
their loveliness. If I cared to tempt the hunter and fisherman — but I
do not — I could tell wondrous tales, and wondrous because they are
true, of the trout, black bass, white perch, pickerel, and many other
kinds of fishes I have seen, which were taken from our beautiful
brooks and ponds: and of the woodcocks, partridges, ducks and other
game that others shot — others I say, for I never fired a gun in my life.
One can hardly go amiss, who seeks for pleasure with the gun or
rod in almost any town in the county. It is the sportsman's paradise.
But to me, and such as I, her ponds and cascades, her placid streams
and murmuring brooks, her ever-verdant fields and forest-clad hills,
have a deeper and nobler attraction than merely as a haunt for the
slayer. If everybody saw the natural beauties of Kennebec county,
as the true lover of nature sees them, and enjoyed them as he enjoys
them, the county would not be large enough for those who would
want to live in it. She has no mountains to awe or weary the trav-
eler and take up the room of better scenery, but she has picturesque
hills and bluffs, overlooking smiling valleys, dotted with lovely vil-
lages; hills from which Mounts Kearsage, Washington and the whole
Presidential range may be seen, as well as Mt. Blue, Mt. Saddleback,
Abraham, Bigelow and others. The views from Oak hill, in Litch-
field, and from Monmouth Ridge and Pease's hill in Monmouth, Cross
hill in Vassalboro, Deer hill in China and Bolton hill in Augusta, are
as fine as one needs to see.
The climate is the best abused thing in Maine, the abuse coming
GENERAL VIEW. 5
mostly from those who do not know what a good climate is. I used
to think that Maine was hardly decent for any man to attempt to live
in; but having spent three winters in Florida, and having sampled
the winter climate of the much bepraised western highlands of
Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina, and spent nearly two
years in Minnesota and Iowa, I have come to the conclusion that Ken-
nebec county is the best county for me to live in, summer or winter.
There are some days in dog-days, and perhaps some weather in March
and November, that might be improved, but take it as a whole, one
season with another, Kennebec has as good a climate as any place in
the world; and her sons and daughters, physically, mentally and mor-
ally, will compare favorably with the men and women of any land.
We are too warm in winter, but the climate is not to blame for that.
Maine people keep themselves warmer in the winter than in summer.
We are far enough from the ocean to escape its damp, salt, chilly
air, yet near enough to temper our summer heat with the sea breezes.
For forty years our average annual rainfall, including melted snow,
has been 43.24 inches, which is about '35 per cent, in excess of six
other states west of Maine, where records have been kept. The mean
rainfall in Kennebec county, between May 31st and September 14th,
is 11.11 inches; the winter precipitation is 10.13 inches, and that of
fall and spring 10.50 inches. (3ur rainfall is .so evenly distributed that
the county rarely suffers from excessive storms, or from droughts.
In fine, if one cannot live here to a good old age, he is likely to die
young anywhere, and not necessarily because he is beloved of the
gods either. Octogenarians are common, and centenarians are by
no means rare. But one's life in Kennebec county, be it longer or
shorter, is worth a good deal more than it would be anywhere else.
While the chief industrial wealth of Kennebec county is in her
agriculture and her varied manufactures noticed in subsequent chap-
ters, she also utilizes her di.sadvantages, and her frozen river and her
rocky hills become a source of employment for thousands, of business
and revenue to many, and of general welfare to the whole community.
Her ice business alone probably brings a million dollars a year to the
county, while her granite quarries furnish work for scores of skilled
laborers, and the leading cities of almost every state are proud of
their architectural specimens of the enduring productions of Ken-
nebec.
In general the river banks along the Kennebec are high, the soil
rocky or clayey, there being but few sections of alluvial soil along its
banks, and these of small extent. The surface in Rome, Vienna, Mt.
Vernon and Fayette is broken, the soils rocky and strong. In Wins-
low the soil bordering the Kennebec and vSebasticook rivers is a fine,
deep loam; while the eastern part of the town is ledgy. In Litchfield
and West Gardiner are quite extensive tracts of light, plains land.
6 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Wayne abounds in large extents of blowing sands, soil largely com-
posed of fine sand, not containing sufficient clay or aluminous matter
to give them cohesion, and for years hundreds of acres of these shift-
ing sands have been moved by the winds, covering up other hundreds
of acres of valuable land. Her soils comprise specimens of almost
everything. In the main they are strong rather than deep; in many
sections ledgy, in some very rocky, in a few porous and light. In
places, glacial deposits have formed kames,* horse backs, or ridges of
sand. In others, fields buried in bowlders show where were ancient
moraines of the glacial period.
" Int all the regions which in .some former age were overrun by
glaciers, there are found certain curious ridges of sand, gravel or
pebbles, often in places where no ordinary stream could have flowed.
Because of their remarkable shapes and situations they have always
attracted attention wherever they are found, and hence they have re-
ceived many local names. They are known as kames in Scotland,
eskars in Ireland, aasar in Sweden, and in Maine they are called horse-
backs, whalebacks, hogbacks, ridges, turnpikes, windrows and sad-
dles. A kame often spreads out into a very broad ridge or plain, also
into a series of ridges connected by cross ridges called plains or kame-
plains. They frequently contain conical or rounded depressions called
sinks, hoppers, pounds, kettles, bowls, punch-bowls, potash kettles, and
one at Bryant's pond is known as the ' Basin.' The gravel stones
and pebbles in these formations are more or less washed and rounded,
like tho.se found on the sea beach or in the beds of rapid streams. The
large pebbles are called cobble stones in the Middle states and pumple
stones in the East. Often there are gaps in these ridges, but when
mapped they are plainly seen to be arranged in lines or systems like
the hills in a row of corn."
One of these kames forms both sand hills and plains in Wayne;
marked bluffs or hills of sand in Monmouth; and in Litchfield it forms
what is known as " The Plains." Profe.ssor Stone mentions one kame
as " the eastern Kennebec system, that extends through Mayfield,
Skowhegan, Augusta, South Gardiner and beyond." There is no trace
of it in Gardiner but a singular sugar-loaf shaped hill at South Gardi-
ner. This was noticed;); by Reverend Mr. Bailey, of Pownalboro, over
a hundred years ago, and also a similar one across the river, a short
distance below. He thought they were the work of human hands.
Professor .Stone's theory is that these kames are the old beds of rivers
which ran on the surface of the ice in the glacial period, and formed
by their deposits these various phenomena. His theory, I think, is
generally adopted as the only one which accounts for them.
In Wayne and Monmouth in some places these sands are shifted by
the wind, and beds of simply barren sand occur. At Augusta and
* The Kame theory was developed by George H. Stone, while a professor at
Kents Hill Seminary.
t Prof. George H. Stone, in Maine Farmer.
\ Vide Frontier Missionary.
GENERAL VIEW. 7
Gardiner, along the river banks; in Winthrop and in other towns
marine fossil shells of living species are found, some of which species
are not now found so far south.
A scallop — Pcctcn Is/aiidiats, a shell common to Newfoundland — has
been found at Gardiner. I once bored through 72 feet of clay in
Gardiner and struck what was undoubtedly river gravel. The line of
these fossil shells is as much as 150 feet above the present level of the
sea. These clay hills in many places have deep valleys between,
doubtless eroded in glacial times. In all these river towns there are
also high granite hills and bluffs, with the exception of Waterville,
where the lower Silurian slates outcrop. The oldest and newest
formations lie side by side, with no intermediate ones.
Kennebec county has several kinds of minerals, of which a few
may be mentioned. Litchfield, which is quite a place of pilgrimage
for mineralogists, contains sodalite, cancrinite, elaeolite, zircon, spodu-
mene, muscovite, pyrrhotite, hydronephelite, pyrite, arsenopyrite,
lepidomelane, muscovite, jasper. Hydronephelite is a new mineral
recently determined by F. W. Clarke, curator of the mineralogical
department of the National Museum, Washington. The deep blue
sodalite and brilliant yellow cancrinite of Litchfield and hydronephe-
lite have never been found anywhere else in equally as fine specimens.
A gold mine was opened a few years ago on the east side of Oak hill,
in Litchfield, but it did not enrich its owners, although it is laid down
on the atlas before mentioned.
Monmouth produces actinolite, apatite, elseolite, zircon, staurolite,
plumose mica, beryl, rulite. Pittston contains fine specimens of
graphite and pyrrhotite. Several attempts at mining gold have been
made there, and favorable assays published. In Waterville are found
fine specimens of crystallized pyrite. Winthrop shows fine specimens
of staurolite, pyrite, hornblende, garnet and copperas. Crystallized
quartz, small garnets, tourmaline and traces of iron are common
throughout the county.
Dana, in his System of Mineralogy, says " gold has been found at
Albion." This is doubtless an error into which the elder Dana wa-;
led by Professor Cleaveland, of Brunswick, who was inveigled into
investing by some crooks in a bogus gold mine in Albion.
The original forest was largely of pme. as the gigantic stumps
attest. Our forests are composed of the various species of pine, hem-
lock, spruce, fir, hackmatack and cedar; birch, beech, oak, hornbeam,
ash, elm, poplar, willow, cherry and basswood — in fact of about all the
trees and shrubs of Maine. Her forests are her crowning glory, both
when their leafage is coming out and in autumn, when their gorgeous
coloring is the despair of the artist and the wonder of the world; for
no other part of the earth claims to approach the beauty of the Maine
S HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
woods. The man who has never stood, some lovely October day, on
Oak hill, Monmouth ridge. Pease's hill, or some other hilltop over-
looking- onr beautiful ponds, the mountains towering on our northern
horizon; with the clear blue sky above him, and around hundreds of
forest-clad hills, with all the gorgeous colorings of the rainbow — yes,
with hundreds of tints and shades of colors— has yet to learn what it
is to live, and what a lovely world this is. As the sun sinks slowly in
the west, and gradually, gently and reluctantly draws the mantle of
night over the earth, as though he hated to leave so much beauty,
then one knows what a sunset is. Talk of skies! As Bryant says:
The sunny Italy may boast
The beauteous tints that flush her skies,
And lovely round the Grecian coast
May thy blue pillars rise !
I only know how fair they stand
Above my own beloved land.
Our ponds and streams have economic as well as esthetic excel-
lence. Our ponds teem with good fish, while each week in the spring-
time a new migratory fish makes its appearance. The purity of water
in the Kennebec makes its fish, like its ice, the best of their kind. In
winter the lower Kennebec swarms with smelts that used to come in
millions to Gardiner and Hallowell— and would now if legally pro-
tected; alewives come in early spring; then the .shad, the mackerel,-
the striped bass; then cod, cusk, haddock, halibut and hake, all the
year. Twenty years ago one could hardly look at the river in June
without seeing the sturgeon jumping, but three years of fishing by a
German company almost exterminated them. " Kennebec Salmon,"
always named on the bills in city restaurants, had been practically
extinct for years, until recently some efforts have been made toward
re-stocking the river.
In several of the inland ponds are smelts. In Belgrade pond is a
variety so large that naturalists have given it a special name. Lamprey
and eels are plenty in the Cobbossee — the latter taken by tons — but
the natives seldom eat them.
Thus it would seem that nature has in every way made generous
provision, in the valley of the Kennebec, for the welfare and happi-
ness of man. Of course man here does not live forever, but it is a
proportionately cheerful and pleasant place to die in. Skillful physi-
cians and careful nurses smooth his pillow and ease his pains, till the
grim messenger is almost tired of waiting; and when the inevitable is
passed, genial and liberal clergymen will do the ver}^ best that can be
done for him, and elegant undertakers will make his last ride the
most expensive one he ever had; and when all is done a monument of
Kennebec granite will rear its lordly head above his peaceful grave,
and " after life's fitful fever he sleeps well."
CHAPTER II.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC.
THEIR FIRST WHITE VISITORS.
DuMont and Champlain. — The Popham Colony. -^Captain Gilbert's trip up the
River. — Sebenoa the Sagamore. — Visit to the Indian Village. — Erection of
the Cross of Discovery. — Visit of Biencourt and Father Biard. — Interviews
with the Indians. — First Ceremony of the Mass on the Coast of Maine. — The
French Mission at St. Sauveiir (Mt. Desert) destroyed with Bloodshed.—
The Contest for Acadia begun.— Captain John Smith. — Samoset and Captain
Leverett. — First Sale of Land by Indians.
THE story of the aborigines of Maine blends inseparably with the
history of the struggle that lasted for a century and a half be-
tween France and England for supremacy in the New World.
In the first decade of the 17th century, Henry IV of France and James
I of England, grasped simultaneously as jewels for their respective
crowns, the greater part of North America. Spain, the patron and
the beneficiary of Columbus, had enjoyed exclusively for three gener-
ations the wealth of the western hemisphere, whose productions of
" barbaric pearl or gold " had spoiled the Spaniard to the point of sur-
feit and effeminacy, and made him look lightly on all territory that
was destitute of the glittering ores. Northward from Florida the
latitudes were open to any nation that could maintain itself against
the jealousy of its rivals. The mosses of an hundred years had gath-
ered on Columbus' tomb before the impulse of his mighty achieve-
ment aroused the statesmen of central Europe to schemes of empire
on the continent to which he had shown the way across a chartless
ocean. France took the initiative. Henry vaguely lined out as his own
in 1603, by royal patent, the most of the territory of the present United
States. James asserted a like claim to the same vast tract, with con-
siderably enlarged boundaries. Frenchmen broke ground for coloni-
zation at Passamaquoddy in 1604. Englishmen followed at the mouth
of the Kennebec in 1607. Neither colony was successful, but the two
begin the history of New France and New England, and introduce to
10 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
US the Indians who inhabited the land in the shadow of the untrimmed
forest. The claim of France to Acadia, whose western bound was de-
fined by the Kennebec (where DuMont and Champlain raised the
fleur-dc lis in 1605), and the counter-claim of the English to the Penob-
scot (or actually to the St. George, where Weymouth erected his cross
of discovery the same year), made the territory of future Maine from
its earliest occupation by the whites the prolific source of interna-
tional irritation and intrigue; and the theater of a series of sanguin-
ary conflicts that ended only when New France was expunged from
the map of America by the fall of Quebec in 1759. Ancient Acadia
passed nine times between France and England in the period of 127
years. In this eventful contest — the issue of which left North
America to the English people — the uncivilized red men in their
native wilds were prominent participants — the dupes and victims of
the one side and the other — until the tribes were decimated and one
by one extinguished. It is our present task to study the history of
the famous tribe that dwelt in the valley of the Kennebec.
On Wednesday, the 23d day of September, 1607, Captain Gilbert
and nineteen men embarked in a shallop from the new fort of the
Popham colony, at the mouth of the Kennebec, " to goe for the head
of the river; they sayled all this daye, and the 24th the like untill six
of the clock in the afternoone, when they landed on the river's side,
where they found a champion land [camping ground], and very fer-
tile, where they remayned all that night; in the morning they de-
parted from thence and sayled up the river and came to a flatt low
island where ys a great cataract or downfall of water, which runneth
by both sides of this island very shold and swift. . . They haled
their boat with a strong rope through this downfall perforce, and went
neare a league further up, and here they lay all night; and in the first
of the night there called certain savages on the further side of the
river unto them in broken English; they answered them againe and
parled [talked] long with them, when towards morning they departed.
In the morning there came a canoa unto them, and in her a sagamo
and four salvages, some of those which spoke to them the night be-
fore. The sagamo called his name Sebenoa, and told us how he was
lord of the river Sachadehoc. They entertayned him friendly, and
took him into their boat and presented him with some trifiiing things,
which he accepted; howbeyt, he desired some one of our men to be
put into his canoa as a pawne of his safety, whereupon Captain Gil-
bert sent in a man of his, when presently the canoa rowed away from
them with all the speed they could make up the river. They followed
with the .shallop, having great care that the sagamo should not leape
overbourde. The canoa quickly rowed from them and landed,
and the men made to their howses, being neere a league on the
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. IT
the land from the river's side, and carried our man with them. The
shallop making good waye, at length came to another downfall, which
was soe shallow and soe swift, that by no means could they pass any
further, for which. Captain Gilbert, with nine others, landed and tooke
their fare, the savage sagamo, with them, and went in search after
those other salvages, whose howses, the sagamo told Captain Gilbert,
were not farr off; and after a good tedious march, they came indeed
at length unto those salvages' howses wheere [they] found neere fifty
able men very strong and tall, such as their like before they had not
seene; all newly painted and armed with their bowes and arrowes.
Howbeyt, after that the sagamo had talked with them, they delivered
back againe the man, and used all the rest very friendly, as did ours
the like by them, who .showed them their comodities of beads, knives,
and some copper, of which they seemed very fond; and by waye of
trade, made shew that they would come downe to the boat and there
bring such things as they had to exchange them for ours. Soe Cap-
tain Gilbert departed from them, and within half an howre after he
had gotten to his boat, there came three canoas down unto them, and
in them sixteen salvages, and brought with them some tobacco and
certayne small skynnes, which were of no value; which Captain Gil-
bert perceaving, and that they had nothing else wherewith to trade^
he caused all his men to come abourd, and as he would have put from
the shore; the salvages perceiving so much, subtilely devised how
they might put out the tier in the shallop, by which means they sawe
they should be free from the danger of our men's pieces [firelocks],
and to perform the same, one of the salvages came into the shallop
and taking the fier-brand which one of our company held in his hand
thereby to light the matches, as if he would light a pipe of tobacco,
as sone as he had gotten yt into his hand he presently threw it into
the water and leapt out of the shallop. Captain Gilbert seeing that,
suddenly commanded his men to betake them to their musketts and
the targettiers too, from the head of the boat, and bade one of the men
before, with his target [shield] on his arme, to stepp on the shore for
more fier; the salvages resisted him and would not suffer him to take
any, and some others holding fast the boat roap that the shallop could
not put off. Captain Gilbert caused the musquettiers to present [aim]
their peeces, the which, the salvages seeing, presently let go the boat
rope and betook them to their bowes and arrowes, and ran into the
bushes, nocking their arrowes, but did not shoot, neither did ours at
them. So the shallop departed from them to the further side of the
river, where one of the canoas came unto them, and would have ex-
cused the fault of the others. Captain Gilbert made show as if he
were still friends, and entertayned them kindly and soe left them, re-
turning to the place where he had lodged the night before, and there
12 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
came to an anchor for the night. . . Here they sett up a crosse,
and then returned homeward."*
This graphic and artless account of the earliest recorded visit by
white men to the region above Merrymeeting bay, was apparently
copied with but few changes from Captain Gilbert's log-book, made
by the scribe of the Popham colony, who probably was one of the
party. The facts and circumstances lead irresistibly to the conclusion
that the Kennebec (and not the Andro.scoggin) was the river which
the colonists explored. fThe camping place at the close of the second
day after leaving the fort may have been the plateau where now the
village of Randolph stands, or that other one two miles above in
Chelsea, nearly opposite Loudon hill, in Hallowell. The boatmen
encountered the next day, a few miles above their camping place,
" a flat low island in the midst of a great downfall of water," This
felicitously described the Kennebec at the place where the Augusta
dam now stands, before the peculiar features of the spot were obliter-
ated by the building of that structure (1835-7). The rapid and island
are unmistakable features of identification. The island has disap-
peared by the building of the dam and the rapid has become an arti-
ficial cascade for the uses of civilized industry, yet the transformation
of the river at this place since that early day, has scarcely been greater
than in many other places along its course.
The next camping place was about a league above the island,
where first the natives accosted them, shyly, hallooing in shibboleth
through the darkness. The place was probably the intervale that is
now divided into portions of several farms, near Gilley's point, where
there are still many vestiges of Indian encampments. The next morn-
ing, after exchanging hostages, the explorers continued their journey
until their boat grounded on shallows. This may have been in the
swift water since that day known as Bacon's rips, in the course of
which the river has a natural fall of about thirteen feet. The farthest
point reached by Gilbert in his wood-tramp was a wigwam village
about a league from the river, within the limits of the present town
of Vassalboro, or of Sidney. Night found the party reunited at the
last camping place. There, the next morning (Sunday, September
27), they performed the ceremony of taking possession of the country
* Historic of Travaile into Virginia, by William Strachey, Gent. Maine His-
torical Society's Collections, Vol. Ill, pp. 304-307.
+ The Androscoggin theory was first advanced by able students of Maine
history, but it meets many obstacles in Strachey's account. The Kennebec
theory meets with but few difficulties and harmonizes rationally with the record.
See Remarks on Waymouth's Voyage, by John McKeen, Vol. \, Me. Hist. Soc.
Coll. Rev. WilHam S. Bartlett, same series, Vol. HI, p. 304. Dr. William B.
Lapham in Daily Kennebec journal, December, 1889. For description of the
'■flat low island." see North's History of Augusta, pages 4.)0-4r)8.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. IB
for their king, by erecting in his name the cross of Christianity at the
place where they had twice lodged. Then leaving the sacred emblem
standing as the official vestige of their visit, they departed. It would
be interesting to know precisely the spot where the cross was planted,
and how long it remained as an object of awe to the savages. We
never hear more of Sebenoa; he was the first in the long line of Ken-
nebec chiefs whose names have been preserved in the white man's
annals; his dust, with that of his bedizened warriors who posed so
grandly before their visitors, has long mingled with the mold of the
forest where he reigned, but his peaceful welcome to the white
strangers who earliest set foot on the soil of the capital of Maine, in-
vests his name with a charm that will preserve it while the language
of the race that has supplanted his own is spoken or read.
Captain Popham died before the winter bad passed; and in the
spring, leaving the dismantled fort to be his sepulcher, the homesick
colonists fled back to England. Father Pierre Biard, a Jesuit mis-
sionary, visited the vSagadahoc (Kennebec) three years later (October,
1611): he accompanied an expedition under Biencourt, then vice-
admiral of New France, on a cruise from the eastward along the coast
to the western boundary of Acadia, in quest of food for the French
colony at Port Royal (now Annapolis). The Father says his own rea-
sons for the journey were, first, " to act as spiritual adviser [chaplain]
to Sieur de Biencourt and his crew, and, second, to become acquainted
with and learn the disposition of the natives to receive the gospel."
He gives a few interesting glimpses of scenes on the lower Kennebec
281 years ago. The vessel entered the river by way of Seguin, and
the party eagerly landed to inspect the vacant fort, which they thought
was poorly located, and which Father Biard intimates, with a half-
secular chuckle, redoubtable Frenchmen could have easily taken. He
says the departed Popham colonists treated the natives with cruelty,
and were driven away in retaliation. This was the boastful statement
of the Indians themselves to the willing ears of the French, who were
fain to believe it; but the testimony is too biased and shadowy to be
accepted as true.
After a delay of three days at Popham's fort, by reason of adverse
winds, Biencourt abandoned his purpose of sailing further westward,
and turned the prow of his vessel up the river; after going with the
tide about nine miles, a party of Indians came into view; they be-
longed either to the later named Kennebec or Androscoggin tribe;
Biard calls them Armouchiquoys; he says: " There were twenty-four
people, all warriors, in six canoes; they went through a thousand an-
tics before coming up to us; you would have rightly likened them to
a flock of birds, which wishes to enter a hemp-field, but fears the scare-
crow. This amused us very much, for our people needed time to arm
14 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
themselves and cover the ship. In short, they came and went, they
reconnoitered, they looked sharply at our muskets, our cannon, our
numbers, our everything; and the night coming on, they lodged on
the other bank of the river, if not beyond the range, at least beyond
the sighting of our cannon. All that night there was nothing but
haranguing, singing, dancing; for such is the life of these people when
they assemble together. But since we presumed that probably their
songs and dance were invocations to the devil, and in order to thwart
this accursed tyrant, I made our people sing a few church hymns, such
as the Salve Regitia, the Ave Mari's Stella and others; but being once
in train, and getting to the end of their spiritual .songs, they fell to
singing such others as they knew, and when these gave out they took
to mimicking the dancing and singing of the Armouchiquoys on the
other side of the water; and as Frenchmen are naturally good mimics,
they did it so well that the natives stopped to listen; at which our
people stopped, too; and then the Indians began again. You would
have laughed to see them, for they were like two choirs answering
each other in concert, and you would hardly have known the real
Armouchiquoys from the sham ones." *
Biencourt had impressed into his service at the river St. John two
Maoulin (Etechemin) savages, as interpreters on his journey. He
caused them to be taught a smattering of the French language, and
then used them as a means of conversation between himself and their
fellow-savages along his route. At that time the tribes of New
England spoke a common tongue, which was varied and enlarged by
local dialects. Biencourt's Etechemin captives from the vSt. John
could talk readily with the natives of the Sagadahoc. On the morn-
ing after the singing and dancing, the Frenchmen resumed their
journey up the river; the Indians, in a rabble, accompanied them, and
were soon coaxed to terms of familiarity. They told the strangers
that if they wanted sovn.& piousqiionin (corn) they need not go further
up the river, but by turning to the right, through an arm of the river
that was pointed out, they could in a few hours reach the tent of the
great sachem Meteourmite, whom they themselves would do the
honor to visit at the same time; Biencourt cautiously followed their
guideship; he passed his vessel through the strait that is now spanned
by a highway bridge between Woolwich and Arrowsic, and entered
what Biard calls a lake, but what is now named Pleasant cove (or
Nequasset bay); here he found the water shallow, and he hesitated
about venturing further; but Meteourmite, having been informed of
the approach of the ship, was hastening to meet it; he urged the
Frenchmen to proceed, which they did. Presently their vessel be-
came subject to the sport of the dangerous currents of the Hellgates.
* Pioneers of France in the New WorUI, by Francis Parkman, p. 292.
THE IXDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 15
Biard says: "• We thought we should hardly ever escape alive; in fact,
in two places, some of our people cried out piteously that we were all
lost; but praise to God, they cried out too soon."
Biencourt ptit on his military dress and visited Meteourmite, whom
he found alone in his wigwam, which was surrounded by forty young
braves, "each one having his shield, his bow and his arrows on the
ground before him." The sachem having led the Frenchmen to visit
him by promising to sell them corn, now confessed that his people did
not have any to spare, but that they would barter some skins instead.
Biencourt, with a mind for business, was ready to trade, and a truce
for barter was agreed upon. When the time arrived, Biard says,
'■ our ship's people, in order not to be surprised, had armed and barri-
caded themselves. The savages rushed very eagerly and in a swarm
into our boat, from curiosity (I think), because they did not often see
such a spectacle; our people, seeing that notwithstanding their remon-
strances and threats the savages did not cease entering the procession,
and that there were already more than thirty upon the deck, they
imagined that it was all a clever trick, and that they were intending
to surprise them, and were already lying upon the ground prepared
to shoot. M. Biencourt has often said that it was many times upon
his lips to cry, ' Kill ! Kill f ! ' . . Now the savages themselves,
perceiving the just apprehensions which their people had given our
French, took it upon themselves to retire hastily and brought order
out of confusion." Father Biard says the reason why Biencourt did
not order his men to shoot was because he (Father Biard) was at that
hour upon the land (an island), accompanied by a boy, celebrating the
holy mass; if any savage had been hurt, the priest would have been
massacred. Father Biard says " this consideration was a kindness to
him, and saved the whole party, for if we had begun the attack it is
incredible that one could have escaped the fierce anger and furious
pursuit of the savages along a river that has so many turns and wind-
ings and is so often narrow and perilous." *
Father Biard appeared before the savages twice in the character
of officiating priest. The rude altar improvised by him was the first
one ever erected for the Catholic service on the Kennebec (or Sheep-
scot, near which he seems to have been). He says he " prayed to God
in their [the Indians'] presence, and showed them the images and
tokens of our belief, which they kissed willingly, making the sign of
the cross upon their children, whom they brought to him that he
might bless them, and listening with great attention to all that he
announced to them. The difficulty was that they had an entirely dif-
ferent language, and it was necessary that a savage [one of the St.
John captives] should act as interpreter, who, knowing very little of
* Relation lie la Nouvellc France, \o\. I, Chap. XVII. p. 36.
16 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
the Christian religion, nevertheless acquitted himself with credit
toward the other savages; and to see his face and hear his slow
speech, he personated the Doctor [Biard] with dignity." The natives
seem to have had great admiration for the Father, whose priestly at-
tire and non-combative character made him conspicuous among his
countrymen; speaking of one occasion, he says: " I received the larger
share of the embraces; for as I was without weapons, the most distin-
guished [Indians] forsaking'the soldiers, seized on me with a thousand
protestations of friendship; they led me into the largest of all the
huts, which held at least eighty people; the seats filled, I threw my-
self on my knees, and having made the sign of the cross, recited my
Pater, Ave, Credo, and some prayers; then, at a pause, my hosts, as
though they understood me well, applauded in their way, shouting,
' Ho, ho, ho!' I gave them some crosses and images, making them
understand as much as I could." ■•■ It is not possible to identify pre-
cisely the place where these interviews and proceedings occurred; it
was in the vicinity of the mouth of the Sheepscot and not distant from
the lower Hellgate, which the French at that time called one of the
mouths of the Quinibequi (Kennebec). After sojourning about a
week, Biencourt, finding out that the natives had little surplus food
for themselves and none to sell, hoisted sail for Port Royal.
Two years later (1618) we see Father Biard, with Ennemond Masse
and two other Jesuits, in the retinue of M. de LaSaussaye, on the
island of Mount Desert, planting a mission colony by the name of St.
Sauveur. The settlement was hardly established when Captain Argal,
from the English colony in Virginia, sailed up to the little village and
destroyed it, killing one of the missionaries and two other French-
men. This was the beginning of bloodshed between the English and
French on this continent. Brother Gilbert du Thet was the first
Jesuit martyr. He was buried by his sorrowing black-robed brethren
at the foot of the great cross that stood in the center of the ruined
mission, where in the thin soil, by the surf -washed shore, his dust
.still reposes. Father Masse afterward labored in Canada, where he
died and was buried in the mission church of Saint Michael at Sillery,
in 1646. Father Biard, after many other adventures and perils, finally
returned to France, where he died in 1622. He was the first to lift
the cross before the aborigines of Maine.
The next well-identified visitor to the Kennebec was Captain John
Smith, in 1614, eight years after his life was so gracefully saved, as
he tells us, by Pocahontas. He cruised the coast for peltry, was agree-
able to the Indians, and filled his ship with merchandise that brought
riches in Europe. He found Nahanada (one of Weymouth's returned
captives), '' one of the greatest lords of the country." About this time
* Letter of Father Biard, 1611.
THE INDtAXS OF THE KENNEBEC. 17
Samoset, afterward the benefactor of the Pilgrims, was taken from
his tribe and carried to Europe. He appears to have been a Wawe-
nock. The circumstances of his capture are unknown. His notable
visit to the Plymouth colony was in March, 1621; two years later he
seems to have been at home (as much as a wandering Indian can be)
at Capemanwagan (Southport), whence Captain Christopher Leverett
met him with his family: he showed his liking for Leverett by offer-
ing his new-born son as a perpetual brother in moitcliickc-leganiatch
(friendship) to the son of the Englishman. Leverett describes him as
" a sagamore that hath been found very faithful to the English, and
hath saved the lives of many of our nation, some from starving, others
from killing." * The last glimpse we have of this ideal savage, whose
character ennobles in a degree his humble and benighted race, is when
he joined his fellow-sagamore LTnongoit in deeding to John Brown of
New Harbor (afterward of the Kennebec), a tract of land at Pemaquid,
July 25, 1625. f He had been the first to welcome the Englishmen to
his country, and he was the first to supplement the greeting by sharing
with them his hunting grounds. The deed was acknowledged before
Abraham Shurte, the worthy magistrate of Pemaquid, who fifty-one
years afterward ascended the Kennebec to Teconnet (Winslow) as
peacemaker to the then angry chiefs.
II. EARLY GLIMPSES OF THE ABENAKIS OR KENNEBEC TRIBE.
The English Names of the Maine Tribes. — The French Names of the same
Tribes. — Origin of the Name of the Kennebec River. — The Indians' mode of
Life. — Vestiges of their Villages. — Their Language and the Names derived
from it. — Present Indian Names of Places on the River. — The Plymouth
Trading Post at Cushnoc (Koussinok).
When the aboriginal people of Maine first came into historic
view, we find them grouped by the English into five tribes and
occupying several principal river valleys. The Tarratines dwelt on
the Penobscot; the Wawenocks from Pemaquid to Sagadahoc (Ken-
nebec); the Sohokas (Sacos) from the Saco to the Piscataqua; the
Androscoggins lived on the river that has taken their name; atid the
Canibas (Kennebecs) from Merrymeeting bay to Moosehead lake.
In the beginning of Indian history a personage called the Bashaba
* Leverett' s Voyage into New England. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll.. Vol. II, pp.
87, 93.
\ Ancient Pemaquid, by J. Wingate Thornton. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. V.
pp. 188-193. Journal of the Pilgrims, by George B. Cheever, D.D., pp. 41-43.
Bradford says Samoset ' ' became a special instrument sent of God for their [the
Pilgrims'] good beyond their expectation." See Popham Memorial, p. 297.
IS HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
presided on the Penobscot: Champlain (1605) met him there with
Cabahis, a chief of less dignity; Manthoumermer ruled on the
Sheepscot; Marchim on the Androscoggin, and Sasanoa on the vSaga-
dahoc. Champlain's guides, whom he took at the Penobscot, deserted
his vessel at the St. George, " because the savages of the Quinibequy
were their enemies." At Saco Champlain bartered a kidnapped
Penobscot boy " for the products of the country." Three years after-
ward (1608) he was founding Quebec* The English names and
grouping of the tribes differed from those of the French. The early
French visitors used the name Armouchiquoys to designate the na-
tives of Acadia westward of the St. Croix. They soon discarded it for
the more comprehensive name of Abenaquiois (Abenakis) — meaning
people of the east, easterners — which included all the natives between
Nova Scotia and the Connecticut river. This great tribe was divided
by the French into seven sub-tribes, three of which were in the terri-
tory of Maine, namely — the Sokwakiahs or Sacos, the Pentagoets or
Penobscots, and the Narhantsouaks or Norridgewocks (called also
Canibas or Kennebecs). As the French influence declined in Acadia,
the name Abenaquiois lost its wide application, and finally became
limited to the Indians who lived on the Kennebec. It was a common
French soubriquet for a century and a half before its use became
familiar to the English. As gradually the tribes broke up, those sur-
vivors who sought refuge on the Kennebec, and mixed with the
Abenakis, came under the ancient name.
The name borne by the Kennebec river is another enduring trace
of the Frenchman as well as of the Indians. Champlain was the first
(1605) to receive from the Indians the word Quinibequi (or Kinibeki),
which, it seems, they associated with the narrow and sinuous, though
now much traveled, passage between Bath and Sheepscot bay. Then,
as to-day, the water there boiled and eddied as the tides ebbed and
flowed through the ledgy gates. It was a place of danger to the native
navigators in their frail canoes; they had no understanding of the
real causes of the manifestation; they knew nothing of natural laws,
but believed all physical phenomena to be the work of genii or demons
and the expression of their caprices and ever varying moods. In their
mythology they peopled the water, forest and air with gross gods who
ruled fhe world; their name for serpent or monster was Kiiiai-hik, an
Algonquin word that has the same meaning among the kindred Chip-
pewas to-day .f Obviously as given to Champlain it referred to the
mighty dragons that lay coiled in the mysterious depths about the
* Champlain's Exploration of the Coast of Maine in 1605, by Gen. J. Marshall
Brown. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. VII.
^Language of the Abanaquies, by C. E. Potter of New Hampshire. Me. Hist.
Soc. Coll., Vol. IV, p. 190. H. R. Schoolcraft's American Indians, part 3, p. 465.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 19
Hellgates; whose angry lashings or restless writhings made the waters
whirl and foam in ceaseless maelstrom. The evil reputation of the
locality yet survives in the word Hockomock (the Indian bad place),
a name borne by a picturesque headland at the upper gate.
Champlain explored to Merrymeeting bay, where he ascertained
that his Ouinibequi came from the northward. Father Biard followed
Champlain's chart, and in speaking of the Ouinibequi, remarks that it
has more than one mouth. The Indians had no geographical desig-
nations, but named spots and places only; they had no name for any
river as a whole, and it is a mistake to suppose that they did more in
the naming of the Kennebec than to furnish from their mythological
vocabulary the word which the French explorer caught from their
lips and wrote upon his map.* The English having named the river
Sagadahoc (from Sunkerdahunk), called it by that name below Merry-
meeting bay for more than a century. Above Merrymeeting Cham-
plain's Quinibequi (with changes in orthography) was never dis-
placed, but became permanent. After the successive wasting by the
Indians of the settlements on the banks of the Sagadahoc, that vener-
able name, as applied to any part of the river, faded out, and by un-
conscious popular selection the one given by Champlain was restored
to its place. Some writers have fancied that the river was named by
Canibas, a chief, whose habitat was on Swan island, but long before
that personage had entered upon his sachemship Quinibequi had been
written indelibly on the French map of Acadia.
The memory of the Abenakis or Kennebec tribe of Indians will
endure as long as the Kennebec shall continue to flow. We get our
first glimpse of these savages in the visit of Captain Gilbert; the pic-
ture is momentary and faint, yet real. Sebenoa and his warriors are
dimly seen in the shadow of their native forest, among their people.
Up to that moment their tribe has no history; it is not for us to know
how long their ancestors had dwelt upon the river, nor to inquire
whether they were of a race that was in the process of evolution from
a lower state, or descending in reversion from a higher. We find
them here, a little branch of the human family, in possession of the
river valley. They gleaned their subsistence from forest and stream.
The river was their highway and its banks their home. Their lives
were spent in seeking the means of existence. They obeyed the mi-
gratory impulse of the seasons like their not yet extinct contempo-
raries, the moose, deer and caribou. In the winter they moved north-
ward to hibernate with the game in the recesses of the upper Kenne-
bec and Moosehead lake. There they kept the wolf from the door by
snaring him in his lair, and chasing through the snows the fiounder-
* Champlain wrote Quinibequy and Quinebeque; Lescarbot wrote Kinibeki;
Jean de Laet wrote Quinibequin; on Dutch map of 1616 it is written Qui-mo-
beguyn.
^V HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
ing moose and more helpless deer, and by catching through the ice of
the lakes the gorgeous trout, whose descendants the sportsmen of to-
day delight to capture. In the spring, when the lengthening days had
melted the snow and cleared the rivers, and the nobler game that had
sought the secluded valleys began to disperse to browse on the swell-
ing buds and springing grasses, the Indians, too, would leave their
winter haunts and migrate southward. Trimming with squaw and
papooses their skin-laden canoes to even keel, they glided down the
swollen river toward new supplies of food. They were accustomed
in their migrations to tarry, according to mood or circumstance, for
days or weeks at sundry places — at the mouths of tributary streams
and at the falls where the migrating sea fishes congregated in great
numbers during their passage to their native beds. These fishes — •
the salmon, shad and alewives — have, like the Indian, now disappeared
from the river. These general migrations sometimes extended to the
sea, but usually no further than Merrymeeting bay, where other tribes
assembled, and all had merrymeeting.
The Indians were truly children of the wilderness; they lived close
to nature; the chemistry of food and climate had brought them in
complete rappoj-t with their surroundings. The forest had assimilated
them to itself; they were of its growth, like the pines and ferns. The
harsh conditions of their existence sharpened their senses and intensi-
fied their instincts. Their lives were of the utmost simplicity. Their
weapons were stone-headed clubs and bows and arrows. Their work-
ing tools were of stone, flint and bone; their clothing was the skins of
beasts and plaited grasses and even boughs. As the bee makes its
perfect cell at the first attempt, and the beaver is an accomplished
engineer from its youth, so the Indian, without apprenticeship or
master, fashioned with his flint knife and bone awl the ideal boat —
the bark canoe {agivideii). It was adapted to his needs; without it he
could not have lived his nomadic life — which, amid his environments,
was the only mode of existence possible to him. The trackless forest
on either side, like a hedge, kept him near the river's bank; he must
needs roam for his food and raiment; this his canoe enabled him to
do; it would glide over shallows and shoot rapids, and could be taken
upon his shoulders and carried around dangerous cascades; in it he
traversed lakes and rivers with ease and speed, and in it he made all
of his long journeys, both of peace and war. The white man has
copied its model for three centuries, but has not been able to improve
it. In the winter his snow-shoes (angemaK) were of an importance
equal to that of the canoe in summer; they were the sole means by
which the hunter could pursue the game through the deep snows.
Their fishing and hunting encampments were the nearest approach
to their villages; their dwellings, constructed of poles and bark, were
only huts of shelter, and could not be called houses; they were aban-
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 21
doned when the builders removed to another spot, and soon tumbled
in decay, leaving no trace save that of the fires. But the sites of many
of their principal camps can be identified at the present day, both by
the vestiges of their fires and the debris of their weapon and tool
makers. Flint and stone chippings, with arrow-heads and other arti-
cles in all stages of manufacture, are found mixed with the soil where
their wigwams stood. Unlike the white man's metals, the material
composing these relics defies the corroding power of time, and .some
of the articles are as bright and perfect as when centuries ago they
left the hands of the dusky artisans. The prevailing substance is the
silicious slate or hornstone of Mt. Kineo, from whose rugged cliffs it
was quarried. Many spots where wigwam fires once glowed are yet
marked by burned and crumbling stones and by fragments of the
earthen vessels in which the feasts were cooked. These relic places
abound all along the Kennebec, from Popham beach to Moosehead
lake, but they are almost continuous on the alluvial banks between
Augusta and Waterville, which seems to have been a favorite resort
or metropolis of the tribe. The plow of civilization has been obliter-
ating for five generations these vestiges of a vanished people.
We first see the Indian as the proprietor of all these lakes and
rivers, and hills and meadows; his subjects were the beasts and birds
and fishes; his scepter was the tomahawk, his chariot was the bark
canoe; from Moosehead to the waters of the sea he exerci.sed his sov-
ereignty, and, monarch like, made progress through his forest realm,
levying tribute according to his humble needs. His language had
never been spelled into words and written in books; it was the artless
tongue of the realm of nature. Philologists have written learnedly
upon it, and exhibited specimens of it in dictionaries, but like the
people who spoke it, it eludes domestication, and like them it has
passed away. Many fragments, however, have been saved in the form
of names attached to the rivers, lakes and mountains of our state; they
were caught from the closing lips of a departing race; the nomencla-
ture of the Kennebec valley is greatly enriched by them. In the ab-
sence of geographical names, a river to the Indians was a series of
places where food could be procured at certain moons or in a special
manner; a range of mountains was divided by them into the abodes
of different genii. A river was named only in places or in sections;
we have seen that it fell to the white man to confer upon the Kenne-
bec its name as an hydrographic unity. What our form of expression
makes it convenient to call Indian names were not, in fact, originally
names at all.* They were laconic descriptions of the physical or
*That accomplished Abenakis scholar, Rev. C. M. O'Brien, says: "To
understand Indian names it must always be borne in mind that they rarely, if
ever, gave names to territories large or small, but only to spots."— Letter to
Hon. James P. Baxter, quoted in Trelaivnev Papers, p. 325. Note (Me. Hist.
Soc. Coll.. 3d series. Vol. HI).
22 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
mystical characteristics of the places referred to, which the white man
has softened and changed by his cultured tongue, and converted into
permanent names as his reparation and memorial to the race which he
has driven from the earth.
Among the earliest names derived from the Indian tongue on the
Kennebec, we find Sagadahoc and Sabiiio; they were both associated
with the mouth of the river; Sabino referred to the peninsula where
the Popham colony located. Erascolicgan was the present Georgetown:
Arro7vsic is the ancient name of the island adjoining; other familiar
names in the same region are. IVimiegancc (Bath), Ncquasset (Wool-
wich) and Qiiabacook (Merrymeeting bay). The Indians invariably
designated the mouths of rivers and tributary .streams by mentioning
some characteristic peculiar to each. Thus, Nahiinikcag (in Pittston)
means the place where eels can be caught; Cobbosseecontee (Gardiner),
sturgeon-place; Sebasticook (Winslow) is a comparatively modern
Indian corruption of the French pronunciation of St. John the Bap-
tist's place (or the place where an Indian lived who had been chris-
tened St. John the Baptist). The original meanings of many, and in-
deed of most of the Indian names, have been lost. The best students
of the tongue seldom agree in their analyses and definitions, and
usually confuse more than they explain. Names derived from the
Indians have attached to all the considerable streams that feed the
Kennebec. Beside those already mentioned there are the Worronion-
togus (at Randolph); Kedumcook (Vaughan brook, Hallowell); Cuslicnoc
(Bond brook, Augusta); Magorgooniagoostick (Seven-mile brook, Vassal-
hoxo); Messeclo7iskce (Emerson stream, Waterville); Wesserjinsett (in
Skowhegan); Norridgcwock (Sandy river, at Old Point); Carrabassctt
(at North Anson). Mecseccontee applied to Farmington falls, on the
Sandy river. The Kennebec, falling 1,()5() feet between Moosehead
and the tide at Augusta, is a remarkably swift river, full of rapids
and falls, which the Indian canoeists well knew how to shoot or when
to avoid. All of these places bore appropriate designations, such as
Teconiiet at Waterville, Skozv/ugan at the village of that name, and
Carrattink at Solon. Above Carratunk only a few Indian names sur-
vive. Moxa mountain was named for a modern Indian hunter. At
Moosehead lake, where the shores are rich with relics of the Indians,
Kineo is the only ancient name that remains. Ongueclwnta was the
name of Squaw mountain, when Montressor passed by its massive
slope on his way from Quebec to Fort Halifax, about the year 1760.
This dearth of Indian names in a region where once they must have
been very numerous, is explained by the fact that the river was de-
populated of natives and their local names on its upper waters forgot-
ten, before the white men had pushed their settlements so far inland
as to learn and preserve them.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 23
The next recorded visit by white men to the Kennebec Indians
after Captain Gilbert had erected a cross among them, was by Edward
Winslow and a few others of the Plymouth colony, in the fall of 1625.
During twenty-two years great events had taken place in New Eng-
land— and among them was the landing of the Pilgrims, who, having
founded a settlement, were now struggling for its continuance. At
first they sought among the Indians only a market for their surplus
corn in exchange for peltry, but they found the region .so rich in the
latter commodity that they presently applied for and obtained from
their English patrons a patent or deed of about 450 square miles of
territory in the center and best part of the Kennebec valley. They
established (in 1628) a trading house at Cushnoc (now Augusta), and
there trafficked with the natives for a period of thirty-four years.
Singularly enough during this era of intimate and friendly relation-
ship with the Pilgrim fathers, when the means were excellent for pre-
serving information, the Kennebec tribe is nearly destitute of any
history. The names of its chiefs, the places of its villages, its rela-
tions with neighboring tribes, its grand hunts and councils, and a
thousand incidents illustrating the Indians' mode of life, were consid-
ered too trivial for the white traders to record; perhaps as business
men in the pursuit of gain, they preferred that the public should not
know much about the affairs of the patent. They made no effort
toward ameliorating the hard condition of their Indian wards; they
gave them no teachers, either secular or religious, but looked upon
them much as they did upon the other inhabitants of the wilderness.
When trade ceased to be profitable they abandoned them.
III. FATHER DRUILLETTES AND HIS KENNEBEC MISSION.
The first Mission in Canada.— Father Masse at the Residence of St. Joseph of
Sillery.— Father Druillettes among the Algonquins.— Intercourse between
the Kennebec and St. Lawrence. — St. Lawrence Indian killed on the Kenne-
bec—Treaty between the Algonquins and Abenakis.— The Latter ask for
a Missionary.— Father Druillettes sent to them.— His Visit to Pentagoet.—
Chapel built near Cushnoc and named the Mission of the Assumption.—
Father Druillettes' return to Quebec.
It was left to the people of the French nation, who once dis-
played the symbol of Christianity to the Indians on the lower Ken-
nebec (1611), to undertake the conversion of the Abenakis. The first
missions on the St. Lawrence were begun in 1614, under the patronage
of Champlain; they were reinforced in 1625 by the arrival of three
Jesuits, one of whom was Father Ennemond Mas.se, who was driven
by Argal from St. Sauveur with Father Biard twelve years before.
24 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Quebec was captured by Englishmen in 1629, when Father Masse
was again expelled from the country, with his associates. Three
years later (1632) France by treaty resumed dominion over both
Canada and Acadia; the suspended missions were immediately re-
vived, and a system of evangelizing labor was soon established, under
which in a few years heroic priests had carried the gospel to the na-
tives of every part of New France. Quebec was the central radiating
point. By the shore of the St. Lawrence, about four miles above
Quebec and nearly opposite the mouth of the Chaudiere, there was an
Indian village (called Ka-miskoua-ouangachit'), where the missionaries
built a church; in 1637 Father Masse became a resident pastor there;
two years later (1639) the mission was endowed by a gift of twenty
thousand livres by a converted French courtier, and in honor of its
benefactor was given the name of the Residence of St. Joseph of Sil-
lery. The establishment became the seminary of the missionaries,
for the acquiring of the various Indian languages, preparatory to
their going forth to their fields of labor. To this place came in 1648,
Father Gabriel Druillettes, the first regular missionary to the Kenne-
bec. He first essayed to learn the tongue of the Algonquins or St.
Lawrence tribe, and soon went among them. The smoke of the wig-
wams inflamed his eyes and made him blind; he was led about in his
helplessness by an Indian boy; he implored his neophytes to join him
in offering prayer for his recovery; this they did and his sight was
from that hour restored! He ever after believed that his cure was a
miracle in answer to the prayers of his converts. Weakened by the
sufferings attending his first year's labors, he was given the second
year a less exacting service near the mission of Sillery. The gently-
bred scholar and priest was seasoning and hardening for the wonder-
ful apostolic career that was before him.
There can be no doubt that long before the written history of the
Indians begins there were occasional exchanges of visits between the
natives on the St. Lawrence and those who lived in the valley of the
Kennebec. It is said in the Jesuit Relations that in the year 1637 a
party of Abenakis (Kennebecs) Indians went to Quebec to buy beaver
skins to sell to the English traders; a jealous Montanais (mountaineer)
chief denounced them before the French governor, Montmagny, and
offered to go and shut the rivers against their return to their country.
The governor forbade bloodshed, but allowed the mountaineers to rob
the strangers and send them home. In 1640 an English trader (prob-
ably one of the Plymouth colony's men) accompanied by twenty Ken-
nebecs, undertook the journey from Maine to Quebec. After he had
reached the St. Lawrence, the French governor ordered him to return
immediately; but this he could not do as the rivers were low and some
of the streams were dry; so, without allowing him to visit Quebec, the
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 25
governor sent him down to Tadoussac (at the mouth of the Saguenay)
from whence he was shipped to Europe. The same year an Algon-
quin (St. Lawrence) Indian named Makheabichtichiou, came to the
Kennebec with his family, to escape the reproaches of the missionaries
for his persistency in continuing his heathen practice of polygamy.
In the course of the winter following he was killed by a drunken
Abenakis; while his two widowed wives were journeying back to their
kindred in Canada, one died miserably of grief and famine. Under
the Indian code the tragedy was liable to be avenged on the whole
tribe — to avoid which two chiefs were sent to Canada to announce the
affair with the regret of their people, and to offer satisfaction in the
form of presents to the parents of the deceased. It seems probable
that the ambassadors would have been summarily tomahawked in
retaliation for the deed they had come to excuse, if John Baptist
Etiuechkawat and Christmas Negabamat, two baptized chiefs of Sil-
lery, had not interceded eloquently for them. It was declared that
the murder was not committed by the tribe, which on the contrary
wholly disapproved of it, but that it was the act of an individual san-
nup while frenzied by the English traders' fire-water. Finally the
exasperated tribesmen and bereaved relatives were soothed by words
and gifts, and a treaty of friendship was made between their tribe
and the Abenakis, which was never broken. Thereafter the two
tribes were inseparable allies in peace and war. Father Marault
says in his Histoirc dcs Abenakis, that thenceforth the latter, until their
final emigration to Canada and extinction on the Kennebec, annually
sent envoys to Quebec to renew and celebrate this alliance.
In the fall of 1643 a Christianized St. Lawrence Indian named
Charles Mejachkawat, came from Sillery to the Kennebec, and passed
the winter among the Abenakis. He seems to have been sent pur-
posely to extol on the Kennebec his conception of the gospel which
the missionaries were preaching on the St. Lawrence. His visit
aroused the interest or curiosity of many in the mysterious ceremonies
of baptism and the mass, which he described. During his stay he
visited the English trading house at Cushnoc (Augusta), and there
had occasion to defend his faith with spirited words against the
humorous raillery of the Puritan heretics. He returned to Sillery in
the spring (1641), accompanied by one of the chiefs who, three years
before, had been sent to requite the killing of the refugee. The life
of this chief had been saved with that of his associate, and war averted
by the good offices of the proselytes of Sillery, whom he had prom-
ised in the fullness of his gratitude to join in accepting the religion of
the Black-gowns; he was now going to Sillery to crave baptism. The
rite was duly administered by the priest in the Sillery chapel, Gov-
ernor Montmagny acting as his godfather; the church christened him
26 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
John Baptist, but his Indian name is not recorded. He was the first
Kennebec chief on whom holy water was placed. He started alone
on his journey back to his people, and sad to relate, fell into the hands
of a party of the merciless Iroquiois and was cruelly killed.
The history of the Jesuit missions shows the remarkable fact that
while most tribes received the missionaries with indiiference or
apathy, and some murdered them, the Abenakis asked for them. The
frequent visits between the Kennebec and the St. Lawrence that fol-
lowed the treaty of 1641, brought favorably to the attention of the
Abenakis the meek and peace-loving Black-robes, who, unlike other
white men, did not greedily grasp their beaver, but appeared to be
unselfishly anxious for their comfort and welfare. In the .spring of
1646, several Abenakis returned to the Kennebec from Sillery, full of
enthusiasm which the Fathers' zeal had inspired in them for the
Christian faith. After having visited the families and chiefs of their
tribe, they journeyed back to Sillery, bearing the request of their
people for a missionary. They arrived at Sillery on the 14th of
August; the next day, after participating in the celebration of the
Assumption, they went before an assembly of the Fathers and in the
customary Indian form of proceeding in council, delivered an oration.
They said that their tribe on the Kennebec had been deeply moved
by the kindness of Noel (Christmas) Negabamat; that the treaty of
friendship which had been made would end with this earthly life;
that the bond of faith would continue after death eternally; that they
had been told of the beauties of heaven and the horrors of hell; that
thirty men and six women of their tribe, having already endorsed
the new belief, now begged for a Father to come from Quebec to in-
struct and baptize them, and that the ears of the chiefs and people
would be open to the preaching of the gospel. The record says:
" The Fathers acceded to the pious desire of these good Christians,
and selected Father Gabriel Druillettes to go and establish a mission
on the river Kennebec." "•'"
Father Druillettes accepted the choice of his brethren as the voice
of God, and prepared for his journey; he had little to do to make
ready. Besides the parcels containing the missal and crucifix, his
outfit consisted of only a few articles of priestly apparel, a little box
of medicines and some bread and wine for the mass — made into a
pack that could be slung on the shoulders or laid in the canoe. On
the 29th of August, he started with the Christianized chief Negaba-
mat, and a few Abenakis who were to be his guides. He ascended the
rapid Chaudiere about ninety miles, to its source in Lake Megantic;
from the waters of that lake he followed the trail that led across the
divide through swamp and logan to the waters of the Kennebec; these
*Re/atioiis of the Jesuits in New Fraiiee for the year IQ.'fC.. Chap \\ p. 19.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 27
he descended to the main river, and by the middle of vSeptember
reached the upper village of the Abenakis (probably Nanrantsouack
— now called Old Point, in Norridgewock). Here he seems to have
tarried for a week, and then resumed his journey down the river, call-
ing at the different villages and conferring with the chiefs and people
about their souls' salvation. By the end of September he had pro-
gre.ssed as far as the Plymouth trading post at Cushnoc, where he
called and was kindly received by John Winslow, the agent, who in-
vited him to become his guest. The missionary gladly accepted the
Pilgrim's hospitality, and enjoyed for a few days the comforts of the
trading house, which, though few and humble, were great in contrast
with those found in the huts of the natives. The Father was the first
white man who had ever entered the Kennebec from Canada and ap-
proached the trading house from the north. He was a Frenchman,
and neither he nor Winslow could converse in the language of the
other, but by signs and pantomimes and the spirit of Christian kind-
ness that knows all languages, the host and guest soon became mu-
tually intelligible, and by the help of Indian interpreters were able to
understand each other.
Father Druillettes remained a few days as the distinguished guest
of the Pilgrim trader, and then went back to the cabins of the Indians,
where he found pressing employment in the nursing of the sick, the
baptizing of the dying, and the instructing of the living. In about
two weeks, partly to finish his reconnaissance of the country, but
chiefly to confer with some fellow-missionaries of the Capuchin order
on the Penobscot, Father Druillettes started in a canoe with a native
guide down the river, and went along the sea-coast to Pentagoet (now
Castine), " visiting seven or eight English habitations on the way."
Father Ignace de Paris, the superior at Pentagoet (which was then a
French post), " saluted him lovingly," and approved of the planting of
a Jesuit mission on the Kennebec — which river was then regarded by
Frenchmen as the western boundary of Acadia. Father Druillettes
soon started on his return, encouraged in his heart by the benediction
of his brother missionary, and the courteous treatment given him at
the English habitations, where he again called as a wayfarer for
nightly shelter and rest. At one of these—" Mr. Chaste gave to him
food abundantly for his voyage and some letters for the English at
Kennebec [Cushnoc]. In these he protested that he had seen nothing
in the Father which was not praiseworthy; that he carried nothing to
trade. The savages gave him this testimony: that he labored only
for their instruction; that he came to procure their salvation at the
risk of his life; and that, in a word, he admired his courage." '-^
*Who this kind "Mr. Chaste " was we do not know; we like to believe the
name is a misspelled rendering of Mr. Shurt — good Abraham Shurt of Pemaquid
20 HISTO.RY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
The priest, with his dusky guide, paddled back to the Plymouth
trading- house at Cushnoc; he presented his letters to Winslow, and
then showed his commission as missionary from the Jesuit superior at
Quebec; the commission was in French and the Englishman could
not read it, but with his own hand carefully made a copy to carry to
Plymouth. He then extended to the Father all the kindness in his
power; he consented to the planting of a mission within the Plymouth
jurisdiction, and gave his active assistance to the undertaking. Father
Druillettes then chose for his mission a place near the river a league
above the trading post, in the vicinity of what has since been named
Gilley's point in Augusta; his record says " the savages had there as-
sembled to the number of fifteen large cabins," and that there " they
made for him a little chapel of planks built in their own fashion " [ils
luy bastirent une petite cliapelle de planches, faite d leur mode). He be-
stowed upon this chapel the name selected for it by the Fathers at
Siller}' — The Mission of the Assumption on the Kennebec {La Mission de
I'Assoinption au pays des Abnaquiois).* It v.'as on the anniversary of the
Assumption (August 15) that Father Druillettes arrived in Canada,
and on the same calendar day he had been assigned to the Kennebec
by his brethren, who, in compliment, gave him a name for his mission
to commemorate those events. "It was there that the Father, acquiring
sufficiently their [the Indians'] language, instructed them zealously:
making them listen to the subject that kept him with them, and telling
them of the importance of confessing Him who had created them and
who punished or blessed them according to their deeds." His humble
parishioners appear to have been willing listeners and docile pupils,
for he says: " Seeing that a large part professed to love the good news
of the gospel, he [the missionary] demanded of them three things, as
tokens of their good will and desire to receive the faith of Jesus
Christ. The first was to leave the beverages of Europe [the brandy
of the traders], from which followed much drunkenness among the
savages; secondly, he asked them to live peaceably together and to
put an end to the jealousies and quarrels which were often occurring
between them and members of other tribes; thirdly, he required that
they throw away their Manitous or demons or mysterious charms;
there were few young men who had not some stone or other thing
—whose long life was full of deeds of kindness toward the Indians, and who, if
satisfied that the priest was their real friend, would have written such a letter.
The Father must have met some French and English speaking person by whom,
as interpreter, his character as a missionary could be expressed in English as
certified by "Mr. Chaste." Of the " seven or eight English settlements " along
the route, Pemaquid was the oldest and largest: the others may have been
Pejepscot, Sagadahoc, Sheepscot, Capenewaggen, Damariscotta, New Harbor
and St. George.
* Jesuit Relations for the year 1G],7, Chap. X, p. 52.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 29
which they held as a propitiation to their demon for his kindness in
the chase or the games, or in war; it is given to them by some sor-
cerer [medicine man] or they dream that they found it, or that the
Manitou gave it to them. . . Many who had charms or Manitous
drew them from their pouches — some threw them away and others
brought them to the Father. Some sorcerers or jugglers burned their
drums and other implements of their trade; so that no longer were
heard in their cabins, the yellings, and cries and hubbub which they
made around their sick, because the greater part protested stoutly that
they wanted refuge in God. I say the greater part, but not all; some
never liked the change, so they carried a sick man to be whispered
and chanted over by the.se cheats. But the poor man, being well pre-
pared for heaven, said that if he recovered his health he would hold it
as a gift from Him who alone can give and take away as it pleases
Him. The Father stayed among these fifteen cabins, teaching in
public and private, making the savages pray, vi.siting, consoling and
relieving the sick; with much suffering it is true, but tempered by a
blessing and inspiration from heaven which sweetens the most bitter
trials. God does not yield; He scatters his blessings as well upon the
cross of iron as upon the cross of silver and gold. It is not a small
joy to baptize thirty persons prepared for death and paradise. The
Father had not yet wished to entrust the holy waters to those who
were full of life; he only .scattered them upon the dying, some of
whom recovered, to the surprise of their comrades." *
In the month of January (1647) the Father went with the Indians
on their winter hunt to Moosehead lake, where, " being divided into
many bands, they wage war against deer, elk and beaver, and other
wild beasts;" the Father stayed with one party, " following it in all its
journeys." In the spring, " the chase ended, all the savages reassem-
bled upon the banks of this great lake [Moosehead] at the place where
they had stopped [before the dispersion]. Here the sorcerers lost
credit, for not only those who prayed to God had not encountered
misfortune but the Father and his company had not fallen into the
ambush of the Iroquiois, but instead had been favored with a fortu-
nate chase, and some sick persons separated from the Father, having
had recourse to God in their agonies, had received the blessing of a
sudden return to health." The reassembling of the tribe at the close
of the hunt was at the outlet of the lake and such occasions were cele-
brated by feasting and dancing, until the canoes were ready for the
descent of the river. When Father Druillettes arrived with his com-
pany at the place of the mission house, he found that Winslow had
already reached the trading house three miles below. Winslow had
spent the winter in Plymouth and Boston; he told the missionary that
* Jesuit J^c/atioiis, 1647, Chap. X. pp. o;^-o4.
60 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
he " had shown the letter of Mr. Chate to twenty-four persons of im-
portance in New England, atnong whom were four famous ministers;
and that they all approved his plan, saying boldly that it was a good
and praiseworthy and generous action to instruct the savages, and
that God must be praised for it. ' The gentlemen of the Kennebec
company [the Plymouth colony] charged me,' said Mr. Houinslaud
[Winslow], ' to bring you [Father Druillettes] word that if you wish
for some French to come and build a house [mission establishment]
on the Kennebec river, they will gladly allow it; and that you will
never be molested in your ministry; if you are there,' added he,
' many English will come to visit you;' giving us to understand that
there are some Catholics in these countries. The Father, having no
orders on this proposition, replied to Winslow that he would write to
him soon if the plan was judged practicable." *
Father Druillettes left the Mission of the Assumption on the 20th
of May, 1647, " going to visit all the places where the savages were,
baptizing the sick and thus rescuing those beyond all hope. . .
There were neither small nor great who did not express sorrow at the
departure of their Patriarch " (the name of endearment which the
missionary's neophytes had given him). Thirty Indians accompanied
him to Quebec, where he arrived on the 15th of June " full of health."
The disciples who escorted him besought him to return with them
after eleven days' rest, " but the Jesuit Fathers for sufficient reasons,
did not grant their request, and the savages returned to their country,
afflicted by the refusal."
IV. FATHER DRUILLETTES AS A MISSIONARY AND ENVOY.
The Kennebec Mission Field reopened. — Iroquiois Enemies. — Scene at the
Cushnoc Trading House. — Father Druillettes and Negabamat go to Boston
and Plymouth.— The Father meets the Governors.— He visits John Eliot
and John Endicott. — Resumes Labor in his Mission. — Returns to Quebec. —
Sent back to New England.— Lost in the Forests on the St. John.— Reaches
Nanrantsouak. — Welcomed with Joy.— Visits the four Colonies.— Last Labors
on the Kennebec. — Painful Journey to Quebec.
The next year (1648) the neophytes of the Kennebec went to Que-
bec and repeated their request for the return of Father Druillettes,
but the Jesuit Fathers, thinking that the distant Abenakis could be
sufficiently ministered unto by the Capuchins of Pengbscot, and hav-
itig great need in Canada of all of the missionaries of their own
society, did not yield to the petition. The next year (1649) the .same
request was made with the same result; but in 1650, the persistency
* /fsiat Relatiotis, 1647, Chap. X, p. 56.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 31
and earnestness of the appeals, supported by a letter from Father
Come de Mante of the Pentagoet mission, were sitccessful. Father
Druiliettes was appointed to reopen his Kennebec mission. He left
Quebec (or Sillery) September 1st, accompanied by his faithful disci-
ple and constant companion, Noel Negabamat. On reaching the Ken-
nebec, he visited hastily the several villages, and received the joyful
welcome of his former pupils. On St. Michael's eve (September 29)
he arrived at the Plymouth trading house, at Cushnoc. To his great
pleasure he there met again his foi'mer friend, " the agent, by name
Jehan Winslau [John Winslow], a citizen merchant of Plymouth."
At the time of Father Druiliettes' first labors on the river four
years before, there was a feeling of unrest among the Abenakis arising
from the dread of their enemies, the Mohawks (one of the celebrated
Iroquiois tribes), whose raids from their country beyond the western
highlands had reached even to the Kennebec. Since 1646, six French
missionaries* had been massacred by the Mohawks and their kindred
tribes, and marauding parties were yearly roaming the banks of the
St. Lawrence, with hatchets and knives bought of the Dutch and
English traders on the Hudson. The governor of Canada (D'Alli-
boust), to protect his own people and the far more numerous friendly
natives of his domain, sought to repel the invaders; and he gave to
Father Druiliettes on his departure for the Kennebec, " a letter of
credit to speak on behalf of Sieur d'AUiboust to the governor and
magistrates of said country " (New England). It was therefore in the
dual capacity of missionary and envoy that Father Druiliettes made
his second visit to the Abenakis. The then existing colonies (Ply-
mouth, Massachusetts, New Haven, Connecticut,) had formed (in
1643) a confederation to promote their common interests, and espe-
cially to enable them to deal as a unit with the neighboring Dutch
and French colonies. This confederacy — the embryo of our great
republic— prohibited the individual colony from going to war alone
and from concluding a peace without the consent of the others.
Before 1650, this confederacy had proposed a system of commer-
cial reciprocity between New England and New France. Father
Druiliettes was now instructed to agree on behalf of his government
to the proposed treaty, provided New England would unite with
Canada in keeping the Iroquiois from the war path against the tribes
* They were all of the Society of Jesus. Father Isaac Jogues (killed October
18, 1646) was sent to the Mohawk country at the same time that Father Druil-
iettes was ordered to the Kennebec. The two Fathers received their assign-
ments on the same day. The other victims to Iroquiois cruelty were: Fathers
Antoine Daniel, killed July 4. 1648; Jean de Brebeuf, March 16, 1649; Gabriel
Lallemant, March 17, 1649; Charles Gamier, December 7, 1649; Noel Chobanel,
December 8, \&i^.—Al>ri(fgeJ Relations of the Missions of the Jesuits in New
Fiance. By Father P. F. J. Bressani, 16.53. Montreal, 1853.
32 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
that were friendly to the French. In the light of these facts we can
understand the proceedings at the Kennebec trading house on the
30th of September, 1650. Father Druillettes, with Negabamat and a
throng of Indians who had followed them from the different villages,
met with ceremony the representative of the colony of Plymouth at
the trading house. Negabamat, addressing John Winslow and hand-
ing to him a bundle of beaver skins, said in his mother tongue (the
Algonquin, and interpreted into French for us by the missionary):
" The governor of the river St. Lawrence, by the Father who stands
here, to those of your nation, and I as ally join my word to his; Not
to speak to thee alone, but rather to tell thee to embark my word, that
is to say my present [the beaver skins], to carry it to the governor of
Plymouth." Winslow answered that he would do with the governor
and magistrates all that could be expected from a good friend; where-
upon Negabamat and the other Indians asked that the Father should
go with him (Winslow) to present in person d'Alliboust's letter and
" explain his intentions according to the letter of credit which he had,
and to bear the words of the Christians of Sillery and the catechumens
of the river Kennebec." Winslow replied: " I will lodge him in my
house, and I will treat him as my own brother; for I well know the
good that he [the missionary] does among you, and the life that he
leads there." The record adds: " This he said because he had a par-
ticular zeal for the conversion of the Indians."
Thus accredited by the Kennebec Indians as well as by the Cana-
dian governor, to negotiate against the Iroquiois, the missionary-envoy
started about the 20th of November for Boston; he says: " I left Cous-
sinoc by land, with the said agent [Winslow], inasmuch as the vessel
that was to carry us had some cause for delay in waiting for the In-
dians; and fearing to be surprised by the ice, we were therefore
obliged to go ten leagues, to embark by sea at Marimiten [Merry-
meeting], which the Indians call Nassouac. This was a painful march,
especially to the agent, who is already somewhat in years [born in
1597] and who assured me that he would never have undertaken it if
he had not given his word to Noel " (Negabamat). They embarked
at Tameriskau (Damariscove ?) on the 25th, but the winds and storms
drove them ashore at Cape Ann, from whence " partly by land and
partly by boat," they reached Boston on the 8th of December. The
incidents of this embassy were quite fully recorded by Father Druil-
lettes, '•■■ but it would be apart from the present purpose to recite them
all. He was blandly received by the principal personages of Boston,
* " Narrative of a voyage, made for the Abenaquiois mission and information
acquired of New England and the magistrates of that republic, for assistance
against the Iroquiois. The whole by me, Gabriel Druillettes, of the Society of
Jesus."— Trans, from the original MS. by John Gilmary Shea. Coll. New York
Hist. Society (2d series), Vol. Ill, part 1.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 33
■who, because he was a foreign envoy, did not inflict upon him the
execution which one of their laws made the earthly doom of a Jesuit.
After receiving many courteous attentions and an audience and din-
ner with the governor (Thomas Dudley) and magistrates, he was at
last told that in consequence of the character he had assumed as am-
bassador of the Kennebec Indians, Boston had no interest in the sub-
ject; and he was referred to Plymouth. He then went to Plymouth
(December 21-22), and saw the Pilgrim fathers at their homes. The
Father says: "The governor of the place John Brentford [William
Bradford] received me with courtesy, and appointed the next day for
audience, and then invited me to a dinner of fish which he had pre-
pared on my account, seeing that it was Friday. I met with much
favor at this settlement, for the farmers [lessees of the Plymouth
patent], and among others Captain Thomas Willets, spoke to the gov-
ernor on behalf of my negotiation. . . The governor . . with all
the magistrates, not only consents but presses this affair in favor of
the Abenaquois. The whole colony has no trifling interest in it, be-
cause by its right of seigniory, it annually takes the sixth part of all
that arises from the trade on that river Quinebec; and the governor
himself in particular, who with four
other of the most considerable citi- S*'^'>'i^A' 'iVi>-i^f<^es SecJ-J"-
zens, are as it were, farmers of this
trade, who lose much, losing all hope of the commerce of the Kenne-
bec and Quebec, by means of the Abnaquiois, which will soon infalli-
bly happen, if the Iroquois continues to kill and hunt to death the
Abenaquiois as he has done for some years past."
The sanguine Father returned to Boston, where he wrote to Gov-
ernor d'Alliboust his official report, from which the last few preceding
lines are copied. He had the faith of the enthusiast that the purpose
of his embassy would be accomplished. It was winter and the season
when vessels seldom ventured along the coast; consequently his de-
parture was delayed a few days, during which time he was the guest
of distinguished people, one of whom was John Eliot, the Protestant
Indian apostle, at Roxbury, who hospitably invited him to stay at his
house all winter. On the 5th of January he embarked on " a vessel
clearing for the Kennebec;" bad weather stopped it for a week or
more at Marblehead; the envoy improved the time by going up to
Salem, to see John Endicott, " who," says the Father, " seeing that I
had no money, defrayed my expenses." * On the 24th of January the
bark reached Piscataqua, and on the 7th of February anchored at
Tameriskau. The next day the missionary reached the Kennebec, up
* Which kind act gives us a rare glimpse into the inner nature of the man
who soon after as governor was led by his infuriated zeal for Puritanism, to have
Quakers tortured and put to death.
31 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
which on its frozen and snow covered surface he laboriously tramped
to resume his interrupted labors. From the comforts of guest cham-
bers and the luxuries of governors' tables, he returned unflinchingly
to the squalid huts, and pitiful, uncertain fare of the savages, whom
he had been called to serve. In the spring, on his return to Cushnoc
with the tribe from the winter hunt at Moosehead, he found John
Winslow had returned from Plymouth, bringing the message that " all
the magistrates and the two commissioners of Plymouth have given
their word, and resolved that they must press the other colonies to
join them against the Iroquiois in favor of the Abnaquiois, who are
under the protection of the colony of Plymouth." This cheering re-
sponse to the Father's visit to Plymouth was supplemented by letters
brought to him by Winslow from men in Boston, representing the
common opinion to be that " if the republic will not undertake this
aid against the Iroquiois . . individuals are ready as volunteers for
the expedition." With these hopeful assurances, Father Druillettes,
taking affectionate leave of his neophytes, returned in the month of
June (1651) to Quebec, and reported in person to his government the
apparent result of his embassy.
But so active and malignant was the enemy and so unhappy the
outlook, that after a rest of only fifteen days Father Druillettes and
Negabamat were sent back to the Kennebec, " Negabamat being com-
missioned as before by the Algonquins of the Great River [St. Law-
rence], and the Father by both the governor of Canada and the good
Abenaquiois catechumens." This last trip of Father Druillettes was
exceedingly painful — almost tragical in its beginning and ending — and
bitterly disappointing in its political result. He was accompanied by
one Frenchman (Jean Guerin) and several Abenakis, who had fol-
lowed him to Quebec. In the hope of finding a shorter route than the
usual one up the Chaudiere to Lake Megantic. the guides took one
with which they were not acquainted; " after having rowed and walked
for fifteen days by torrents and through many frightful ways," they
saw with dismay that they had mistaken the river down which they
should have glided, and that instead of being in the country of the
Abenakis they were at Madawaska (on the St. John). But a worse
feature of their condition was food-famine. The provisions taken for
the two weeks' journey to the Kennebec were exhausted; the com-
pany were weak from hunger and unable to perform the labor of
stemming the current of the river which they must ascend before
they could reach the route to their destination. In this dark hour
Father Druillettes piously re.sorted to the resources of his religion; in
the solitude of the immense forest he proceeded to offer the sacrifice
of the holy mass for relief and deliverance. He had just concluded
the ceremony when one of the Indians came running to the spot with
the joyful news that the party had killed three moose. The lives of
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 35
the famishing- wanderers were thereby saved. The Father deemed it
the visible interposition of God as he did the restoration of his eye-
sight seven years before.
After having restored their strength with the miraculously sent
moose meat and preserved by the process of smoking enough to last
until some could be procured in the ordinary way, the party started
to return up river. There were rapids, falls and difficulties number-
less; one of the Indians — an Etechemin from the St. John — attributed
all of the party's bad luck to the presence of the Black-robe; some of
the streams were too low to float the canoes, so the Father prayed for
rain — which came and the water rose; but the ill will and persecu-
tions of the savage compelled the Father to cast off his luggage in
order to lighten the boat, and finally to separate himself from the
party and grope his way in loneliness among rocks and windfalls and
dismal stretches of swamp; be " rose at break of day and traveled till
night without eating; his supper was a little piece of smoked meat
hard as wood, or a small fish if he could catch it, and after having said
his prayers the earth was his bed, his pillow a log." * At last, after
twenty-two or twenty-three days from Quebec, the party reached Nan-
rantsouak (Norridgewock). The chief, Oumamanradock, welcomed
the Father with a salute of musketry, and embraced him, saying: " I
see now that the Great Spirit who rules in heaven has looked upon us
with a kind eye since he has sent us our Patriarch again." The chief
inquired of the attendants if the Father had been well and well treated
on the journey, and when told of the harsh conduct of the Etechemin,
he berated the fellow roundly, saying: " If you were one of my sub-
jects or of my nation, I would make you feel the grief which you have
caused the whole country." The culprit admitted his guilt and con-
fessed— " I am a dog to have treated the Black-gown so badly." The
rec6rd says, " there was no man, woman or child who did not express
to the Father the joy that was felt at his return; there were feasts in
all the cabins: he was taken possession of and carried away with love."
It was probably about this time that " in a great meeting " they
" naturalized and admitted the Father to their nation." Subsequently,
when he was at the village near Cushnoc, an attache of the trading
post, who had entered a wigwam where the priest was conversing, re-
ported to Winslow his employer, that the missionary was declaiming
against the English. This offended Winslow, but the Indians went
to the trading house and declared that the tattler lied— that he did not
understand the Abenakis tongue from which he pretended to quote,
and in their resentment of the injustice done to their missionary,
said: " We have adopted him for our comrade, we love him as the
wisest of our captains, . . and whoever assails him attacks all the
Abenaquiois."
* Jesuit Relations for 1002, Chap. VII, p. 23. > _m ^ Q^^'^OQ
36 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Father Druillettes' third arrival on the Kennebec caused a round
of profound welcome and rejoicing. Friends old and new flocked
from all sides to see him; he made a tour of the " twelve or thirteen
villages which are ranged partly upon the river Kennebec, and partly
upon the coast of Acadia. . . He was everywhere received as an
angel from heaven." The warmth of his reception impressed him,
and in alluding to it he wrote: " If the years have their winter they
have also their spring-time; if these missions have their afifiictions,
they are not deprived of their joys and consolations. I have felt more
than I can express, seeing the gospel-seed which I have sown for four
years, which produced in the ground in so many centuries only briars
and thorns, bring forth fruit worthy of the table of God. . . One
captain [chief] broke my heart; he repeated to me often in public and
private that he loved his children as himself; ' I have lost two of them
since your departure; their death is not my greatest sorrow, but you
had not baptized them; that is what distresses me. It is true that I
have done for them what you recommended me to do, but I do not
know whether I have done well, or if I shall ever see them in heaven;
if you had baptized them I would not grieve for them; I would not be
sorry for their death, on the contrary I would be consoled; at least if
to banish my sorrow you will promise not to think of Quebec for ten
years, and will not depart during that time, you will see that we love
you.' Besides he led me to the graves of his two children, upon which
he had erected two beautiful crosses, painted red, which he came to
salute from time to time in sight of the English at Koussinok [Cush-
noc], where the cemetery of these good people is, because they hold at
this place two great meetings, one in tine spring and the other in the
autumn." * The.se children were probably buried in ground that had
been consecrated for burial purposes by Father Druillettes during one
of his previous visits. Its location was probably near the Mission of
the Assumption. Ancient human skeletons were plowed up by the
early settlers in the vicinity of Gilley's point, where the chapel must
have stood, f
After Father Druillettes had spent several weeks " in instructing
the villages that were farther inland and more remote from the
English, he took with him Noel Negabamat and went down to New
England." This time, besides visiting Boston and Plymouth, they
went to the two other colonies (New Haven and Connecticut), implor-
ing for their people protection from the Iroquiois; but the fervent de-
sire of Plymouth to save the inhabitants of its domain on the Kenne-
bec from the Mohawk hatchet was neutralized by Massachusetts'
indifference and the reluctance of the other colonies toward disturb-
* Jesuit Relations, 1G52, Chap. VII, p. 25.
t This fact was communicated by the late Mrs. Robert Dennison, an aged
lady of North Augusta, who died in the early part of 1892.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 37
ing the relations that existed between themselves and the Dutch in
the territory that is now the state of New York. So the tremendous
and patient labors of the embassy were fruitless. Christian New
England would not be aroused to protect the Christianized Indians of
the Kennebec. Father Druillettes returned with his companion to
the mission field in the depths of the wilderness, where he passed the
dreary winter among his neophytes, destitute of every physical com-
fort, the menial servant of savages, the target of the jealous jugglers'
spite; tramping from village to village at the call of the sick and
dying; always preaching by act and word the sublime gospel of divine
humanity. At the beginning of March (1652) he departed wearily for
Quebec. The hardships of his journey hither were far exceeded by
those of his return. The party started on snow-shoes; we are not told
their route. The time occupied was more than a month. The supplj'
of food gave out, and some of the Indians died of exhaustion. All of
the company expected to perish with hunger and cold. Father Druil-
lettes and Negabamat were without food for six days following the
fasting season of Lent. Finally they were obliged to boil their moc-
casins, and then the Father's gown (camisole) which was made of
moose skin; the snow melting, they boiled the braids of their snow-
shoes. On such frail broth they kept sufficient strength to finally
reach Quebec on Monday after Easter (April 8), " having no more
courage or strength than zeal for the salvation of souls can give to
skeletons." With a pale, thin face, and worn body, the intrepid, de-
vout and half-martyred Druillettes closed his labors with the Indians
of the Kennebec*
V. THE FIRST INDIAN WAR IN MAINE.
English and French irritation in Acadia. — Alienation between the Indians and
the EngHsh.— Afifinity between the Indians and the French.— Phihp's War
reaches to Maine.— Kennebecs disarmed.— Robinhood makes Treaty of
Peace.— Outrageous Affront to the Saco Chief. — War begins at Merrymeet-
ing Bay. — Parley at Teconnet. — Hammond's Fort at Woolwich, and Clark &
Lake's Fort at Arrowsic, captured. — Dreadful Massacres.— Kennebecs return
Captives and ask for Peace. — Treaties of Casco and Portsmouth.
The history of the Indians on the Kennebec is nearly a blank for
a quarter of a century after the retirement of Father Druillettes. The
feeble mission of the Capuchins on the Penobscot was broken up by
the Huguenot Frenchman, La Tour, in his quarrel with his Catholic
* Father Druillettes was born in France in the year 1393. After his retire-
ment from the Kennebec he was constantly with the Montagnais, Kristineaux,
Papinachois, and other tribes. In 1661 he ascended the Saguenay, in the attempt
to reach Hudson's bay. He went West in 1666 with the celebrated Marquette,
and labored at Sault Ste. Mary till 1679, when he returned to Quebec, and there
died on the 8th of April, 1681, after a missionary career of nearly forty years.
ci« HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
countryman, D'Aulnay, and the semi-Christianized tribes of Maine
were left for awhile to revert to their primeval heathenism. The
English traders had for twenty-five years been annoyed by the French
occupation of the country from the Penobscot eastward, and in 1654,
the confederated colonies seized with force and arms all Acadia, dis-
possessing the French and sending- them home or driving them in
their poverty to seek subsistence among the Indians, and frequently
adoption into the tribes. The natives had learned to confide in the
French and distrust the English. The Kennebecs had found out that
the English cared only for their furs; to add to their jealousy they
believed that their missionary had been driven away from them.
They attributed all of their woes to the Englishmen. Mohawk parties
came oftener, spoiling the villages and infesting the hunting grounds.
As the hunters could get but few skins, the traders finally ceased
coming to Cushnoc. In 1661 the Iroquiois war-whoop echoed along
the vSt. Lawrence from Montreal three hundred miles to the mouth of
the Saguenay, carrying dismay to all Canada. A party penetrated to
the Kennebec and surprised a village near the outlet of a lake; all the
people were massacred, save one old chief whom the murderers led
home as a trophy, and afterward tortured to death.* This cruel event
may have given origin to the tradition among the Maine Indians in
after generations, of an Iroquiois victory on the shores of Moosehead
lake. There was no historian to describe for us the Indian battles on
the Kennebec; the only record ever made was the one which was
deftly woven by dusky fingers into symbolic figures on the sacred
wampum belt, that the duty of vengeance might not be forgotten by
warriors yet unborn.
Most of the causes that alienated the Kennebec Indians from the
English were the same that drove the other tribes of New England
into a pitiless war upon the settlements. The French never had war
with their Indian subjects, but kept their loyalty by flattery, charity
and religious ceremonials. The English used no such arts; Puritan-
ism, whatever its triumphs, was a failure with the Indians; it neither
converted nor attracted them; it was too metaphysical for their appre-
hension— they preferred their Manitous and medicine men. On the
contrary, Catholicism with its symbols, and gilded images displayed
by disciplined, skillful and enthusiastic priests of philanthropic lives,
impressed them strongly, and took the place of their own materialistic
heathen superstitions. So the French in their long struggle to hold
Acadia had the natives with them. When the irritations and wrongs
of half a century of English occupation came to be avenged by the
* Histoire des Abeiiakis. By Father J. A. Marault. Sorel, Canada, 1866. At
the time Father Marault wrote his history he had been for nineteen years a mis-
sionary among the Indians at St. Francis, where nearly all of the living descend-
ants of the Kennebec tribe reside.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. B9
Indians there was no bond of religion or humanity to stay the hatchet
and scalping knife. The catastrophe of Philip's war (1675-8) had
long been portending; its immediate exciting cause was the execution
by Plymouth of three of Philip's subjects for having, by Philip's
order and according to Indian law, inflicted the punishment of death
upon an Indian traitor. Philip, as leader, was suppressed in fourteen
months — his head cut off and carried to Plymouth, there to dangle
from a gibbet for twenty years; but the cause to which he had called
his race to rally did not die with him.
The first victim in what has been named King Philip's war was an
Indian who was shot while marauding with his fellows in a settler's
pasture, for food (at Swansey, June 24, 1675). His death was avenged
the same day by the killing of three white persons. Then followed
alarm and consternation throughout the colonies. In a few weeks the
trader-settlers on the lower Kennebec were anxiously astir. Captains
Lake, Patteshall and Wiswell had been appointed by the general
court a committee of safety for " the eastern parts." This committee
met at the house of Captain Patteshall (on the island that for many
years bore his name, but which is now called Lee's island, in Phipps-
burg), and after consulting with the settlers concluded to disarm the
natives.* A party ascended the river for the purpose, and meeting
five Andro-scoggins and seven Kennebecs, persuaded them to surren-
der their guns and knives. During the proceeding, a Kennebec
Indian named Sowen struck at Hosea Mallet, a bystander, and would
have killed him had not the savage been seized; the other Indians
admitted that the assailant deserved death, yet they prayed for his re-
lease, offering a ransom of forty beaver skins and hostages for his
future good behavior. The proposal was accepted and Sowen was
released. The traders then treated the Indians with food and tobacco,
and solemnly promised them protection and favor if they would con-
tinue peaceable. The principal sagamore in the party was Mahoti-
wormet {alias Damarine), called by the English Robinhood, who lived
in Nequasset (Woolwichj. The next day he assembled as many of
his tribe as possible and celebrated the treaty of peace with a great
dance, t
* Williamson's History of Maine, Vol. I, p. 519.
tThis chief, who was a Wawenoc, had been intimate with the English during-
his whole life, and never so far as we know became their enemy. He sold in
1639, to Edward Butman and John Brown (who bought Pemaquid of Samoset
and another), the territory of the present town of Woolwich (then called Nequas-
set); he also sold in 1649, to John Parker, the island of Georgetown (Erascohe-
gan), and to John Richards, the island of Arrowsic; also in 16.58, to John Parker,
2d, the territory that now makes the town of Phippsburg as far south as "Cock's
high head;" and in 1661, to Robert Gutch, the territory now included within the
limits of Bath. The memory of Mahotiwormet is preserved by his English nick-
name in Robinhood's cove, the long arm of Sheepscot bay that nearly severs the
island of Georgeto'wn. Hopegood, the warrior, is said to have been his son.
40 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
The Indians on the Sheepscot were likewise prevailed upon to
yield up their arms, and there seemed to be good reason to hope that
Philip's influence might not reach disastrously to the province of
Maine. But at this critical hour an incident occurred which neutral-
ized all the efforts that had been made to stay the spreading of
Philip's conflagration. A chief of the Sacos, named Squando, had
suffered an outrage that sank deep into his heart. Two rollicking
sailors jocosely threw his little child into the water to see if it could
swim instinctively, like an animal. Though the infant was rescued
alive it soon died. From that moment the grief stricken father be-
came the inveterate enemy of the English; no overtures could reach
him, no gifts placate him. He called the neighboring tribes to war
councils, and being a chief of great influence, war dances began. Set-
tlers from the Merrimac to Pemaquid saw with grave forebodings
the changed behavior and increasing insolence of the Indians. The
first overt act was by a band of twenty Indians, who sacked the house
of Thomas Purchase at the mouth of the Androscoggin, on the 4th or
5th of September (1675). Purchase had lived there and cheated the
Indians for fifty years. A few days later (September 12), the first
Indian massacre in Maine took place — that of Thomas Wakeley and
his family of eight persons at Falmouth on the Presumpscot river.
During the next three months seventy-two other barbarous mur-
ders were committed between Casco and the Piscataqua. This series
of tragedies was mostly the work of the Sacos and Androscoggins.
The traders of Sagadahoc (on the lower Kennebec) were putting forth
their utmost endeavors to prevent the terrible contagion from spread-
ing to their river. They employed the services of their venerable
trading neighbor of Pemaquid, Abraham Shurte, who by his rugged
honesty and kind heart, had won the confidence of the Indians. He
invited some of the sagamores to Pemaquid; they told him their
grievances; they said some of their innocent friends had been treach-
erously seized and sold as slaves under the pretext that they were
conspirators or manslayers. " Yes," added they, " and your people
frightened us away last fall [1675] from our cornfields about Kenne-
bec; you have since withholden powder and shot from us, so that we
have not been able to kill either fowl or venison, and some of our
Indians, too, the last winter, actually perished of hunger." Shurte
assured them that all of their wrongs should be righted if they would
remain friendly. They gave him a wampum belt to denote their de-
sire for peace, and a captive boy to be returned to his family. This
parley was soon followed by an invitation to Mr. Shurte to meet the
sachems of all the tribes in council, to make a general treaty of peace.
The message was borne to Pemaquid by an Indian runner from
Teconnet, where the council was to be held. Shurte fearlessly started
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 41
on his errand, probably sailing in his own boat from Pemaquid along
the coast and into the Kennebec. At Sagadahoc he took council with
the committee of safety, who selected Captain Sylvanus Davis to
accompany him. The two a.scended the river to Teconnet (now
spelled Ticonic) where they found a large number of Indians awaiting
them. Five chiefs were there: Assiminasqua and Wahowa {alias
Hopegood) of the Kennebecs; Madockawando and Mugg of the
Penobscots, and Tarumkin of the Androscoggins; but Squando of the
Sacos was ominously absent.
The commissioners were welcomed by a salute of musketry, and
conducted into the great wigwam where the chiefs were seated, each
attended by his people. Assiminasqua opened the proceedings, say-
ing: " Brothers, keep your arms, they are a badge of honor. Be at
ease. It is not our custom like' the Mohawks to seize the messengers
coming unto us; nay, we never do as your people once did with four-
teen of our Indians, sent to treat with you; taking away their arms
and setting a guard over their heads. We now must tell you, we have
been in deep waters; you told us to come down and give up our arms
and powder or you would kill us, so to keep peace we were forced to
part with our hunting-guns, or to leave both our fort and our corn.
What we did was a great loss; we feel its weight." To this Mr.
Shurte replied: " Our men who have done you wrong are greatly
blamed; if they could be reached by the arm of our rulers they would
be punished. All the Indians know how kindly they have been treated
at Pemaquid. We come now to confirm the peace, especially to treat
with the Anasagunticooks [Androscoggins]. We wish to see Squando
and to hear Tarumkin speak." Tarumkin responded: " I have been
westward, where I found three sagamores wishing for peace; many
Indians are unwilling. I love the clear streams of friendship that
meet and unite. Certainly, I myself, choose the shades of peace. My
heart is true, and I give you my hand in pledge of the truth." Seven
Androscoggins echoed the sentiments of their chief, while Hopegood
and Mugg, representing two other tribes, likewise declared for peace.
But the absence of the childless chief of the Sacos was fatal; no gen-
eral treaty could be made without him. The commissioners were dis-
appointed and anxious, and even suspicious of the fidelity of the
tribes present. The Indians had parted with their guns and knives;
they were unable in their life as hunters to gain their sub.sistence
without them; no substitute by which they could obtain 'food was
given in recompense; they were now pinched with hunger and threat-
ened with starvation; some they declared had thus died already. They
now asked for their weapons that they might legitimately follow the
game of the forest. The cominissioners could not conceal their mis-
trust that the implements might be misused. Madockawando then
42 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
speaking abruptly, said: " Do we not meet here on equal ground?
Where shall we buy powder and shot for our winter's hunting, when
we have eaten up all our corn? Shall we leave Englishmen and turn
to the French? or let our Indians die? We have waited long to hear
you tell us, and now we want Yes, or No." The commissioners could
no longer hide in diplomatic words the unhappy condition of affairs;
they said: " You may have ammunition for necessary use; but you say
yourselves, there are many western Indians [the Sacos] who do not
choo.se peace. Should you let them have the powder we sell you,
what do we better than cut our own throats? This is the best answer
we are allowed to return you, though you wait ten years."* The
chiefs would neither hear more nor talk longer; they rose abruptly
and ended the parley, their flashing eyes announcing to the assembly
the hopeless answer of the English. The commissioners, discomfited,,
withdrew to their boat and embarked for home with painful appre-
hensions.
The condition of the Indians was pitiable. In their destitution
and wretchedness they had vainly asked for the restoration of their
hunting outfits. The alternative of starvation or war was now be-
fore them. If the forests could not be made to furnish them food
should not the plenty of the white man's .settlements? Emis.saries
and refugees from Philip's shattered band — each on.e an incendiary,
and murderer of Englishmen — were deploying eastward and mixing
with the tribes. They recounted by many a lodge fire the deeds of
Philip's warriors and awakened in the hearts of their excited listeners
the wild thoughts of English extermination. The time had come
when the Kennebecs could sit peacefully on their mats no longer.
The pangs of hunger and impending famine made them desperate,
and impelled them to the war path for self-preservation.
A few weeks after the parley at Teconnet some Kennebecs in alli-
ance with some Androscoggins formed their first war party. On the
13th of August (1675) they went forth in cruelty against the trading
fort of Richard Hammond, that stood at the head of Long Reach, just
below the chops or outlet of Merrymeeting bay f (in the present town
of Woolwich). Hammond had aforetime kept a temporary trading
post at Teconnet; the Indians said he had made them drunk and then
cheated them. They ruthlessly killed him and two of his men —
Samuel Smith and John Grant — and took sixteen persons captive,
among them Francis Card and his family. A brave young woman
e-scaped from the bloody scene and fleeing in the darkness of night
across the country to Sheepscot, alarmed that settlement and saved it
* Williamson's History of Maine, Vol. I, pp. 539, 533.
t Problem of Hammond's Fort. By Rev. H. O. Thayer, in Collections of the
Maine Historical Society. Quarterly series No. 3, 1890.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 43
from surprise. After supplying themselves with food and plunder,
and burning the buildings, some of the Indians returned up river
with their captives, while others in the night stole down to Clark &
Lake's trading place on Arrowsic island; they adroitly entered the
fort through the gate behind the sleepy sentinels as they were retir-
ing from their posts at daybreak. The consternation of the inmates
of the garrison, thus aroused from slumber in the early morning, was
indescribable. In their helplessness they could make no resistance
to the fearful onslaught; a few ran out of the fort and escaped. Thirty-
five persons were either killed or captured. Among the slain was
Captain Lake, a member of the committee of safety, and one of the
wealthy proprietors of the establishment. Among the wounded was
Captain Davis, one of the recent peace messengers to Teconnet, who
barely escaped capture and death by hiding in the clefts of the rocks
by the water's edge until the savages had departed. The destruction
of these forts, which was only a small part of the general devastation
that presently marked the entire coast from Piscataqua to Pemaquid,
drove all the English settlers from the Kennebec.
Of the Indians concerned in the sacking of the Nequasset and
Arrowsic forts, there is reason to believe that the Kennebecs were
less fierce and brutal than their fellows; indeed, there is no evidence
that the Kennebecs, like some of their allies, ever tortured a white
captive. This omission of a diabolical superstitious requirement is
traceable to the teaching of Father Druillettes, and the softening in-
fluence of the missionaries with whom the tribe had contact by its
intercourse with Quebec. Many of the unhappy captives who were
led away from the ruins of Sagadahoc, never returned, and their sad
fate can only be conjectured. But in June of the next year (1677) the
Kennebecs sent back a company of twenty, as is shown by a letter
from the chiefs " to the governor of Boston," borne by Mrs. Ham-
mond, the widow of the trader. This unique document, illiterately
written by some captive sitting abjectly among the chiefs who dic-
tated it, is a valuable souvenir of the comparative humanity of the
tribe. The chiefs say they have been careful of the prisoners; that
Mrs. Hammond and the rest " will tell that we have drove away all
the Androscoggin Indians from us, for they will fight and we are not
willing of their company. . . We have not done as the Androscog-
gin Indians who killed all their prisoners. . . We can fight as well
as others, but we are willing to live peaceable; we will not fight with-
out they [the settlers] fight with us first; . . We are willing to trade
with you, as we have done for many years; we pray you send us
such things as we name: powder, cloth, tobacco, liquor, corn, bread —
and send the captives you took at Pemaquid. . . Squando is minded
to cheat you, . . and make you believe that it is Kennebec men
44 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
that have done all this spoil." The names of eleven Indians are
appended: William WoumWood, HenNwedloked, Winakeermit,
Moxus, Essomonosko, Deogenes, Pebemowoveit, Tasset, John, Shyrot,
Mr. Thomas.* These are some of the actors in the Sagadahoc trage-
dies, who were anxious to make it appear that their tribe had not for-
feited all claim to English reconciliation. As a chief had said at
Teconnet, they loved " the clear streams of friendship that meet and
unite;" they had tasted of war and were now anxious for peace; early
in the strife they had mostly withdrawn into the distant forest, and
left their allies to murder and pillage alone. They tardily and reluct-
antly broke with the English, and they were the first to suggest a
return to peace.
A full account of the first Indian war in Maine, covering a period
of about three years, belongs to the general history of the state, and
cannot here be given. It makes a dreadful chapter of surprisals, mas-
sacres and conflagrations, in which nearly three hundred English
people were killed or died in captivity. The region was made deso-
late. The losses and sufferings of the tribes can never be told.
Finally, after a mutual cessation of hostilities for a few months, the
Kennebec sagamores gladly joined with those of the Androscoggin,
Saco and Penobscot, in meeting English commissioners at Casco, to
make a treaty of peace (April 12, 1678). All surviving captives were
restored. It was a day of rejoicing. The settlements that had been
destroyed soon began to revive, and returning prosperity gradually
cheered again the coast of Maine. But the tribes were broken and
their condition changed. The Mohawks had long been the scourge of
the Kennebecs and other tribes, the English had ever refused pro-
tection against them; in the late war they had been employed to kill
and torture by the side of the English; they continued their warfare
in vagrant bands after the treaty of peace. The crippled tribes asso-
ciated these raids with English perfidy. The terror from these
Mohawk parties was finally allayed by the governor of New York
(Edmund Andros) forbidding his friends and allies up the Hudson
from further molesting the conquered subjects of his master's eastern
dukedom of Pemaquid. A second treaty was made at Portsmouth in
1685 (and signed on behalf of the Kennebecs by Hopegood), wherein
for the first time the English agreed to protect the tribes of Maine so
long as they were peaceable, from their Mohawk enemies. Notwith-
standing all outward promises of peace, the Indians' nature, their
mode of life, and the bitter memories of the past, made the treaties
little else than temporary truces. The two races were mutually
repellant.
*Rev. H. O. Thayer in article on Hammond's fort, quoting Mass. Archives,
Vol. XXX: 241, 242.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 45
VI.— THE SECOND AND THIRD INDIAN WARS IN MAINE.
Indian Refugees in Canada.— New Mission established for them.— Fathers
Jacques and Vincent Bigot on the Kennebec and Penobscot. — Castine
inspires the Tribes to avenge his Wrong. — King William's War begtui. —
French Intrigue with the Indians. — Father Rale sent to the Kennebec. —
Bomaseen Imprisoned. — Treaties of Ryswick and Mare-point. — Third Indian
War. — Parley at Casco. — Bounties for Scalps. — Arruawikwabemt Slain. —
Rebekah Taylor rescued by Bomaseen. — Acadia ceded to England.— Treaties
of Utrecht and Portsmouth.
In a few years following the war, the Kennebec refugees, mixing
with the Canada Indians, so overcrowded the Sillery mission, that in
1685 it was removed to the opposite side of the St. Lawrence, a few
miles up the Chaudiere. The new village, composed mostly of
fugitives from the Kennebec, was named the Mission of St. Francis
de Sales, and given to the care of two brothers and Jesuit fathers
named Jacques and Vincent Bigot. The instruction given by Druil-
lettes on the Kennebec a generation before had nearly if not quite
faded out, and the new missionaries, like their predecessor, had to
begin their labors by teaching the mere rudiments of their faith.
But they found their flock of five or six hundred souls altogether
attentive and docile to priestly influence; they endeavored to Christ-
ianize anew the whole tribe; they visited the head-waters of the
Chaudiere and the Kennebec, where many Kennebecs and other Maine
Indians had permanently collected for fishing and hunting, in their
northward hegira from their English neighbors. The two Fathers
extended at different times their wandering labors down the Kennebec
to Nanrantsouak (Indian Old Point), and even as far as Pentagoet
(Castine), where, under the patronage of the half Indianized French-
man, Castine, Father Jacques laid the foundation of a church in 1687.
The two brothers toiled among the Maine Indians for more than
twenty years, principally in the villages of the refugees on the St.
Lawrence.* Their visits to the Kennebec were few and comparatively
brief. It appears that a chapel was built by them at Old Point; they
revived the mission that had been closed for thirty years, and pre-
pared the way for a permanent successor to Father Druillettes, who
finally came in the remarkable person of Father Sebastian Rale.
The first war in Maine had been wholly between the natives and
the Engli.sh; no boundary line of Acadia was involved. The French
were inactive spectators, harmlessly sympathizing, for national reasons,
with the Indians. But ere a decade had passed, events were leading
to a war in which all of the natives of Maine were to be the helpers
of France in a national struggle. The first provocation for trouble
* Relation of Father Jacques Bigot.
46 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
was given as usual by the English. It was the rifling by Governor
Andres of the house of Baron St. Castine at Pentagoet (in the spring
of 1688), under the pretext that the Penobscot was in the king's
province, and that Acadia did not extend westward of the St. Croix.
The haughty governor cared as little for human rights as his royal
master (James II), whom he fancied he was pleasing by the outrage.
The deed brought bitter retribution. Castine was a naturalized tribes-
man, and a personage of unsurpassed eminence among the Penob-
scots.* He easily aroused his followers to war, and in a few months
he led them remorselessly against the English settlements. But
Castine's personal quarrel soon became lost in the greater one between
his king and William III of England. James II had been driven
from his throne (1688); fleeing to France in his distress he received
the aid of Louis XIV. The war that immediately opened extended to
the French and English possessions in America. In Maine history it
has been called King William's or the second Indian war. It was a
series of dreadful massacres and reprisals — largely predatory on the
part of the Indians, who marshalled by French ofScers, issued in
bands from Canada to rob, murder or capture the English. Every
settlement had to be provided with a fortress or defensible place into
which the inhabitants could quickly gather. Such an one was at
Pemaquid, garrisoned by Captain Weems and fifteen men; it was sur-
prised and captured in August, 1689, and the place made desolate;
another at Berwick was attacked on the 28th of March following,
when thirty-four persons were slain and many more than that num-
ber captured; another (Fort Loyal) was at Falmouth (now Portland, on
the site of the Grand Trunk railroad station); the place was attacked
May 26, 1690, by a force of five hundred French and Indians; after
four days the inhabitants were forced to surrender only to be toma-
hawked, and their mutilated bodies left unburied as prey for the wild
beasts. These are only instances of the sufferings that were inflicted
upon the English during a period of ten years. Warriors from all the
tribes participated.
It was the policy of the French, when they saw their ancient Acadia
passing into the possession of the English, to seek to draw into Canada
through the missionaries the discontented natives of Maine. The
Kennebecs had been attracted to St. Francis de Sales. The Sacos
emigrated nearly en masse within one or two years after Philip's war,
and assembled in Canada near the mouth of the St. Francis river,
down which from their deserted Saco they had reached the St. Law-
rence. They were soon gathered into the parish of St. Francis. Their
warriors, like those of the Kennebecs in the Chaudiere village, were
utilized by the French to fight both the troublesome Iroquiois and the
*///j-/(VV of Aidi/ia, by James Hannay. pp. 215-216.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 47
hated English. It. was for this purpose rather than from a sentiment
of philanthropy, that French statesmen and Canadian governors had
sought through the machinery of the church to manipulate the tribes
of Maine. But many families still clung to the Androscoggin and
Kennebec. With the design of collecting these fragments and mak-
ing them useful against the English, the Canadian rulers had encour-
aged the sending of the Fathers Bigot to the Kennebec to reconnoiter
for a new mission.
Thus it was amid the throes of war and for reasons more political
than religious, that Father Rale was sent to the Kennebec to re-
occupy the old mission-field of Druillettes. He came in 1693, by the
well traveled route that had been followed by his predecessor in
1646; he lingered on the way among the wigwams at Lake Megantic
•(from Namesokantik — place where there are many fishes), and the
neighboring waters; in 1695 we find him at Nanrantsouak, which he
■chose for the center of his field of labors. Already schooled in the
arts of savage living, he here drew by the persuasives of a trained
and cultured enthusiast, the remaining families of the shattered tribes
west of the Penobscot. The history of his mission is the remaining
history of the Indians on the Kennebec — who from the location of the
village which he founded, thenceforward bore the Anglicised name
of Norridgewocks. The Kennebec was again a Canadian parish, and
a semi-military outpost of New France. Of the three or four Indian
routes of travel between the St. Lawrence and the Atlantic coast, none
was more direct or easy than the one up the Chaudiere and down
the Kennebec; the portage between the waters of the two rivers was
.sometimes made from an upper tributary of the Chaudiere to one
•of the Penobscot and from thence to Moosehead lake, but usually from
Lake Megantic to the nearest stream that runs into Dead river. It
was by this thoroughfare that the little Catholic village of Nanrant-
souak maintained its communication with the diocese of Quebec. In
war it was often the route of the French captains with their trains of
scarcely more savage and cruel allies. Nanrantsouak was a village
site of great excellence; the circling river, foam-laden from the wild
falls above, almost surrounds it; it is in the midst of hundreds of acres
-of mellow land suitable for corn raising; it was secluded from the
English, while the Sandy river made it accessible from the Andros-
coggin.
The tribal distinctions of the natives of Maine began to dis-
appear during the common cause against the English; soon after
the coming of Father Rale the shreds of the tribes that had lingered
on the Saco and Androscoggin, united with the Kennebecs as the
Wawenocs had done before. The Penobscots, under the lead of the
elder and younger Castine, maintained themselves as a tribe and so
48 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
remain to this day. We do not know the nature or extent of Father
Rale's influence over his people in reference to the war in which he
found them involved. If he exerted any*it may have been in the
direction of peace; for on the 11th of August, 1693 (the year of his
earliest intercourse with the Abenakis), thirteen sagamores appeared
at Pemaquid and offered the submission of their tribes to the English
government; among them were Wassabomet, Ketteramogis, Wenob-
son. and Bomaseen from the Kennebec. The resident Indians were
ready for peace, but the French, on whom the war pressed less sorely,
were not; they ignored the treaty which their allies had made; and as
a part of their endeavor to repossess themiselves of Acadia, which had
been taken from them by Governor Phipps in 1690, they sent a party
against the New England settlements in 1694; as Cotton Mather says:
" What was talked at Quebec in the month of May, must be done at
Oyster river [in New Hampshire] in the month of July." Several
dreadful massacres were committed, and all the settlements were
again filled with horror and fear.
That Bomaseen, the Kennebec chief, was an accomplice in those
deeds was never known; but the public exasperation was so great, and
the possibility of other butcheries so imminent, that the authorities
felt justified in seizing and imprisoning every prominent or doubtful
Indian it could lay hands upon. Bomaseen was seized November 19,
1694, at Pemaquid garrison, whither he had gone with a flag of truce
in apparent confidence that his professions of regret at the recent
tragedies would relieve both himself and tribe from blame. He pro-
tested his innocence, and showed that he felt his arrest to be an act
of perfidy. Cotton Mather says, " he discovered a more than ordi-
nary disturbance of mind; his passions foamed and boiled like the
very waters of the fall of Niagara." The sagamore was immediately
transported to Boston and there put in prison. The injustice of his
treatment — hardly ever questioned by dispassionate Englishmen —
turned his followers back to their French alliance and to a renewal of
the war from which the treaty at Pemaquid a year before had freed
them. The Norridgewock warriors returned to the war path, and two
years later (1696) helped the French to overawe and capture even the
proud Fort William Henry of Pemaquid, whose walls had been the
prison of Bomaseen. The French participation in the war closed
with the treaty of Ryswick in 1697, but the Indians, cherishing new
as well as old resentments, remained in hostility two years longer.
The last to desist from their attacks and acquiesce in a treaty with
the English, were the Kennebecs, whose kidnapped sagamore was
fretting behind prison bars in Boston. But finally, on the 7th of
January, 1799, at Mare point (in Brunswick) Moxus and his lieuten-
ants of the Kennebec, united with the sachems of the other tribes in
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 49
humble submission to King- William III. Bomaseen was then and
there restored to his people, and the latter returned as many of their
English captives as Avere able to make the terrible journey in the cold
and snow of winter from Nanrantsouak to Casco bay. Little had
been accomplished between France and England, for Acadia reverted
by treaty to the former, while the Indians were left in reduced num-
bers and more forlorn and miserable than before.
The treaty of Mare point was a truce, that lasted only until another
war broke out between England and France. So subtle were the re-
lations of France with its allies in the new world that a royal wish
expressed in the Tuilleries could reach the low-browed savages at their
camp fires, and excite them into the frenzy of the war dance. The
exiled James II died September 16, 1701, leaving a son — nicknamed
the Pretender — to be placed by the power of France if possible on the
throne. William III died March 8. 1702; Anne, the Protestant daugh-
ter of James, was given the English crown; she immediately declared
war against France, and asserted sovereignty over Acadia to the St.
Croix. The inevitable result of another war in America followed.
The Indians on the Kennebec were again the supple instruments of
France. Father Rale had lived in companionship with them for ten
years — ministering to their ailments of sickness and wounds, attach-
ing them to his person and faith, and trying ever to better their
earthly condition and save their souls. His influence over them was
great; he followed and yet he led them — sometimes yielding to their
inconstant humors, yet always holding them loyal to France and con-
formable to the wishes of the Canadian governors.
The warlike premonitions that followed the crowning of Queen
Anne, led the governor (Joseph Dudley) of Massachusetts to solicit a
personal conference with the Maine tribes, to renew the last treaty
(of Mare point). The Indians responded with alacrity, and assembled
in large numbers at Casco (now Portland), June 20, 1703, to meet the
governor and his suite. It was agreed with great ceremony that peace
should continue (in the language of Bomaseen) " so long as the sun
and moon shall endure." Moxus and a new chief named Captain
Sam, with Bomaseen, were of the delegation from Nanrantsouak.
Father Rale was present, but stayed in the background until his
identity was accidentally discovered by the governor, who then showed
signs of annoyance that the Indians should have in their interest a
diplomat as watchful and suspicious as himself. But the treaty,
though it was celebrated with more pomp than any .similar one ever
made in Maine, could not long be kept. The pressure of French poli-
tics was too strong for the morally weak Indian to resist. In less than
two months after the treaty was made, the dogs of war were let loose
from Canada, and stealing through Maine with increasing numbers,
4
50 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
they rushed upon the English settlements for booty and scalps. This
was the beginning of Queen Anne's or the third Indian war in Maine.
It was instigated m Canada and carried on by the French with such
aid as their Indian allies would give them.
It was a war of many revolting features. In the winter of 1705,
an English party of 270 men under Colonel Hilton went on snow-
shoes to Nanrantsouak, but the village was deserted. The " large
chapel with a vestry at the end of it," which Father Rale had built for
his people, was set on fire and destroyed. At Casco, in January, 1707,
the same officer with two hundred men, killed four Indians and cap-
tured a squaw and child, whereupon the woman, to save her own life,
conducted the party to a camp of eighteen sleeping Indians, seventeen
of whom they killed. The savages themselves could not have been
guilty of a more wanton stroke of butchery. It was a war of exter-
mination. The government offered a bounty for scalps. In 1710
Colonel Walton with 170 men, surprised a company of Indians on the
clam beds at the mouth of the Kennebec; Arruawikwabemt, a Nor-
ridgewock sachem, was captured; Penhallow says he was " an active,
bold fellow, and one of unbounded spirit; for when they asked several
questions he made no reply, and when they threatened him with
death, he laughed at it with contempt; upon which they delivered
him up unto our friend Indians [Mohawks], who soon became his
executioners."* The French are known to have barbarousl}' surren-
dered English captives to a similar fate. But in the dreadful chapter
of this ten years' war, one act of Indian compassion shines through
the smoke and gloom of ruined settlements, and makes us grateful to
the grim warrior whose heart is shown to have been human and could
be touched with pity for his enemy's suffering child. It was in 1706
that Rebekah Taylor was made captive by a huge savage, who, while
making the journey to Canada to sell her for a French ransom, be-
came enraged at her exhaustion, and untying his girdle from his body
wound it around her neck and hung her to a tree; the weight of the
captive broke the cord; the fiend in his diabolism was again hoisting
his victim to the limb, when Bomaseen, the sachem of the Kennebecs,
came by chance upon the scene, and by overawing the executioner,
prevented the consummation of the tragedy. Rebekah was afterward
returned to her friends, and her own lips related the story of her
deliverance, f
After ten years, England and France settled their dispute by the
treaty of Utrecht (March 30, 1713), in which it was agreed that
" Acadia with its ancient boundaries . . are resigned and made
over to the crown of Great Britain forever." Thus the contest for
* History of the Wars of New England. By Samuel Penhallow, pp. 65-66.
\ Idem, p. 47.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 51
Acadia that was begun with bloodshed at St. Sauveur just one hun-
dred years before (1613) was ended. Four months after the treaty of
Utrecht, the Indians of Maine sent their sachems to Portsmouth,
-where a treaty was made with the provincial government July 13,
1713; it was signed in behalf of the Kennebecs with the respective
totem characters of Warrakansit, Bomaseen and Wedaranaquin.
Moxus was present, but for some reason did not place his hand to the
document.
VII. THE FOURTH INDIAN WAR IN MAINE.
Settlements at Sagadahoc— Pejepscot Land Company.— Conference at Aitow-
sic. — Wiwurna's Anger.— Fort Richmond built.— Father Rale with an Indian
Embassy at Arrowsic— First Attempt to seize Father Rale.— Warriors make
Captures at Merrymeeting. — Captain Sam slain. — Harmon's Massacre. — War
declared.— Arrowsic burned.— Bounty of $1,000 for Father Rale.— Second
Attempt to Capture him.— Mohawks invited.— Skirmish above Fort Rich-
mond.— Third Attempt to Capture Father Rale.
The conquest of Acadia and the treaty of Portsmouth gave confi-
dence to New England that her Indian troubles were ended. As a
result the abandoned frontier settlements were revived and new ones
begun. Nowhere were the happy effects of peace manifested more
strongly than in Maine, where the suffering and desolation had been
the greatest. The lower Kennebec (or Sagadahoc) was perhaps the
first devastated region that rang to the cheery echoes of returning
civilization. The heirs and assigns of early proprietors came to claim
their estates. John Watts, whose wife (as granddaughter of Captain
Lake, .slain in Philip's war) inherited a good part of the island of
Arrowsic, came to the Kennebec in 1714, and settled at a place now
called Butler's cove; he built a fine dwelling and a defensible house
or fort, and by the next year had drawn hither fifteen families. Soon
following the Watts enterprise were various others in the same
region, and in 1716, Georgetown was incorporated. The heirs and
assigns of other land claimants through ancient Indian deeds, organ-
ized themselves into the Pejepscot Company, to grasp with the
strength of a giant's hands their vague heritage on the Androscoggin.
This territory, like that of the lower Kennebec, had suddenly become
of great prospective value by the treaties of Utrecht and Portsmouth.
It was, however, all-important to the land company that the Indians
should be kept peaceable. To learn their temper and test their
amiability the device of a conference between them and the governor
was hit upon.
The suggestion met with official favor, and in the summer of 1717,
■Governor Shute attended by his councilors and other important gen-
52 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
tlemen, sailed from Boston to the Kennebec in the royal ship The
Squirrel. The gallant ship, with her colors gaily flying, arrived on
the morning of August 9th opposite the Watts settlement and there
dropped anchor. The Indians were already at their rendezvous on
Patteshall's island. They sent a message asking his excellency when
it would be his pleasure for them to attend him; he replied at three
o'clock that afternoon, " when he would order the Union flag to be
displayed at the tent erected near Mr. Watts, his house," and ordered
a British flag to be delivered to the Indians " for them to wear when
they came, in token of their subjection to his majesty King George " I;
" at the time appointed, the flag being set up, the Indians forthwith
came over, with the British flag in their headmost canoe." Eight
sagamores filed up the bank to the great tent where the governor and
attendants had assembled to receive them. They " made their rever-
ence to the governor, who was pleased to give them his hand." John
Gyles and Samuel Jordan were sv/orn as interpreters; the governor
addressed the interpreters and they repeated his remarks in the
Indian tongue to the sachems. In his opening speech the governor
said that he was glad to find so many of them in health; since the
good treaty of Portsmouth King George had happily ascended the
throne and by his gracious command they were favored with the
present interview; France was at peace with him and desired his
friendship; the Indians were his subjects like the English, and they
must not hearken to any contrary insinuation; they would always find
themselves safest under the government of Great Britain; he would
gladly have them of the same religion as King George and the Eng-
lish, and therefore would immediately give them a Protestant mission-
ary and in a little while a schoolmaster to teach their children; he
naively remarked that the English settlements lately made in the
eastern parts had been promoted partly for the benefit of the Indians,
and that he had given strict orders to the English to be very just and
kind to them; if any wrong was done them it should be reported to
his officers, and he would see that it was redressed; he wished them
to look upon the English government in New England as their great
and safe shelter; he took in his hands two copies of the holy Bible,
one printed in English and the other in the Apostle Eliot's transla-
tion, and gave them to the chiefs for use by their new minister, ]SIr.
Baxter, whenever they desired to be taught.
Wiwurna was the Indian spokesman; he arose from his seat and
responded to the courtly governor in uncultured but appropriate
phrase. His people, he said, " were glad of the opportunity to wait
upon the governor; they ratified all previous treaties; they hoped all
hard thoughts would be laid aside between the English and them-
selves, so that amity might be hearty; but other governors had told
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 53
them that thej' were under no government but their own; they would
be obedient to King George if they liked the terms made to them —
if they were not molested in their lands; if any wrong happened to
them they would not avenge themselves, but apply to the governor
for redress; this place [Arrowsic] was formerly settled and was then
being settled by their permission, but they desired there be no more
settlements made; it was said at Casco treaty [1713] that no more forts
should be made; they would be pleased with King George if there
was never a fort in the eastern parts; they were willing the English
should possess all they have occupied except forts; they did not wish
to change their ministers or their religion; God had already given
them teaching; they did not understand how their lands had been
purchased — what had been alienated was by gift only."
The governor thereupon triumphantly exhibited the so-called deed
of sale of lands on the Kennebec and Androscoggin rivers, made by
six sagamores July 7, 1684, on which the Pejepscot Company based
their claim. The Indians could have as easily understood the docu-
ment if it had been written in Greek; it was, however, to their appre-
hension possessed of a mysterious power which they could not ques-
tion: they knew not how to meet such a form of argument; they were
dazed and dumfounded; the plot to usurp their lands by the use of
dingy papers, and fence them with forts was revealed. The angered
chiefs sprang to their feet, and without obeisance sullenly withdrew
from the audience tent, leaving in disdain their English flag and the
inexorable but discomfited governor. In a few hours they returned
from their camp with a letter to his ex- ^^ /9 .^ m a/7-^^
cellency from Father Rale, that quoted S^e^. ^^i„.^L_ ^^-f
the French king as saying he had not
given to the English by the cession of Acadia any of the Indians' land,
and that he was ready to succor the Indians if their lands were en-
croached upon. It was now the governor's turn to be angry, as he
saw that the sachems had a friend who was able to cope with him in
Indian diplomacy; he scornfully threw' the letter aside and made
preparations to depart for home.
The next morning he had entered into his ship and ordered the
sails to be loosed, when two Indians hastily came alongside in a canoe
and climbed on board; they apologized for the unpleasant behavior
of the sachems, and begged that the parley might be reopened. The
governor said he would grant the request if the sachems would aban-
don " their unreasonable pretensions to the English lands, and com-
plied with what he had said, but not otherwise;" to this condition the
messengers agreed, and asked that the deserted flag be given again
to decorate the Indian embassy. At six o'clock in the evening the
sachems and principal men once more crossed the river from their
54 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
island camp to Arrowsic and sat down in council. Querebennit was
their speaker in place of the too spirited Wiwurna, who had been dis-
gracefully left at camp, in courtesy to the English. The Indians' de-
sire for peace was overmastering; it made them capable of submitting
to any terms which the English might dictate; they did not again
venture to oppose the land scheme or the forts, but yielded in their
hopelessness to such an agreement as the governor was pleased to
have prepared, when " they all readily and without any objection
consented to the whole." * Then all the chief Indians shook hands
with the governor, who made them presents of food and ammunition;
and the young men came over from the island and danced before the
assembly in honor of the occasion.
This so-called treaty of Arrowsic exacted the acknowledgment that
the English might enjoy both the lands which they formerly pos-
sessed, " and all others which they had obtained a right unto " — leav-
ing the English to decide that they were entitled to all territory that
was ever included in pretended sales by debauched and tribeless saga-
mores. The Pejepscot people went resolutely forward to develop
their property; timber cutters, mill builders and settlers flocked
rapidly to Georgetown and the Androscoggin: Robert Temple brought
five ship-loads of people from the north of Ireland to the Kennebec;
settlements multiplied, and each one in fear of the Indians had its
fort or place of possible refuge. In the guise of a trading house for
the accommodation of the Indians, the government built Fort Rich-
mond in 1718-19 (opposite the head of Swan island — the present town
of Perkins); it was really built for the protection of the Pejepscot
frontier. Fort George was built about the same time at Brunswick,
for the same purpose. Before 1720 fifteen public forts and many more
private ones had risen between Kittery and Pemaquid. The Indians
could see in the enterprise of the white men only trouble and distress
for themselves; their game was stampeded, their fishing places
usurped, and their camping grounds plowed over. But the forts were
peculiarly hateful to them; the frowning walls were proof against
their tiny artillery, and the tactics of stealth and ambuscade that ex-
celled in forest warfare, failed utterly before fortifications. Every
new fort, therefore, was to them another menace and exasperation; it
meant additional conquest of their territory.
The treaty of Arrowsic had not been the cordial act of the Indians:
* This submission was signed (August 13) by the following named Kennebec
Indians: Moxus, Bomaseen, Captain Sam, Nagucawen, Summehawis, Wegwaru-
menet, Terramuggus, Nudggumboit, Abissanehraw, Umguinnawas, Awohaway,
Paquaharet and Csesar. It was also signed by Sabatus and Sam Humphries of
the Androscoggins; Lerebenuit, Ohanumbames and Segunki of the Penobscots;
and Adewando and Scawesco of the Peqwakets. Wiwurna's name does not ap-
pear. For treaty entire, see Article XII, Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., pp. 361-37.5.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 55
the land company through the governor had overawed the sachems
and extorted assent to conditions whicli they abhorred. The unhesi-
tating appropriation of the disputed lands, and the blockading of the
rivers above them with forts, were proceedings which the weaker side
could not endure with composttre. There soon began to be signs of
irritation. The government, while claiming the Indians to be .sub-
jects of the king equally with the English, felt called to favor and
protect only the latter; and in 1720 it sent two hundred .soldiers to
guard the frontier of Maine. In May, 1721, as reparation for cattle
killing and other misdeeds by some vagabond Indians, the Kennebecs
promised the English two hundred beaver skins, and gave in hand
four comrades as hostages; the hostages were sent to Boston and kept
as prisoners. It is apparent that Father Rale labored indefatigably
to save to his people the lands which in his view the English had un-
justly seized. One result of his efforts was the awakening in Canada
of a lively interest in his cause. In the summer of 1721, with a Cana-
dian official named Crozen and Father de la Chasse of the Penobscot
mission, he organized a grand embassy- composed of delegations from
the villages of St. Francis, Becancourt, Penobscot and Norridgewock,
to remonstrate with the English, and as Governor Vaudreuil of
Canada said, " dare let them know that they will have to deal with
other tribes than the one at Norridgewock if they continue their en-
croachments."
On the first day of August, the startled inhabitants of Arrowsic
and vicinity beheld approaching with the tide a fleet of ninety canoes
filled with stalwart Indians and two or three pale faces; two of the
latter wore the conspicuous habit of the Jesuits. The French flag
was flying in the foremost canoe. The mysterious flotilla landed on
Patteshall's island, and soon sent a message to the captain of the
Watts garri.son, inviting him to an interview; that officer, through
fear, refused to cro.ss the river, whereupon the Indians launched their
canoes and paddled to Arrowsic, led by Fathers Rale and de la Chasse
and Monsieur Crozen. They respectfully sought the English repre-
sentative, who, with trepidation, came forth from the fort to receive
them. The details of this conference were not preserved. It was an
occasion of great moment, and had been planned with infinite labor
as a last appeal before a resort to arms, yet only a passing record was
made of it. The Indians presented in the names of all the tribes a
manifesto addres.sed to Governor Shute, warning the settlers to re-
move in three weeks, else the warriors would come and kill them,
burn their houses and eat their cattle, adding — " Englishmen have
taken away the lands which the great God gave to our fathers and to
us." The deputation, having thus given according to ancient Indian
custom due notice of war, retired peacefully.
56 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
The writing to the governor, with an account of its delivery at
Georgetown, was immediately forwarded to Boston, where it excited
great alarm. The response was prompt and vigorous. The general
court on August 23d ordered the equipment of three hundred men to
prosecute the eastern Indians for the crime of rebellion; it demanded
that they forthwith deliver to the English Father Rale and any other
Jesuit who might be among them; if the tribes neglected to so purge
themselves, Indians were to be seized indiscriminately and imprisoned
at Boston. Under this order, Castine, the unresisting chief of the
Penobscots, was taken captive soon after his visit to Arrowsic with the
great embassy. It was a time of great public unrest, and many cruel
imprudencies were committed. In November (1721) the general
court resolved upon the removal of Father Rale, who it assumed was
the mainspring of all the portending trouble. In December, after the
streams had frozen over. Colonel Westbrook led a battalion of 230 men
on snow-shoes up the Kennebec to Nanrantsouak, with orders to make
the priest a prisoner. When the party after a laborious journey had
reached the village, the leader was chagrined to find the missionary's
dwelling deserted and the intended captive hiding in the mazes of the
forest. In his hasty flight Father Rale had left his books and papers
and humble treasures unconcealed. These were all summarily seized
and carried away as booty. Among them was the Abenakis diction-
ary in manuscript, which had been compiled with great care and labor
by the industrious Father as an aid in his pastoral work; also the
curious " strong box," divided and subdivided into compartments, in
which the owner kept the sacred emblems of the church while roving
with his people; a letter in French from the Canadian governor, en-
couraging the Norridgewocks in their contest with " those who would
drive them from their native country," was found, and interpreted as
rank treason in him who received it.
This attempt to kidnap Father Rale with the accompanying rob-
bery, was felt by the Indians as a blow on themselves, and a cause for
war. Up to that hour they had committed no like act against the
English. The mischiefs by hungry poachers had been compounded
with beaver skins and hostages still languishing in prison. The tribe
was now bitterly incensed. The government itself, fearing that it
had been hasty, suddenly softened, and tried the policy of pacification.
Luckily no blood had been shed to make such a plan seem hopeless.
So a few weeks after the rifling of Rale's hut, the governor sent a
present to Bomaseen and a proposal to the tribe for a conference; both
were rejected with derision. On the 13lh of June following, sixty
warriors in twenty canoes, descended to Merrymeeting bay, and rang-
ing the northern shore took captive nine English families; after
selecting five of the principal men as indemnities for the four Indians
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 07
held as hostages in Boston, they released the others uninjured. A few
days later, the Norridgewock chief, Captain Sam, with five followers,
boarded a fishing smack off Damariscove, and in revenge for some
English act, lashed the captain and crew to the rigging, and proceeded
to flog them; breaking from their bonds, the fishermen turned furiously
on their tormentors, killing two and pitching one overboard. We
hear no more of Captain Sam's exploits, and he was probably one of
the slain.
Fort St. George (Thomaston) was the next place of hostile demon-
stration. About the first of July Fort George (Brunswick) was at-
tacked, and the village that had risen from the conflict of the Pejep-
scot company, was burned to ashes. Thereupon the elated enemy
went down to Merrymeeting, to enjoy their plunder and celebrate
their success with demoniacal orgies. An English captive — Moses
Eaton of Salisbury — appears to have been on this occasion the
wretched victim of death torture. The raid on Brunswick aroused
the people on the neighboring Kennebec; Captain John Harmon and
thirty-four other soldiers hastily started in boats from one of the gar-
risons to patrol the waters of the Kennebec. While scouting in the
night they saw the gleam of a waning fire near the shore of Merry-
meeting bay; while landing in the darkness to learn its origin they
discovered eleven canoes; then they stumbled upon the recumbent
bodies of about a score of savages who, in their exhaustion from their
revelry, were dead in sleep. "••■ It was easy to slay them all in their
helplessness, and the deed was quickly done. Harmon and his men
carried away the guns of fifteen warriors as trophies of their ten min-
utes' work. They found the mutilated body of Moses Eaton, and gave
it respectful burial. The operations of the Pejepscot proprietors had
incited a similar land enterpri.se on the ancient Muscongus patent,
eastward, and in 1719-20, a fort was built by the Twenty Associates
at Thomaston on the St. George river. The Penobscots looked upon
St. George fort with the same feeling of indignation that the Kenne-
becs did the forts on their own lands. Two or three days after the
burning of Brunswick, a party of two hundred Indians surrounded
Fort St. George; they burned a sloop, killed one man and took six
prisoners.
The conciliatory policy— adopted too late— could not undo the
lamentable effects of earlier intolerance and the attempted capture of
Father Rale. After releasing the four hostages and sending them to
their tribe as possible emissaries of peace, the truth began to dawn
upon the authorities that they had indeed, as prophesied by Vaudreuil
in his letter to Rale, "other tribes than the Norridgewocks to deal
* Tradition says this traged)^ was at Somerset point on Merrymeeting bay,
and the late Mr. John McKeen so locates. Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. Ill, pp.
313-14.
.58 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
with." All the tribes eastward of the Merrimac had listened to the
story of the Norridgewocks and were developing warriors for their
cause. Many in the St. Francis and Becancourt villages were of the
same blood and naturally looked upon the grievances of the Kenne-
becs as their own. There were many reflective people who believed
that the Indians — especially the Kennebecs — had been maltreated,
and that the prevailing troubles were only the fruitage of injustice
and broken promises. This sentiment had influenced the government
in its later policy, but after the destruction of Pejepscot (Brunswick)
and the outrages at St. George, there seemed to be no reason to hope
longer for reconciliation.
On the 26th of July, 1722, Governor Shute made proclamation,
declaring the eastern Indians (those of Maine, New Brunswick and
Nova Scotia), " with their confederates to be robbers, traitors and
enemies to the King;" the legislature promptly provided money to
pay an army of a thousand men, and elaborated a scale of bounties
for Indian scalps, with a view to equity whether torn off by a duly
enlisted and paid soldier, or by a volunteer civilian. The theater of
war extended from New Hampshire to Nova Scotia; in distributing
its forces the government stationed 25 men at Arrowsic, and 25 at
Richmond fort; 400 were appointed to range by land or water between
the Kennebec and Penobscot; 10 were placed at Maquoit, 20 at North
Yarmouth, 30 at Falmouth (Portland), and 100 at York.
On the morning of the 10th of September, thirteen months after
the great deputation had delivered its message at the Arrowsic garri-
son, a swarm of stranger Indians, estimated to number between four
and five hundred, poured from the eastward upon the shores of George-
town, in hostile array. Fortunately the inhabitants got timely warn-
ing and all safely reached the shelter of the fort; but presently thirty-
seven of their dwellings were in flames, and most of their cattle
slaughtered for food. The accounts say that one Englishman — Samuel
Brookings — was killed in the fort by a bullet shot by an Indian
marksman through a port-hole. A similar body of Indians — and
probably the same one — had appeared before St. George fort August
29th, and beseiged it without success for twelve days. In their dread
of fortifications, they did not assail Arrowsic garrison, but after feast-
ing sufficiently on their plunder, suddenly disappeared in the night;
some paddled up the Kennebec; where, after mortally wounding Cap-
tain Stratton of the province sloop, they menaced Fort Richmond as
they scowlingly passed by it on their way to Norridgewock and Canada.
The settling of the Pejepscot lands was fatally checked by these
Indian forays. The Scotch-Irish immigrants, brought by hundreds in
the ships of Robert Temple, and located on the shores of Merrymeet-
ing bay, took flight to New Hampshire and Pennsylvania, and save
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 59
the forts at Richmond and Brunswick, the region was again a soli-
tude. Father Rale was conceived by the English to be the powerful
genius whose malign influence had brought all the disaster and rum.
The government finally announced a special reward of two hundred
pounds ($1,000) for his body dead or alive. Permission had been given
by the legislature for such an expenditure of money two years before.
The act was in harmony with the stern policy shown in extravagant
rewards for Indian scalps. With the allurements before them of
money and glory, 120 men, led by Captain Harmon, undertook the
enterprise of removing Father Rale in the winter of 1723. The party
started from Fort George (Brunswick) for Nanrantsouak, on the 6th
of February, equipped with arms, rations and snow-shoes — taking as
a measure of secrecy the unfrequented route via the Androscoggin
and Sandy rivers. After accomplishing about half of the journey, the
party was stopped by a thaw that softened the snow and flushed the
rivers, and made further advance impos.sible. The expedition was a
complete failure. The following summer the authorities invited a
delegation of Mohawks to Boston, and tempted them with bribes ($500
a scalp) to fall upon the Indians of Maine, and hunt them down as in
former times; but now the Iroquiois were at peace with their old ene-
mies and concluded as a tribe not to take up the white man's quarrel,
but allowed their young men to sell their services if they so wished.
Only a few entered into public service. Two were assigned to Fort
Richmond, and soon after arriving there were sent by Captain Heath
on a scout with three soldiers under an ensign named Colby. The
party had gone less than a league, when the Mohawks said they
smelt fire, and refused to expose themselves further unless reinforced;
a messenger was hastily sent back to the fort, who returned with thir-
teen men; the whole party presently meeting thirty Indians killed
two and drove the others to their canoes in so much haste that they
left their packs; Colby was slain and two of his men wounded. "•■■ This
skirmish must have occurred in the vicinity of the place that is now
South Gardiner. The two Mohawks were by their first experience
sickened of war, and returned ingloriously to Boston.
The government, worried by the distresses of the people, used
every expedient to annihilate the stealthy and capricious enemy. A
month's seige of Fort St. George (on St. George's river), begun Decem-
ber 5, 1723, provoked the authorities to make another attempt to take
Father Rale. Accordingly a special party was equipped to march to
Nanrantsouak; it was led by Captain Moulton, in mid-winter, on snow-
shoes, up the Kennebec. On reaching the village the soldiers found
the huts empty and the snow untracked. The missionary, aware that
a price had been offered from the public treasury for his head, had
*W\\\\ams,o-a's History of Afaine, Vol. II, p. 133.
W HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
gone with his people for the winter to a safer place. His hut was
again ransacked for trophies, which consisted of a few books and
papers and another letter from the Canadian governor, exhorting him
" to push on the Indians with all zeal against the English." No in-
jury was done to the chapel or dwellings, in the hope that the for-
bearance might be imitated by the owners when making similar in-
cursions.
VIII. FOURTH INDIAN WAR IN MAINE (CONCLUDED).
Indian Assassinations. — Massacre on the St. George. — Fourth Expedition to
Nanrantsouak. — Bomaseen and Family surprised. — Daughter and Father
killed. — The Indian Village surprised.— Massacre of the Inhabitants.— Father
Rale killed at the Mission-cross. — His Burial. — Monument over his Grave. —
Dispersion of his Flock to Canada.— Treaty of Falmouth.— Father DeSirenne
at Nanrantsouak.— The French Monarch's Gift.— Final Extinguishment of
the Mission.
In the spring of 1724 the Indians resumed their warfare with
increased virulence. On the 17th of April they shot William Mitchell
at Scarboro', and led his two boys captives to Nanrantsouak; John
Felt, William Wormwell and Ebenezer Lewis were killed while at
work in a saw mill on the Kennebec. On the 24th of April Captain
Josiah Winslow and seventeen men fell into an Indian ambush on St.
George river, a few miles below their fort, and all except four were
killed. Captain Winslow's death was lamented throughout New Eng-
land. He was a great-grandson of Edward Winslow, who came in
the Mayfloivcr, and the great-grandnephew of John Winslow, whom the
patient reader of these pages has seen as the friend of Father Druillettes
at the Cushnoc trading house; his distinguished lineage, character and
acquirements gave great prominence to the tragedy in which he
bravely perished. This massacre was the burning memory that
nerved the hearts and steeled the sensibilities of men for the aveng-
ing blow that was soon to follow, and which the savages themselves
could not have given with less mercy.
Three expeditions had been sent forth expressly to capture or
slay Father Rale. The errand was still unperformed; it had always
been attempted in the winter, when the snow might show the tracks
of lurking enemies, and the leafless forest could less securely hide the
dreaded ambuscade. It was determined to make a fourth attempt in
the summer time, and brave all increased perils. Thirty persons had
been killed or captured in Maine since early spring; the exigency was
great and popular vengeance could be appeased only by the blood of
Father Rale. Ca,ptain Moulton, who had once been to Nanrantsouak
and knew its topography, was selected to go again; his associate was
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 61
Captain Harmon, whom we saw one night at Somerset point, and later
on a futile march up the Androscoggin; there were two other captains
— Bourne and Beane — and a total force of 208 men. Two or three
decorated Mohawks were welcomed by the company with their free-
lances. Appropriately enough. Fort Richmond, in whose erection
Father Rale had presaged the doom of his flock, was the rendezvous
of the companies on their way to the fated village. The troops em-
barked at the fort landing in seventeen whaleboats, on the 19th of
August, and pulled lu.stily for Teconnet, 36 miles, where they arrived
the next day; there the boats were tethered and forty men detailed
to guard them and the surplus stores.
On the 21st, the main force in light marching order, struck into
the forest by the Indian trail for Nanrantsouak, twenty miles distant.
Before night the advance surprised a solitary family of three persons,
living in fancied security near the site of the present village of South
Norridgewock. There was a crash of musketry in the thicket and an
Indian maiden fell writhing in death agonies on the reddened moss.
The frantic mother fell an easy captive by the side of her dying child.
The father, lithe and fleet-footed, started to carry warning to the dis-
tant village; the soldiers pursued him desperately, for the success of
the expedition now depended on his fall. He finally rushed into the
river at a fording place to cross to the other side, a league below Nan-
rantsouak; he had reached an island-l^dge in the channel, when in
the twilight the keen-eyed marksmen on the shore behind him riddled
his panting body through and through with bullets.* So died Boma-
seen, the noted chief, while trying to escape to his village with the
tidings that would have saved it. By fate he was a savage, unblessed
with the endowments which his Maker gives so freely to men of
another race, but he bravely yielded his humble life for his lowly sub-
jects in their defense of ancestral soil — a cause which enlightened
Christendom always applauds among its own people. The place where
he was killed now bears the name of Bomaseen rips. The widowed
squaw, terrorized by her captors, told them of the condition of Nan-
rantsouak, and of a route by which the village could be reached with
the utmost secrecy.
So little was recorded that related to the details of this expedition,
that it is not known to a certainty where the soldiers crossed the river,
or from what direction they approached the village. It is passing
*Such was the manner of Bomaseen's death according to local tradition.
There does not seem to be any other authority worth following-. Penhallow, in
his history of the Indian wars, makes a geographical jumble; he says nonsensi-
cally that afteV the troops " landed at Ticonic they met with Bomaseen at Bruns-
wick, whom they shot in the river," p. 102. That author was living at the time
and could easily have been more accurate in his statement of fact in spite of his
CDnventional animosity.
■62 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Strange that no personal diary or adequate narrative of a participant
was ever given to the world. The accounts which we have are slight
and vague and even contradictory in some particulars. It is probable
the troops forded the river in the shallow water at the place where the
chief was shot; then leaving the intervale and moving stealthily west-
ward on the high land, a mile or two from the river, they reached a
spot a little after noon on the 22d where they could overlook the vil-
lage of huts that curved like a crescent, conforming to the bending
river, on the plain below. The forces were then prepared for action.
Captain Harmon led off a company in the direction of an imaginary
camp, whose smoke it was fancied could be seen rising in the hazy
distance. Captain Moulton moved his force of one hundred men
directly toward the village; when near it he stationed two detach-
ments in ambush and pushed forward another as a storming party.
As the latter issued from the thickets on the double-quick into the vil-
lage clearing, they saw their first Indian, who, raising the death yell,
sprang for his weapons.
The village, thus startled from its sluggish siesta of a summer
day, was at once in a state of panic; the people rushed out of their
huts in terror and dismay; the warriors seized their guns and fired
them wildly. The soldiers advanced in determined ranks, and when
close upon the bark-walled wigwams and distracted people poured
into them volley after volley indiscriminately. The helpless survivors
scattered for the shelter of the woods, and in their flight encountered
the murderous ambuscades that had been placed to anticipate them.
At the first onset. Father Rale, aroused by the rumult, ran forth from
his dwelling to the place of the village cross, perhaps in the hope that
his efforts might tend to allay the conflict or mitigate its cruelties. A
few terror stricken followers had gathered about him, as if to shield
and to be miraculously shielded by his beloved person, when the
soldiers, catching sight of his priestly dress, and recognizing him as
the person on whom the hate of all New England was concentrated,
raised a hue and cry for his destruction; and selecting his breast as a
target, sent forth a shower of bullets that laid him lifeless by the mis-
sion cross which his own hands had raised.* Seven of his neophytes
* There is another version of the story of the kilHng of Father Rale. It is to
the effect that a son-in-law of Captain Harmon, named Richard Jacques, discov-
ered the missionary firing from a wigwam on the soldiers, whereupon he broke
down the door and shot him dead. If this be true we must conclude that the
Father was not very efficient with a musket, for we are not told that any soldier
was seriously disabled; and we must also conclude that his mutilated body was
considerately dragged out of doors to save cremation when the village was
burned. The truth of the wigwam story was denied at the time. Charlevoix,
History of New France, pp. 130,122; Williamson's History of Maine, pp. 129-132;
Life of Sebastian Rale, by Convers Francis, D.D., pp. 311-322 (in Sparks' Ameri-
can Biography, Vol. VII). As to the scalping of the body, see FenAallow's Indian
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 63
fell beside him; all the others fled from the village and the slaughter-
tempest was over. Thirty Indian men, women and children lay dead,
and half as many more were hobbling into the thickets with wounds.
Not an Englishman had been hurt; one of the Mohawks was killed,
but it may be an open question whether his dusky hue did not make
him the accidental victim of some excited soldier.
The purpose of the expedition had been accomplished; it only re-
mained for the victors to enjoy their triumph and prepare to return
home. Captain Harmon and his men returned before evening from
their barren reconnoissance, and the reassembled companies passed
the night in the village. The next morning, loading themselves with
all the articles of worth (including Father Rale's gray and blood-
stained scalp, which had a high commercial value in Boston, and the
scalps of the other dead), the soldiers started on their return to Fort
Richmond, leaving devastated Nanrantsouak rising in smoke and
crackling flames behind them. They took with them the two Mitchell
boys, who had been captured at Scarboro', and one other rescued pris-
oner. The retirement of the soldiers was noted by the fugitives hid-
ing in the surrounding forest, who soon returned to the ruins to look
for their massacred friends. We are told by Charlevoix that they first
sought the body of their missionary, and prepared it for sepulture
-with pathetic tears and kisses, and that they buried it where the church
altar had stood. The cassock which he had worn was too frayed and
bedraggled for the soldiers to care for; they threw it away, and it was
saved by the Indians and carried to Quebec as a precious relic. The
chapel bell was taken from the ashes by an Indian boy and hid; he
never would reveal the place of its concealment, saying, " May be
Indian want it some time;" and the secret died with him. Many years
after it was accidentally discovered by a woodman in the hollow of an
ancient pine tree.*
The grave of Father Rale was never forgotten — but was always
IVars, p. 103; see £ariy Settlements at Sagadahoc, by John McKeen, in Me. Hist.
Soc. Coll., Vol. Ill, p. 318; Abbot's History of Maine, pp. 313-316; Drake's Book
of the Indians, book III, p. 119; History of Norridgewock, by William Allen. Rev.
Jonathan G«-eenleaf, a Congregational minister of Wells, writing in 1821 (nearly
a century after the death of Father Rale) says of him: " The fact of his having
devoted his superior talents to the instruction of the rude children of the wilder-
ness; consenting to spend his days in the depths of the forest, in unrepining con-
formity to savage customs, and modes of life; enduring such privations, hard-
ships, and fatigues as he did by night and day in the discharge of his mission,
proves him to have been a very superior man, and well entitled to the admira-
tion of sM."— Ecclesiastical Sketches, Maine, 1821, pp. 23;i-4.
* This bell, together with the "strong box" taken by Westbrook in 1721,
and a crucifix found in the soil within a few years by a lad, and preserved by
the Hon. A. R. Bixby of Skowhegan, are now in the rooms of the Maine Histori-
cal Society, Portland.
64 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
kept green — so long as any of the tribe haunted the river. It was
first marked by a wooden cross — perhaps by the one made by Father
Rale himself. When Arnold's army followed in 1775 the old Indian
route to Quebec, his soldiers saw " a priest's grave " among the vestiges
of the Indian village of Nanrantsouak.* In 18B3, under the patronage
of Bishop Fenwick of Boston (an ex-member of the Society of Jesus), the
site of Father Rale's church was purchased of the white man, and a
granite monument erected with great ceremony over his grave. Some
of the descendants of Rale's parishioners were present from Canada.
The shaft was raised just 109 years after the burning of the church.
Even that period of time had not been long enough for all animosity
against the missionary to disappear, and the monument was maliciously
overturned two years later, and again in 1851. It was replaced each
time by the good people of the town of Norridgewock, and still stands
in its harmlessness a mute reminder to the passing generations of a
life of sublime toil, devotion and martyrdom on the banks of the
Kennebec.f
The offense of Father Rale was his constancy to his vows and
loyalty to his people. Had his efforts been less he would not have
been true to his view of pastoral duty. He sought sympathy and
help for his flock where only it could be obtained, not questioning in
his zeal the propriety of the Canadian government's hearty encour-
agement, for which he was denounced as a traitor. After a bounty
had been offered for his head he was urged by Father de la Chasse to
look after his own safety, but he replied, " God has committed this
flock to my care, and I will share its lot, only too happy if I am allowed
to lay down my life for it." He believed the disputed lands had been
taken from the Indians by deception and force (and who does not ?)
and in the visionary cause of his tribe to recover them he serenely met
* Journal of Return J. Meigs, Sept. ii, 1775, to Jan. 1, 1776. Mass. Hist. Soc.
Coll. (1814), Vol. I, second series, p. 331.
t This monument is a gfranite structure of appropriate simplicity. The base
is composed of irregularly shaped ashlar blocks, on which stands a graduated
quadrilateral shaft that towers eighteen feet from the ground, and which is sur-
mounted by an iron cross two feet high. On the southern face of.one of the
blocks is the inscription in Latin, which may be translated as follows: "Rev.
Sebastian Rale, a native of France, a missionary of the Society of Jesus, at first
preaching for awhile to the Illinois and Hurons, afterwards for thirty-four years
to the Abenakis, in faith and charity a true apostle of Christ; undaunted by the
danger of arms, often testifying that he was ready to die for his people; at length
this best of pastors fell amidst arms at the destruction of the village of Nor-
ridgewock and the ruins of his own church, on this spot, on the twenty-third day
of August, A.D. 1724." " Benedict Fenwick, Bishop of Boston, has erected this
monument, and dedicated it to him and his deceased children in Christ, on the
23d of August, A.D. 1833, to the greater glory of God."
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 65
his death."" There were about two hundred persons affiliated with his
mission at the time of its overthrow; three-fourths of them moved
immediately to St. Francis, into which the Abenaki mission, near
the mouth of the Chaudiere had been merged (in the year 1700); the
rest clung to the northern lakes and streams, far inland. Though the
war continued to rage for a year longer, the Nanrantsoiiaks took no
further part in it, and were not repre-
sented at the peace parleys of 1725-6; ri__j
but in July, 1727, forty Kennebecs and ''-^;.\
fifteen Wawenocs, under the sachem }\
Wiwurna, whom we last saw in a pa- ' %
triotic passion at Arrowsic, met the
authorities at Falmouth and ratified a /'
peace — after having pleaded in vain as ,
of yore, for the English to retire their
boundaries from Richmond fort to Ar-
rowsic, and from St. George fort to |
Pemaquid. Thus
closed the fourth .*- , *^
Indian war in ^ ^^^
called Lovewell's _ !•:,;■■ If M
war, from a scalp 7 .„.,"! \ '^■~— — --" "^T fm
hunter's exploit -.'- -.,. ^„ «^- [' kW
and death at Lake ^^'ll^X -^/ . ,^^- - %^r <^
Peqwaket, INIay 8, '^^^^^M^;,^ '^ ,^,.^- ■* ..
1725)-another "S"'...^ ^"^^f^-.- .^
hemorrhage from •'%> "^^i^ -^ ^ ^ ^
the old French ^^ ^ \ '^^^'- '' ' ,
conflict, and '^^''" > ^^^^^^>S^
which was not father rale monument. //>^^^>^^^^
even yet ended. /^
Six years after the death of Father Rale, the mission cross was re-
erected over the ashes of Nanrantsouak, by Father James de Sirenne.f
The King of France had taken notice of the sorrows of the survivors
of the massacre, and ordered Father de la Chasse to cover the body of
* Father Rale was bom in 1658, in France; he came to America in 1689, ar-
riving at Quebec October 1.3th. He studied the Indian languages at Sillery, and
was affiliated for two or three years with the Abenakis on the Chaudiere. In
1693 he went to Illinois, but returned to Quebec in 1694 or '95, to be sent to his
life work on the Kennebec.
t The Catholic Church in Colonial Days, by John G. Shea (New York, 1886),
p. 604. History of the Cath. Miss. Among the Ind. Tribes of the U. S.. by John G.
Shea. p. 152.
5
66 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Father Rale, which in Indian parlance is to condole with them on
their loss. Eight years later (1738) the French monarch gave an out-
fit of plate, vestments and furniture for the mission chapel; perhaps
it was this gracious deed that excited a general movement among
the exiled Kennebecs to return to their old home; but the Canadian
government, to prevent the exodus and to have the fighting men near
at hand in case of need, had Father de vSirenne recalled, and Nanrant-
souak as a mission place was forever abandoned.
IX. THE FIFTH AND SIXTH INDIAN WARS IN MAINE.
England and France again at War. — The Indians join the French. — The Kenne-
bec a Route for War Parties. — English Scalp Hunters scout the Cobbosseecon-
tee and Messalonskee Lakes. — Treaty of Aix la Chapelle. — Fatal Affray at
Wiscasset. — War Party from St. Francis. — Fort Richmond and Georgetown
attacked. — Advent of the Plymouth Land Company. — Protest of Ongewas-
gone. — Forts Shirley, Western and Halifax. — Bounties for St. Francis In-
dians or their Scalps. — Last Skirmish on the Kennebec. — Capture of Quebec,
and Exting^iishment of French Power in America, — Natanis wounded under
Arnold. — Sabatis. — Peerpole carries his Dead Child to Canada for Burial.
The ambitions of European monarchs were to precipitate again
the horrors of war in New England and New France. So sensitive
were the rival colonies to the prevailing politics of their home coun-
tries a thousand leagues distant, that a declaration of war by France
against England in 1744 — generated by a British-Spanish war then
in progress — was presently felt in America, and the next year it de-
veloped into what has been called the fifth Indian war, so far as it
related to Maine. The French and English colonies vied sharply for
the support of the Indians. The French were successful as usual.
It was a wanton and fruitless war, prompted by no loftier impulse on
either side than gratification of national, religious or race antipathy.
It was made notable, however, by the capture, by New England valor,
of the French fortress of Louisbourg (June 17, 1745). The few resi-
dent Kennebec Indians were not early to engage m it, but their river
was the thoroughfare for brigand parties from Canada, and however
innocent, they came under the ban of the government (August 12,
1745), which offered prizes for their scalps ranging from one hundred
to four hundred pounds ($500 to $2,000) apiece. By an odd discrim-
ination the scalps of French leaders and accomplices were rated at
only thirty-eight pounds ($190) apiece. Fort Richmond and Fort
George (at Brunswick) were kept in order; a few hundred men were
employed as scouts in Maine. Parties roamed the forests for scalps
as huntsmen do for furs; there is record of one such party on the
Kennebec.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 67
On thfc 7th of March, 1747, some men under Captain John Gatchell
■started from the Brunswick fort to hunt for Indians; they reached
Richmond fort the first day; the next day they tramped northwesterly
toward the lakes that feed the Cobbosseecontee, where they hoped to
surprise some camps; not finding any tracks at the small ponds (in
Litchfield), they followed the stream up to Great Cobbosseecontee,
where they were also disappointed. With great persistency they
plodded a dozen miles northward to the waters of the Messalonskee;
this lake they scouted in vain. There was not an Indian in all the
region. The dispirited rangers now faced homeward, and emerging
from the forest into the light of the river opening about eight miles
above Cushnoc, they marched on the ice in a blinding snow storm
down to the rapids where Augusta has .since been built. There they
went ashore and bivouacked for the night among the great trees; the
next day (March 17) they reached Richmond fort, with neither scalps
nor other laurels to recompense them for their toilsome outing.* The
vigor and alertness of the government kept the Indians in awe, and
restricted their mischiefs in Maine to a few assassinations and cases of
kidnapping. The treaty of Aix la Chapelle was signed October 7,
1748, by England and France, which restored peace again to their
American colonies. A year later (October 16, 1749), eight Kennebec
Indians with a few others went to Falmouth and renewed their hum-
ble submission to the authorities, f
But so demoralized and fragmentary had the tribes now become,
that this treaty affected few Indians except those who were parties to
it. Irrespon.sible tramps from St. Francis and Becancourt, with old
scores to settle, continued to infest the Kennebec. In a quarrel with
some white men at Wiscasset December 2, 1749, an Indian was
wickedly killed; the guilty parties were arrested but not otherwise
punished. The victim's Indian friends became greatly excited; thir-
teen went to Boston to see the governor, who gave them stately court-
esy and condoning presents. The next spring a party of eighty war-
riors came from St. Francis to settle the affair in the Indian fashion; they
asked the Penobscots to join them, and the people of Maine began to
shudder in dread of some act of savage retaliation. It finally came in
an attack on Fort Richmond (September 11, 1750), when the Indians
killed one man and wounded another and led away fifteen inhabitants
as captives. Two weeks later (September 25), they appeared on
Parker's island in Georgetown; shunning the garrison, they attacked
where the danger was less. In one case they battered down with
their tomahawks the door of a house which the owner— a Mr. Rose —
* History of Brunswick, pp. 58-00. t The names of these Indians were —
Toxus, Magawombee, Harry, Soosephania, Nooktoonas, Nesagunibuit, Peereer,
■Cneas.
68 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
had bolted against them; the man at bay then fled through a window
and running to the sliore rushed into the water to swim across Back
river and Newtown bay, half a mile, to Arrowsic island. The savages
nimbly pursued, and resorting to their canoe, paddled after him; when
they overtook their expected prize, he upset their canoe by a dexter-
ous movement, spilling them into the water and putting them on the
.same footing with himself. Leaving them floundering, Mr. Rose re-
sumed his swim and reached Arrowsic fort.* The Kennebec saga-
mores disavowed these and many other revengeful acts, that followed
as a sequence to the unfortunate Wiscasset affray.
Thirty years had passed since the Pejepscot company made the
land seizure that led to the war in which Father Rale was slain.
During that period Richmond fort had been the outpost of the Eng-
lish frontier. The time had now come when the Plymouth company,
tracing its title to a patent given in 1627 to the Plymouth colony,
wanted all of the lands above Richmond fort. The tribe that had
protested a generation before, had been crushed for its contumacy;
its survivors had nearly all removed to Canada; the few who still lin-
gered by the burial-places of their fathers, had no steadfast and fear-
less Rale to befriend them. So insignificant were they that the Ply-
mouth company began to lot their land without any thought of asking
their leave. Its strong hands built Fort Shirley (nearly opposite Fort
Richmond) in 1751, but in February, 1754, a party of about sixty stal-
wart Indians appeared at Richmond fort with a warning to the Eng-
lish to depart. Governor Shirley in behalf of the settlers, retorted by
detailing six companies of militia for the Kennebec. In April the
general court authorized him to build a new fort as far up the river
as he pleased. In June he made a personal visit to the Kennebec and
decided to locate a fortress at Teconnet for the protection of the Ply-
mouth company's lands.
On the 21st he held a conference (at Falmouth) with forty-two
Kennebec Indians. Ongewasgone, the sagamore, pleaded piteously
for his people, saying: " Here is a river that belongs to us; you have
lately built a new fort [Shirley]; we now only ask that you be content
to go no further up the river; we live wholly by this land, and live
poorly; the Penob.scot Indians hunt on one side of us and the Canada
Indians on the other; so do not turn us off this land; we are willing
for you to have the lands from this fort to the sea." f But the poor
chief was protesting in vain; as in the case of the Arrowsic parley
thirty-seven years before, the will of the white man prevailed. The
Indians signed what was conventionally called a treaty. The bitter-
ness of the cup was lessened by a few presents. Immediately the gov-
* Luther D. Emerson, Oakland, Maine, t Journal of the Rev. Thomas Smith,
pp. 153, 1.54. See Abbot's History of Maine, p. 352.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. by
ernment sent workmen to build Fort Halifax at Teconnet (now Wins-
low), and the Plymouth land proprietors sent others to build Fort
Western at Cushnoc. Five hundred soldiers under General John
Winslow* attended as escort, and some of them went far beyond into
the wilderness to look for a fictitious fort which rumor said the French
were establishing near the sources of the Chaudiere. Fort Halifax
was completed for occupancy in September, and put in command of
William Lithgow. The Indians soon showed their opinion of it by
killing and scalping one of the soldiers, and capturing four others.
This bloody deed prompted the government to send Captain Lithgow
a reinforcement of men and cannon, and to offer a reward of ^110
($550) for every captive St. Francis Indian, or i;'10 ($50) less for his
scalp. Fort Western was armed with twenty men and four cannon,
but it was not attacked.
Thus the advent of the Plymouth company was met with resistance
and bloodshed, as that of the Pejepscot company had been. This was
the opening of the sixth Indian war in Maine, which soon became
part of the greater conflict between France and England that ended
with the fall of Quebec. The Maine tribes having generally trans-
planted themselves, recruited the French ranks in Canada; some of
the warriors were on the flanks at Braddock's de'feat (July 9, 1755);
others were in the no less bloody actions at Crown Point and Fort
William Henry, but a few chose their own war paths, and skulked
fitfully on the outskirts of the Maine settlements. In the spring and
summer of 1755, they shot one Barrett near Teconnet, and two others
near Fort Shirley; a courier was captured while going from Fort
Western to Fort Halifax; John Tufts and Abner Marston were cap-
tured in Dresden. The government at once increased the scalp
bounty to $1,000 and offered $1,250 per captive.
In the summer of 1756, while England and France were moving
with new intensity toward their final combat, the Indians continued
their miserable warfare in iSIaine. On the Kennebec two men were
assassinated at Teconnet; Mr. Preble and his wife were killed at their
home on the northern end of Arrowsic island, opposite Bath, and their
three children taken. One of the latter, an infant, was soon killed
because it was an incumbrance. A young woman named Motherwell
was captured the same day at Harnden's fort (in Woolwich). In the
spring of 1757, a few soldiers went out from Fort Halifax to hunt for
* General Winslow was a brother of Captain Josiah Winslow (slain at St.
George thirty years before), and the officer whom the government detailed in
1755 to enforce its order for the expulsion of the Acadians from Nova Scotia, on
which event Longfellow founded his pathetic and beautiful idyl Evangeline. The
celebrated Winslow family, so prominent in affairs on the Kennebec after the
voyage of Edward in 1635, has left its name to the town (incorp. 1771) of which
Fort Halifax was the nucleus.
70 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
game; as five mysteriously disappeared their comrades supposed that
a party of savages, discovered to be in the neighborhood, had taken
them.- Captain Lithgow hastily sent ten men in a boat down the
river to warn the settlements. While returning to Fort Halifax (May
IS), and when about eight miles above Fort Western (in the vicinity
of Riverside or Lovejoy's ferry), the boat was fired at from the shore
by seventeen lurking Indians. Two men were wounded. The soldiers
returned the volley, killing one of the enemy and wounding another;
they then landed on the shore opposite the Indians, whom they saw
in the distance bear across an open field the body of their fallen com-
rade for burial."" This was the last Indian encounter on the Kenne-
bec; by a strange coincidence it happened near the place where Cap-
tain Gilbert was received by the natives just one hundred and fifty
years before.
England and France were now in the midst of their mighty con-
test for supremacy in America: their respective colonies were the
battle ground, and the prizes at stake. For more than a century —
beginning with the labors of Father Druillettes at Cushnoc in 1646 —
the Kennebec had been an environ of Quebec, and a door to Acadia.
Acadia itself with its shadowy boundary had made the territory of
Maine an uncertain borderland. Five wars — not counting King
Philip's— had been waged against Maine settlements by French-
Canadian intrigues; but the time was near when the terrible alliance
that had desolated so many New England settlements must be dis-
solved. An English heart was beating under a soldier's uniform
whose valor was to thrill all hearts, and determine the political des-
tiny of the western world. In July, 1758, General Wolfe was before
Louisbourg, which capitulated on the 16th; fourteen months later he
led his little army up the heights of Abraham to the mad fight on the
plains above, where he died victorious (September 13, 1759), bequeath-
ing to his countrymen the citadel of Quebec. His blood washed New
France from the map. The flag that had been planted by Champlain
in 1608 (three years after his visit to the Kennebec) was lowered from
its staff, and North America came under the dominion of the English
speaking race. Acadia was no more; its boundary was no longer of
any importance; Forts Halifax, Western and Shirley, on the Kenne-
bec, were needed no more. In the long, painful, tragical contest, the
Kennebec tribe (as well as others) had been annihilated. A few
families continued to live in hermit-like seclusion around the upper
waters of the river, but the young men learned the art of war no more.
When Arnold's army was marching to Quebec, the pioneer party
discovered at a point on the trail near the Dead river, a birch bark
* Letter of William Lithgow to Governor Shirley, May 33, 1757, quoted by
Joseph Williamson in Me. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. IX, p. 194.
THE INDIANS OF THE KENNEBEC. 71
map of the streams of the region, which an Indian had posted for the
benefit of his fellows: a score or more of Indians were dwelling m the
vicinity. The intrusion disturbed them, and they flitted undiscovered
within spying distance of the troops for more than a month. Finally,
having divined that the army was the enemy of the English at Que-
bec, they disclosed themselves as friends, and nineteen joined the ex-
pedition as allies. Among them were the noted chiefs — Natanis and
Sabatis. They took part in the assault on Quebec, January 1, 1776.*
Natanis received a musket ball through his wrist. This was the first
time that Indians had fought in the war of the revolution. Thus, to
the last remnant of the Kennebec tribe belongs the distinction of an
alliance with the continental army, and Natanis was the first of his
race to shed blood in the cause of American independence. Sabatis
afterward lived for many years, an errant but amiable life on his
native river— sensible and mild — a friend to the settlers as they were
to him.
One of the last well-remembered Indians lingered with his family
around the upper waters of the Sandy river for many years; this was
Peerpole; he had received baptism, and like a good Catholic went
yearly to Quebec with his humble gifts to receive the blessing of the
church. He would not bury the body of his dead child in the soil of
his lost country, but carried it to Canada for religious rites and deposit
in consecrated ground. + About the year 1797, with his wife and sur-
viving children and precious burden tied on a hand-sled, he wended
his way for the last time northward to the adopted land of his surviv-
ing kindred. The mournful procession symbolizes the extinction of
the red men in the valley of the Kennebec.
* Aicoi/iif of Arnold's Campaign against Quebec, by John Joseph Henry, pp.
74, 7.5. tThe late William Allen of Norridgewock, in Me. Hist. See. Coll., Vol.
IV, p. .31, note.
CHAPTER III.
SOURCES OF LAND TITLES.
Bv Lend.\ll Titcome, Esq.
Indian Occupancy. — Sales of Lands by the Indians. — Claims of Spain and
Portugal. — Counter-claim of France. — The Virginia Charter. — The New-
England Charter.— The Kennebeck or Plymouth Patent. — Trade with the
Indians. — Sale of Plymouth Patent.— Settlement of the Kennebec Purchase.
— Province of Massachusetts Bay. — Maine Separated from Massachusetts
and Admitted into the Union.
WHEN first foreign peoples came to the shores of Maine with
the purpose of occupying the territory, establishing homes
and creating an organized government, they found, of course,
the country occupied by a primeval people whose history was no better
known to themselves than it is to us to-day. It is even probable, with
the concentration of legends of other peoples and drafts from asso-
ciated histories, that the history of the Indian nations could now be
written, giving with greater certainty the story of their ancestry than
the dim traditions which were to them the only record of their past.
The different nations and clans occupied each a separate country, the
natural divisions on the surface of the earth, in the absence of a sur-
veyor's chain and compass, establishing the boundaries of the separate
tribes and nations.
The Indian had no conception of the European idea of exclusive
ownership of land. The tribes and their sachems neither made nor
understood such claims of arbitrary ownership of the lands they occu-
pied. The passing cloud which threw its shadow on his path, and the
running water in which he paddled his canoe, were as much his prop-
erty as the pathless land whereon his wigwam chanced to be. He
neither coveted nor comprehended sole ownership of land. It was to
him a mother whose streams and forests offered to him, as to his
neighbor, food and shelter. No such thing as inheritance by children
from parents was cared for or understood.
They held their lands, if theirs they were, as life tenants in common;
and no matter what were the forms or words of the deeds they signed,
they only signified to the Indian mind the white man's privilege to
occupy the lands as they themselves had occupied them; hence the
SOURCES OF LAND TITLES. 73
trifling consideration named as price in the so-called Indian deeds.
Monquine, son of Mahotiwormet, sagamore, sold for two skins of liquor
and one skin of bread, more than a million acres of land above Gard-
iner. As late as 1761 Samuel Goodwin was authorized to obtain a deed
from the sagamores of the whole territory extending from the Wes-
serunsett river to the ocean on both sides of the Kennebec river, " pro-
vided he could obtain it at an expense of not more than ;f50." Hence
also the fact that the Indian chiefs sold the same lands many times
over and to different parties. In the " Statement of Kennebeck Claims"
— Pamphlet Report of committee made June 15, 1785— after reciting
the history of old Indian deeds the committee say: " From the his-
tory and mode of living amongst the Indians in this country there
can be no great doubt but that they originally held as tenants in com-
mon in a state of nature; and though they have formed themselves
into tribes and clans, yet the members of those tribes still retain a
common and undivided right to the lands of their respective tribes."
The aboriginal occupant of Kennebec county was the Indian tribe
called Canibas. This was a large and important tribe and claimed as
their territory the land extending from the sources of the Kennebec
river to Merrymeeting bay. It may be noted as bearing on the Indian
ideas of ownership of land, that Assiminasqua, a sagamore, in 1653
certified that the region of Teconnet (Waterville) belonged to him
and the wife of Watchogo; while at near the same time the chief sag-
amores, Monquine, Kennebis and Abbagadussett, conveyed to the
English all the lands on the Kennebec river extending from Swan
island to Wesserunsett river, near Skowhegan, as their property.
In the earlier years a verbal grant was asserted by the English as
a sufficient "deed." But subsequently concession was made to the
formalities, and the conveyances from the Indians were made in legal
form without much inquiry whether they were understood by the
native grantors or not. Governor Winslow asserted " that the Eng-
lish did not possess one foot of land in the colony but was fairly ob-
tained by honest purchase from the Indian proprietors." But Andros,
in 1686, boldly condemned the title so obtained from the natives and
declared that " Indian deeds were no better than the scratch of a
bear's paw." Though by a strict rule of right the Indian's deed could
not be held to convey an exclusive ownership, it formed one of the
strands, though a slender one, which the first settlers gathered together
through which they maintained their early dominion over no incon-
siderable portion of the soil of Maine. The thrifty adventurers from
beyond the sea who sought wealth within her boundaries professed
to largely base their rights on the Indian deeds and a prior occupation
and possession.
But the Crown of England is the source to which trace all lines of
title to lands within the county of Kennebec. It was by royal license
74 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
that the first English settlement was made in Maine. The emigrants
came as English subjects and they brought with them English laws.
England planted her colonies here as her subjects, on lands claimed
by her as her territory, and she alone maintained her authority.
In 1493 Spain and Portugal claimed the entire New World which
Columbus had discovered, by virtue of a bull of Pope Alexander VI.
It is said that some seventy years later Spain took fortified possession
of Maine at Pemaquid, but if so her possession was abandoned before
many years.
In 1524, Francis I, king of France, saying he should like to
see the clause in Adam's will which made the American con-
tinent the exclusive possession of his brothers of Spain and Portu-
gal, sent Verrazzano, a navigator, who explored the entire coast
and named the whole country Nciu France. Later King Francis, in
1534 and the following years, through Jacques Ouartier, took actual
possession of Canada, explored the St. Lawrence and " laid the found-
ation of French dominion on this continent."
In 1495, Henry VII, of England, commissioned the Venetian, John
Cabot, and his sons to make discoveries in the Western World, and
under this commission they discovered the Western Continent more
than a year before Columbus saw it; and in 1502 the same king com-
missioned Hugh Eliot and Thomas Ashurst, in his name and for his
u.se, to take possession of the islands and continent of America.
Under the claim made by France the southern limit of New France
was the 40th parallel of north latitude. Below that line was Florida,
claimed by Spain as her territory. These two powers claimed the
whole of North America by right of discovery. But it was a settled
rule of international law that discovery of barbarous countries must
be followed by actual possession to complete the title of any Christian
power. Neither Spain nor France willingly yielded to England's
claim to the new territory. But when Spain complained of an alleged
act of trespass at Jamestown, England replied that all north of 32°
belonged to the Crown of England by right of discovery and actual
possession taken through Sir Walter Raleigh and English colonies.
And when France complained against England's assumed control
north of the 40th north parallel, England replied reciting the discov-
eries by authority of the Crown made by Cabot, and the colonies estab-
lished by her royal charter.
England repeatedly asserted her claim to the lands held by her
colonists, and overruled the claim to the whole country made by
France, and as a result the map shows to-day not Neiv France, but Nczv
England. By the English law the ultimate right to the soil remained
in the Crown and grants made by the Crown were on condition of
fealty and service, and on breach of such condition, the lands reverted
to the Crown. " The newly discovered lands beyond the sea followed
SOURCES OF LAND TITLES. 75-
the same rule. If they were to become English possessions it was
the right of the Sovereign to assign them to his subjects, and the
validity of the titles thus conferred and transmitted has never been
questioned, but stands unimpeached to this day."*
The first transfer of title or English sovereignty was by what is
known as the Virginia charter, which was granted by James I, April
10, 1606, to the Adventurers of London and their associates known as
the first colony, and to the Adventurers of Plymouth and their asso-
ciates known as the second colony, and under this charter a futile at-
tempt was made the following year to plant a colony at the mouth of
the Kennebec river.
On November 3, 1620, King James I granted what is known as the
New England charter to the cottncil of Plymouth in the county of
Devon, successors to the Plymouth company under the charter of
1606. This charter was granted to forty lords, knights and merchants
of England, among whom were the Duke of Lenox, Marquis of Buck-
ingham, Marquis of Hamilton, Earl of Arundel, Earl of Warwick, Sir
Ferdinando Gorges, Francis Popham and Raleigh Gilbert. They
were incorporated as " The Council Established at Plymouth in the
County of Devon for the planting, ruling and governing New Eng-
land in America." This charter granted in fee simple all the North
American continent and islands between the parallels of 40° and 48°
north latitude, " throughout the mainland from sea to sea," excepting
" all places actually possessed by any other Christian prince or
people."
Under the charter of 1606 no permanent colony with an organized
government had been planted in Maine. But its rivers, coast and
harbors had been explored, knowledge of the Indians and their habits
had been acquired, and trading posts and fishing stations had been
established. Gorges and his associates had learned the value of the
fur trade and fisheries, and it was to control these that the Plymouth
company sought and obtained the great New England charter.
On January 13, 1629, a grant was made by the Plymouth council to
the Pilgrim colony, of what has since been known as the Kennebeck or
Plymouth Patent. There was long dispute as to the boundaries of this
patent, but its territory as ultimately settled, extended from the north
line of Woolwich below Swan island on the east side of the river, and
from the north line of Topsham on the west side of the river to a line
a league above the mouth of the Wesserunsett river and fifteen miles
wide on either side of the Kennebec. This patent covered about
1,500,000 acres. With the patent were transferred rights of exclusive
trade, an open passage at all times from the patent to the sea, author-
ity to make all necessary rules and regulations for their protection
and government.
*H. W. Richardson, Introduction, York Deeds.
76 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
A trading post was established at Cushnoc, and some writers say,
at Richmond's landing and at Popham's fort also. For several years
the trade with the Indians was found to be profitable, but it gradually
declined till in 1652 the trade at Kennebec was leased at the small
price of fifty pounds a year, and in 1655 the lease was renewed for
seven years at thirty-five pounds a year — " to be paid in money, moose
or beaver." This rental was reduced after three years to ten pounds
and the next year the trade was abandoned.
Discouraged by meager returns the holders of the Kennebeck or
Plymouth patent sought a purchaser for their patent and on October
27, 1661. it was sold * for four hundred pounds to Antipas Boyes, Ed-
ward Tyng, Thomas Brattle and John Winslow. This transfer, of
course, carried with it whatever apparent shadow of title there was in
the Indian deeds, which from the year 1648, when the whole Kenne-
bec valley was purchased by William Bradford from a chief, had been
collected from different sagamores covering the same territory.
From 1661 till 1749 the title to the lands on the Kennebec lay dor-
mant and no special effort was made to establish settlements on the
land. This was at least partially due to the French and Indian border
wars, which for a series of years diverted attention from the arts of
peace. But in 1749, eighty-eight years after the transfer of the patent,
though the four original purchasers were dead, the proprietors had
greatly increased in numbers and were widely scattered, and knew
very little of the extent or value of their lands. On August 17, 1749,
a number of the proprietors joined in a petition to call a meeting of
the proprietors of the Plymouth company's lands to devise means of
settling or dividing the same " as the major part of the proprietors
shall or may agree." A meeting was called for September 21, 1849, at
Boston, and a number of subsequent meetings were held until in June,
1753, the owners of shares in the patent were incorporated under the
name of" The Proprietors of the Kennebec Purchase from the late
Colony of New Plymouth;" though they were generally known as the
Kennebec company or the Plymouth company.
The new proprietors in 1761 employed Nathan Winslow f to make
a survey and lay out into lots the Kennebec valley on either side of
the river, from Chelsea to Vassalboro inclusive, and offered to each
settler, upon certain conditions, two lots aggregating 250 acres. The
conditions imposed by the proprietors looked to the permanent settle-
ment of the towns and the establishment of churches; for the grantee
* The deed was executed October 15, 1665, and recorded in the York County
Registry in 1719.— [Ed.
t Winslow's map of this survey shows on either side of the river, three ranges
of lots, each one mile deep with eight-rod ways between the ranges. The origi-
nal map is in possession of Governor Joseph H. Williams, of Augusta, and a copy
is on file in the Kennebec County Registry. — [Ed.
SOURCES OF LAND TITLES. 77
was required to build a house of certain size — generally 20 by 20 feet
— and reduce to cultivation five acres of the land in his possession within
three years; also to occupy it himself or by his heirs or assigns seven
years besides the three. Each grantee was also bound to labor two
davs yearly for ten years on the highways and two days every year
on the minister's lot or upon the house of worship.
By reason of these inducements and the advantages which were
held out to settlers the valley was gradually covered with colonists.
In 1762 the lots were rapidly taken, especially around Fort Western at
Cushnoc, and by 1766 nearly all the lots were granted.
Settlements and grants in other sections of the patent continued
as the country's resources attracted settlers until nearly all the Ken-
nebec lands had been reduced to individual ownership, when it was
decided by the owners to close out their scattered possessions. Ac-
cordingly the heirs and successors of the original purchasers met in
Boston in January, 1816, and sold at auction all their remaining rights.
Thomas L. Winthrop was the purchaser and became the owner of the
unsold rangeways, gores and islands throughout the Kennebec pur-
chase. His title deeds appear of record in Somerset County Registry,
Vol. Ill, p. 164, and in Kennebec County Registry, Vol. Ill, p. 64.
It is interesting to trace the intricate historical chain of title which
began in 1620 and has extended unbroken to this generationin, to the
hands of those who to-day hold the parent title from which countless
branches have been derived. Judge James Bridge and Hon. Reuel
Williams, both of Augusta, purchased each, one-fourth interest from
Thomas L. Winthrop, who subsequently sold his remaining half to
Hon. Joseph H. Williams. At the death of Judge Bridge in 1834, his
interest passed to his daughter, Mrs. Daniel Williams, and at the death
of Reuel Williams in 1862, his fourth interest descended to his heirs.
It would not seem necessary in a chapter of this character to recite
the historical facts of the charter of the province of Maine, granted
by Charles I, April 3, 1639, to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, nor the charter
granted by Charles II to the Duke of York in 1664, which was re-
newed ten years later. But perhaps reference should be made to the
charter granted by William and Mary, by which the name of the
province of Massachusetts Bay was given to the consolidated colonies
of Massachusetts Bay and New Plymouth, the province of Maine and
the territory of Nova Scotia. It was this province of Massachusetts
Bay which sent its delegates to continental congress, which adopted
the declaration of independence July 4, 1776, which of course termi-
nated the political sovereignty and authority of England in the United
States. The separation of Maine from her parent Massachusetts was
effected through the consent of the Massachusetts general court by
act of June 19, 1819. and the act of congress admitting Maine into the
Union passed May 3, 1820.
CHAPTER IV.
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS.
The County Erected. — County Buildings. — State House. — State and National
Officers. — State Senators. — State Representatives. — Sheriffs. — Registers. —
Treasurers. — Hospital for Insane. — Educational Institutions. — State Library.
— Arsenal. — Soldiers' Home.
THE territory now included in Kennebec county comprises nearly
all of the original Kennebeck patent, and like it preserves in a
name an allusion to the Kennebec Indians, who first inhabited
the valley. It was within the widely extended boundaries of the old
county of York, which Massachusetts erected in 1658, and became a
part of Lincoln county in 1760. This territory which, until the close
of the revolutionary war, remained largely undeveloped, began then
to furnish evidences of the remarkable resources which have since
placed it among the leading counties of New England. In 1787, Lin-
coln county, whose shire-town was at Dresden, established at Augusta
some public buildings and made it a co-ordinate shire-town.
The demands of a rapidly increasing population soon led to a di-
vision of the great county of Lincoln, and on the 20th of February,
1799, Kennebec county was incorporated as the sixth county in the
district of Maine. It then, embracing nearly six times its present
area, included the whole of Somerset county, which was taken from
it in 1809; four of the towns on the east were made a part of Waldo
county in 1827; five were included in Franklin county in 1838, and
four were set off to Androscoggin county in 1854; so that the Kenne-
bec county of to-day, to whose local history we turn our present atten-
tion, consists of twenty-five towns, four cities and a plantation.
For three years following the establishment of Augusta as a co-
ordinate shire-town, the sessions were held at Fort Western. The first
court house was built by subscription. It was erected on Market
Square, opposite the site of the old Journal office. The frame was
raised September 21, 1790, but as sufficient funds for its completion
could not be secured, the sub.scribers decided to partition off only one
room. In this room the January term of court convened, and notwith-
standing the absence of laths and plastering, it was reported that they
were considerably well accommodated. Augusta, which had not been
separated from its parent town, Hallowell, took from this date the
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS.
79
appellation Hallowell Court House, by which the locality was known
for many years after its incorporation under the name it now bears.
In June, 1 801, the county commenced the erection, on the site of the
present jail, of a second court house, which was completed and occu-
pied by a court March 16, 1802. It was a commodious structure, and
was occupied as a court house thirty years. The third court house
was commenced in the spring- of 1829, upon its present site, which
had been purchased of Nathaniel Hamlen. Robert C. Vose was the
contractor. The building was occupied first by the supreme court in
June, 1830, at which time Judge Mellen, who presided, called the
building a very supe-
iioi one. This build-
ing was enlarged in
1851 The illustration
shows it as again en-
laiged m 1891.
The first jail was
r_*^
erected in 1793, on the comei
of State and Winthrop stieets,
opposite the present court house.
Its walls were constructed of
hewn timber and were not
remarkably secure. Through
these walls, which were two
stories high, small openings
were cut to admit light and air
to the cells. Just at sundown
on the 16th day of March, 1808,
a fire was discovered in the upper story. It spread rapidly over
the dry timbers and soon the entire structure and the adjoining
keeper's hou.se were utterly destroyed. The jailor, Pitt Dilling-
ham, was prepared for such a catastrophe, and under a strong guard,
escorted the prisoners to the house of Lot Hamlin, where they
were again secured without the loss of a man. General John Chan-
dler, who was then high sheriff, immediately erected a temporary
place of confinement near the east end of the court house. Proceed-
ings were immediately instituted for the erection of a stone building
on the old lot, and so expeditiously was the work carried forward that
oO HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
in the following December it was approved and accepted, although
not then completed, and the sheriff was instructed to use it as a jail on
account of its greater security. The brick building which was subse-
quently erected as a keeper's house is still standing. In April an ad-
ditional tax was laid upon the county for its completion. It was much
in advance of the pri.son accommodations of that day and was consid-
ered a very expensive and secure structure. It was two stories high,
the walls being constructed of large blocks of rough hammered stone
fastened together with iron dowels. On May 21, 1857, it was voted
" to proceed at once in the preliminary measures necessary to the
erection " of a building better fitted for the keeping of prisoners, the
old jail built in 1808 being wholly unfit for the purpose. The build-
ing was finished in January, 1859, and opened for public inspection on
February 1st.
State Capitol. — In 1821 a committee composed of members from
both branches of the legislature, which was then convened at the
Portland court house, appointed to select a
^^,^^ place for the next session of that body, re-
commended Hallowell as the most central
point of popula-
tion and repre-
sentation. Al-
^' d^^^P*^^^^^ i.^^S''* though assured
that suitable ac-
commodations
for the several
state depart-
ments would be
piovidedfreeof
expense to the
commonwealth,
a resolve favoring the removal
to that point failed to pass either house. After an acrimonious de-
bate, which was renewed at each session for several years, between
Portland's politicians and the best economists of the state, Weston's
hill, at Augusta, was, by the advice of a committee of three, of which
John Chandler, of Monmouth, was a member, selected for the .site of
the new capitol. The lot was conveyed to the state June 6, 1827; in
the autumn of this year shade trees were set about the grounds and
the work of laying the foundation begun; on the Fourth of July, 1829,
the corner-stone was laid with imposing ceremonies conducted by the
Masonic fraternity, in the presence of the president, vice-president
and chief ju.stice of the United States.
The building, which was designed by Charles Bulfinch, the archi-
tect of the national capitol, was erected at an expense of $138,991.34,
t
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 81
of which Sll,4GG.7o was furnished by the city of Aug'usta. As ac-
cepted, in 1S32, the capitol consisted of a central building eighty-four
feet in length by fifty-six in width, faced with a high arcade resting
on massive Doric columns. Flanking this are two wings, each thirty-
three feet long, making an aggregate length of 150 feet. The total
height, including the cupola, is 114 feet. In 1832, and again in 1860,
the interior was slightly remodeled to accommodate the increasing
demands of some of the departments. An addition has recently been
made to the main building, which increases the floor space by about
one-third. This annex contains, in addition to apartments for the
better accommodation of officials, the spacious and well arranged room
in which are the valuable collections of books and pamphlets which
compose the State Library.
State and National Officers.— Since the formation of the state
the county has furnished nine governors: Jona G. Hunton of Read-
field, in 1830; Dr. John Hubbard of Hallowell, in IS.oO; Anson P. Mor-
rill, Readfield, 1855; Joseph H. Williams, Augusta, 1857; Lot M. Mor-
rill, Augusta, 1858; vSamuel Cony, Augusta, 1864; Selden Connor,
Augusta, 1876; Joseph R. Bodwell, Hallowell. 1887; and Edwin C.
Burleigh of Augusta, now completing his second term.
The present governor is Hon. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Augusta, now
completing the last year of his second term. He is a native of Aroos-
took county, Me., but his ancestor eight generations back (in 1648)
was Giles Burleigh, of Ipswich, Mass., where the first two or three
generations of the family in America resided. James' and Josiah^
were natives of Ma.ssachusetts, but Thomas' was born in Sandwich,
N. H., where the family name is still preserved in the name of " Bur-
leigh Hill." There Benjamin.' a farmer and merchant, lived and died,
and there his son, Moses, was born in 1781.
This Moses Burleigh, the governor's grandfather, came to Maine
before 1812 and resided until 1830 in Palermo, where he filled various
civil offices and as a militia officer in 1812-16 gained by promotion to
lieutenant colonel, the title by which he was generally known. He
was elected to the Massachusetts legislature; was delegate in 1816 to
the convention framing a constitution for the proposed state of Maine,
and in 1830 he removed with his family to Linneus, Aroostook county,
where he died in 1860. His eldest surviving child, born while they
resided in Palermo, is Hon. Parker P. Burleigh, the governor's father.
Like six generations of his New England progenitors he follows
the peaceful and honorable calling of the farmer, and in the new
garden county of Maine has found agriculture both pleasant and
profitable. He has always been a leading citizen of Linneus, has
served repeatedly in each branch of the legislature, and was for a
long time state land agent. He was educated as a surveyor, and, as
82 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
chairman in 1869 of the Maine commission on the settlement of the
public land, contributed largely to the rapid development of Aroos-
took county.
Such, briefly, are the antecedents of Maine's present executive. He
was born at the family farm house, November 27, 1843, and after the
common schools of Linneus had laid the foundation, he received an
academical education in the academy at Houlton. While yet a boy he
found employment in teaching school and in surveying land. In this
latter occupation he gained a knowledge of the nature and value of
the public lands of Maine, such as not many men posse.ssed, and which
at a later period of his life recommended him to the governor of
Maine as a proper person to fill the responsible position of state land
agent.
He enlisted during the civil war but, not being in sound health
at that time, was rejected by the examining surgeon. For two win-
ters during the war he was clerk in the adjutant general's office. He
was a farmer and land surveyor until 1870, when he entered the state
land office as a clerk, and in 1872 he moved to Bangor. He was state
land agent in 1876, '77 and '78, and was assistant clerk of the house of
representatives for same years. In 1880 he resigned his position as
assistant clerk to accept a position in the office of the treasurer of state.
He removed to Augusta with his family during that time, where he
has since resided. In 1885 he was elected treasurer of the state and
reelected in 1887. In 1888 he was elected governor of the state,
receiving a plurality of 18,048. In 1890 he was reelected governor,
receiving the increased plurality of 18,883.
Thus has Governor Burleigh been recognized by the sovereign
people of his native state, who have seen fit to honor him with their
confidence and esteem. In no other decade since the republic was
founded have the private life and domestic relations of public men
been so keenly scrutinized by their constituents as now; and probably
in no section more than in Puritan New England, and certainly in no
state more than in the Pine Tree state do clean hands and a pure life
count for more to one who aspires to political preferment.
In the person of Governor Burleigh we have, too, the almost per-
fect New England type. How much of his great popularity is due to
his splendid physique and how much to his genial and courteous bear-
ing would puzzle his best friend to say. Born to the inheritance of
those who toil, his sympathies are ever with the humble, and in his
extensive intercourse with his constituents his democratic ideas and
his kindly bearing have given him a home in their hearts more
enviable than office — more honorable than place.
The U. S. Senators from Kennebec county since the state was or-
ganized have been: John Chandler, of Monmouth, 1820, reelected 1823;
Peleg Sprague, Haliowell, 1829; Reuel Williams, Augusta, 1837, re-
^^2:w^^^ (^ /::^^^.€^i
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. bd
■elected 1839: Wyman B. S. Moor, Waterville, 1848; George Evans,
Gardiner, 1841; James W. Bradbury, Augusta, 1847; Lot M. :SIorrill,
Augusta, 1861, and in 1863, 1869 and 1871; James G. Blaine, Augusta,
1876 and 1877.
The Representatives in Congress have been: Joshua Cushman,
Winslow, in 1823; Peleg Sprague, Hallowell, 1825, reelected in 1827;
■George Evans, Gardiner, 1829, reelected for six .successive terms; Gen-
eral Alfred Marshall, China, 1841; Luther Severance, Augusta, 1843,
reelected 1845; John Otis, Hallowell, 1849; Samuel P. Benson, Win-
throp, 1853, reelected 1855; Anson P. Morrill, Readfield, 1861; James
G. Blaine, Augusta, 1863, reelected for the six succeeding terms.
The Secretaries of the State from the county have been: Amos
Nichols, Augusta, 1822; Asaph R. Nichols, Augusta, 1835; Samuel P^
Benson, Winthrop, 1838; Asaph R. Nichols, Augusta, 1839; Philip C.
Johnson, Augusta, 1840; Samuel P. Benson, Winthrop, 1841; Philip C.
Johnson, Augusta, 1842; William B. Hartwell, Augusta, 1845; John G.
Sawyer, Augusta, 1850; Alden Jackson, Augusta, 1854, also in 1857; S.
J. Chadbourne, Augusta, 1880; Joseph O. Smith, Augusta, 1881; Ora-
mandel Smith, Litchfield, 1885.
The State Treasurers from the county have been: Asa Redington,
jun., Augusta, 1835; Daniel Williams, Augusta, Com., 1835; and as treas-
urer in 1840; Samuel Cony, Augusta, 1850; J. A. Sanborn, Readfield,
Com., 1855; William Caldwell, Augusta, 1869; and Charles A. White,
Gardiner, 1879.
Two Attorneys General of Maine have been chosen from the
county: W. B. S. Moor of Waterville, in 1844; and Orville D. Baker of
Augusta, in 1885.
Kennebec has furnished three cabinet officers: James G. Blaine,
secretary of state under Garfield and Harrison; Lot M. Morrill, secre-
tary of the treasury, and Henry Dearborn, secretary of war. Mell-
ville W. Fuller, a native of Augusta, has been appointed associate jus-
tice of the supreme court, and James G. Blaine was speaker of the
house of representatives during the sessions of the 41st, 42d and 43d
Congress.
Under the first apportionment, Kennebec county was entitled to
three senators in the Maine legislature. The apportionment of 1871
reduced the number to two. Those elected from what is now Kenne-
bec county, with residence and years of service have been: Augusta,
Joshua Gage, 1820, '21; Reuel Williams, 1826, '27, '28; William Em-
mons, 1834, '35; Luther Severance, 1836, '37: Richard H. Vose, 1840,
'41; Joseph Baker, 1847; Lot M. Morrill, 1856; Joseph H.Williams,
1857; James A. Bicknell, 1860; John L. Stevens, 1868, '69; J. Man-
chester Haynes, 1878, '79; George E. Weeks, 1883, '85; and Herbert
M. Heath, in 1887, '89. A/biou, Joel Wellington, 1824; Asher Hinds,
1830, '31; Enoch Farnbam, 1834, '35; Thomas Burrill, 1856. Be/grade,
84 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Jacob Alain, 1843; George E. Minot, 1870, 71. Benton, Crosby Hinds,
1865, '66. China, Timothy F. Hanscom, 1842; Alfred Fletcher, 1858,
'59; Ambrcse H. Abbott, 1873, '74. Fayette-, Albert G. French, 1875,
'76. Gardiner, Joshua Lord, 1825; Sanford Kingsbury, 1829, '30; Mer-
rill Clough, 1842; Edward Swan, 1844, '45; Isaac N. Tucker, 1853, '54;
Nathaniel Graves, 1857; John Berry, jun., 1858, '59; Noah Woods, 1862,
'63; Joshua Gray, 1870, '71; Albert M. Spear, 1891. Hallowell, Thomas
Bond, 1822. '23; John T. P. Dumont. 1838, '39, '48, '49; John Otis, 1842;
John Hubbard, 1843; Joseph A. Sanborn, 1864, '65; George W. Per-
kins, 1866, '67. Litchfield, John Neal, 1850, '51, '52; Josiah True, 1864,
'65; John Woodbury, 1876, '77. Momnouth, John Chandler, 1820, '21
(resigned to take a seat in congress); Abraham Morrill, 1822, '23; Jo-
seph Chandler, 1824; Ebenezer Freeman, 1850, '51, '52; William B.
Snell, 1868, '69. Mt. Vernon, Elijah Morse, 1830, '31: Calvin Hopkins,
1860, '61; Moses S. Mayhew, 1879. Pittston, Eliakira Scammon, 1832,
'33. Readfie-ld, Jonathan G. Hunton, 1832, "33; Oliver Bean, 1848, '49;
Henry P. Torsey, 1854, '55; Emery O. Bean, 1856; George A. Russell,
1887. Sidney, Asa Smiley, 1844, '45; Joseph T. Woodward, 1867, '68.
Vassalboro, Joseph Southwick, 1825, '26, '27; Elijah Robinson, 1836, '37;
Oliver Prescott, 1848, '49; Warren Percival, 1861, '62; Thomas S. Lang,
1869, '70. Waterville, Timothy Boutelle, 1820, '21, '32, '33, '38, '39;
Isaac Redington, 1846, '47; Edwin Noyes, 1850; Stephen Stark, 1853,
'54; Josiah H. Drummond, I860; Dennis L. Millikin, 1863, '64; Reuben
Foster, 1871, '72; Edmund F. Webb, 1874, '75; F. E. Heath, 1883, '84;
William T. Haines, 1889, '91. Wayiie, Thomas B. Read, 1866, '67; Jo-
seph S. Berry, 1880, '81. West Waterville, Greenlief T. Stevens, 1877,
'78. Winslow, Joseph Eaton, 1840, '41, '53, '55; David Garland, 1851,
'52; Colby C. Cornish, 1880, '81. Winthrop, Samuel P. Benson, 1836,
'37; David Stanley, 1843; Ezekiel Holmes, 1844, '45; Charles A. Wing,
1858, '59; Peleg F. Pike, 1862, '63; John May, 1872, '73.
The names of Thomas W. Herrick, 1857, William Ayer, 1843,
Daniel Hutchinson, 1831, and Josiah Chapman. 1829, appear as mem-
bers of the senate from Kennebec county; but their respective resi-
dences are not shown by the records in the state archives from which
the foregoing was transcribed.
Of the Presidents of the State Senate six have been residents of
what is now Kennebec county: Richard H. Vose, Augusta, in 1841;
Lot M. Morrill, Augu.sta, 1856; Joseph H. Williams, Augusta, 1857
Reuben Foster, Waterville, 1872; Edmund F. Webb, Waterville, 1875
and J. Manchester Haynes of Augusta, 1879.
The county as it existed when Maine became a state was allotted
twenty-one seats in the state's house of representatives. Belgrade, Dear-
born and Rome made one district; Fayette and Vienna were joined with
Chesterville as a district; Mt. Vernon was classed with New Sharon,
Winslow with Clinton, Pittston with Windsor, and Harlem with
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS.
China. These six districts, and each of the other towns, elected one
representative each year, except Wayne, which elected for four of the
ten years.
The apportionment of 1831 gave the county twenty-four members
for the next decade. Augusta and Hallowell each elected two,Winslow,
Wayne and Windsor were each to elect for five of the ten years, as
was Albion with the unincorporated territory north of it. Dearborn
was joined with Belgrade, Vienna and Rome with Chesterville, and
Mt. Vernon with Fayette, making three districts which elected each
one member. The other towns had each one representative each
year.
The 1841 apportionment gave Kennebec county twenty-two repre-
sentatives. Albion, Albion Gore and Winslow were joined to make one
di.strict; also Clinton and Clinton Gore; Belgrade, Dearborn and Rome:
Mt.Vernon and Vienna; Wayne and Fayette. These five districts each
chose one member every year; Windsor was represented six years of
the ten; Augusta, Hallowell and Gardiner each had two representa-
tives annually and the other towns each one.
For the decade from 1851 the county elected sixteen members.
Vassalboro with Rome; Albion, Benton, Clinton with the Gores; Hal-
lowell with Manchester, and West Gardiner with Farmingdale made
up four districts. Augusta chose two annually, and the others one,
except the smaller towns, which elected for part of the years accord-
ing to their population.
The apportionment of 1861 gave Kennebec thirteen members. Six
districts were made: China, Albion and Clinton Gore with Unity
Plantation; Vassalboro with Windsor; Readfield with Mt. Vernon
and Vienna; Pittston with West Gardiner and Farmingdale; Benton,
Clinton and Winslow; Sidney, Rome and Belgrade. This classifica-
tion was slightly modified in 1871 by joining Winthrop with Wayne
and Fayette; Hallowell with Chelsea, and Manchester to Litchfield
and Monmouth — the county still having thirteen representatives.
The several towns have been represented as follows: Albion, Joel
Wellington, 1820, '21,, '28, '31, '33; Josiah Crosby, 1823, '24; John
Winslow, 1826, '27; Enoch Farnham, 1833; James Stratton, 1835; Ben-
jamin Webb, 1837; Codding Blake, 1839; Thomas Burrill, 1839, '41;
Amasa Taylor, 1841, '42; Scotland Chalmers, 1844; Simeon Skillin
1846; David Hanscom, 1848, '50; Artemas, Libby, 1853; John T. Main
1855; William H. Palmer, 1858; N. E. Murray, 1860; Otis M. Sturte
vant, 1861; H. T. Baker, 1863; Robert Crosby, 1866; Ezra Pray, 1868
'70: Mark Rollins, jun., 1873; Elias C. Fowler, 1876; Ora O. Crosby
1878; George H. Wilson, 1880; George B. Pray, 1887-8. Augusta
Robert C. Vose, 1820, '21; Reuel Williams, 1822, '23, '24, '25, '29, '32
'48; Robert Howard, 1826; John Davis, 1827; Henry W. Fuller, 1828
Luther Severance, 1830, '40, '41, '43, '47; Daniel Williams, 1831; Elihu
86 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Robinson, 1832: William Emmons, 1833; George W. Morton, 1833, '34,
'38, '39, '51, '52, '53; Richard H. Vose, 1834, '35, '38, '39; John Potter,
1835, '36; Loring Gushing, 1836; Robert A. Con^^ 1837, '42; Alfred
Redington, 1837; Benjamin .Swan, 1840, '41; John Arnold, jun., 1842;
Richard F. Perkins, 1844, '45; Gharles Keen, 1846; James W. North,
1849, '53, '74, '75; George W. Stanley, 1850; Lot M. Morrill, 1854;
James A. Thompson, 1854; Edward Fenno, 1855; Samuel Titcomb,
1855, '67, '68, '72, '73; Benjamin A. G. Fuller, 1856; Daniel C. Stan-
wood, 1856; William T. Johnson, 1857, '58, '59, '71; James A. Bicknell,
1857, '58; James G. Blame. 1859. '60, '61, '62; Josiah P. Wyman, I860,
'61, '80, '81, '82; Vassal D. Pinkham, 1862; Joshua S. Turner, 1863, '64;
Samuel Cony, 1863: Joseph H. Williams, 1864, '65, '66, '74; John L,
Stevens, 1865, '66, '67; George E. Brickett, 1868, '69; Alanson B. Far-
well, 1869, '70; Joseph Baker, 1870; John W. Chase, 1871; J. Prescott
Wyman, 1872; George E. Weeks, 1873, '78, '79, '80; Gardiner C. Vose,
1875; George S. Ballard, 1876, '77; J. Manchester Haynes, 1876, '77,
'83, '84; Peleg O. Vickery, 1878, '79; Anson P. Morrill, 1881-2r
Herbert M. Heath, 1883-4, '85-6; Ira H. Randall, 1885-6, '87-8r
Joseph H. Manley, 1887-8, '89-90; John F. Hill, 1889-90, '91-2;
Treby Johnson, 1891-2. Belgrade. Samuel Taylor, 1822; John Chan-
dler, 1824; John Pitts, 1825, '27, '28, '32; John Rockwood, 1829; Anson
P. Morrill, 1834; Richard Mills, 1835; George Smith, 1837; David
Blake, 1838: Ephraim Tibbetts, jun., 1839; Jacob Main, 1840, '51, '52;
Thomas Eldred, 1841; Moses Page, 1842; Reuben H. Yeaton, 1843;
Samuel Frost, 1845; Joseph Taylor, 1847, '53; Levi Guptill, 1849; Ste-
phen Smith, 1855; George Smith, 1857; Warren W. Springer, 1859;
Thomas Rollins, 1861; Thomas Eldred, 1863; John S. Minot, 1866;
Albert Caswell, 1868; Chaslew W. Stewart, 1871; C. Marshall Weston,
1873; David Colder (unseated), 1876; Henry F. D. Wyman (contested),
1876; Albert E. Faught, 1878; William F. Eldred, 1881-2; Hermon
H. Adams, 1889-90. Benton, Orrin Brown, 1844; Daniel H. Brown,
1846; Japheth Winn, 1848; Stewart Hunt, 1854; Daniel H. Brown,
1856; Clark Piper, 1859; Albert C. Hinds, 1864; Asher H. Barton, 1867,
'70; Madison Crowell, 1874; Simeon Skillin, 1876; Asher H. Learned,
1877; Bryant Roundy, 1880; Sprague Holt, 1885-6; Frank W. Gifford,
1891-2. Chelsea, Franklin B. Davis, 1853; Alonzo Tenney, 1857;
Henry D. Doe, 1862; Josiah F. Morrill, 1867; George Brown, 1867; N.
R. Winslow, 1873; Benjamin Tenney, 1876; William W. Hankerson,
1879; William T. Searles, 1885-6; Mark L. Rollins, 1891-2. Clinton,
Herbert Moors, 1820, '21, '23; William Eames, 1822; William Spear-
ing, jun., 1825; Samuel Hudson, 1826; Josiah Hayden, 1827; William
Ames, 1828, '30; David Hunter, 1833; James Lamb, 1834, '35; Charles
Brown, 1836; Shubael Dixon, 1837; Matthias Weeks, 1838, '39, '40, '42;
James Hunter, 1841; Joseph P. Brown, 1843; Richard Wells, 1845, '57;
Francis Low, 1847; Samuel Haines, 1849; Samuel Weymouth, 1851,
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 87
'52; Jonas Chase, 1853; Samuel Haines, 1855; David L. Hunter, 1859;
William Lamb, 1861; Daniel H. Brown, 1863; Charles Jesett, 1866;
William H. Bigelow, 1869; John F. Lamb, 1871; John Totman, 1873;
William Lamb (unseated), 1875; Alfred W^eymouth, 1879; William G.
Foster, 1883-4; Daniel C^in, 1889-90. China, Robert Fletcher, 1820,
'21, '22. '23, '24; Abishai Benson, 1825, '26; Alfred Marshall, 1827, '28;
John Weeks, 1829, '30; Ebenezer Meigs, 1831, '48; Benjamin Libby,
jun., 1832; Gustavus A. Benson, 1833; Alfred Marshall, 1834; Prince
B. Moores, 1835; Nathaniel .Spratt, 1836; Freeman Shaw, 1837; Tim-
othy F. Hanscomb, 1838; William Mosher, 1839; Corydon Chadwick,
1840: Jonathan Clark, 1841; Samuel Hanscomb, 1842; Charles F. Russ,
1843, '44; Reuben Hamlin, 1845; Jason Chadwick, 1846; James H.
Brainard, 1847; Thomas B. Lincoln, 1849; Samuel Plummer, 1850;
John L. Gray, 1851, '52; Alfred Marshall, 1853; Eli Jones, 1855; Alfred
Fletcher, 1857; Abel Chadwick, 1859; Dana C. Hanson, 1860; Josiah
H. Greely, 1862; Ambrose H. Abbott, 1864, '65; Alfred H. Jones,
1867: George F. Clark, 1871; Eli Jepson, 1872; L. B. Tibbetts, 1874;
John O. Page, 1875; Moses W. Newbert, 1877; Francis Jones. 1879;
Charles F. Achorn, 1881-2; Elijah D. Jepson, 1883-4; John A.
Woodsum, 1889-90. Fanningdalc, Daniel Lancaster, 1856; Gideon C.
McCausland, 1863; Andrew B. McCausland, 1869; Reuben S. Neal,
1873; David Wing, 1879; Levi M. Lancaster, 1885-6; Elisha S.
Newell, 1891-2. Fayette, Samuel Tuck, 1820, '21; Charles Smith,
1823; Merrill Clough, 1826; Ezra Fisk, 1829, '31; Joseph H. Under-
wood, 1833, '35, '38; Abijah Crane, jun., 1841; Isreal Chase, 1843; Jona-
than Tuck, 1846; Howard B. Lovejoy, 1849; Moses Hubbard, 1854;
Asa Hutchenson, 1860; Phineas Libby, 1864; F. A. Chase, 1869; J. H.
Sturtevant, 1873; Albert G. Underwood, 1878; Charles Russell, 1887
-8. Gardiner, Joshua Lord, 1820, '21, '24, '31; Robert H. Gardiner,
1822; James Parker, 1823, '32; Daniel Robinson, 1825; George Evans,
1826, '27, '28, '29; Peter Adams, 1830; Alexander S. Chadwick, 1833,
'84, '35, '36; Parker Sheldon, 1837, '38, '39; Ebenezer F. Deane, 1840,
'41; Edwin Swan, 1842; Philip R. Holmes, 1842; Philip C. Holmes,
1843; Mason Damon, 1844; Silas Holman, 1845; Noah Woods, 1846,
'47; Isaac N. Tucker, 1848, '49; Charles Danforth, 1850, '51, '52, '57;
Robert Thompson, 1853; John Berry, jun., 1854, '55; Charles P. Wal-
ton, 1856; John W. Hanson, 1858; John Webb, 1859, '60; William
Perkins, 1861, '62; Lorenzo Clay, 1863, '64; John S. Moore, 1865; Henry
B. Hoskins, 1866; John Berry, 1867; G. S. Palmer, 1868, '69; D. C.
Palmer, 1870. '71; James Nash, 1872, '73; Nathan O. Mitchell, 1874,
'75; Arthur Berry, 1876: Melvin C. Wadsworth, 1877, 78; William
F. Richards, 1879, '80; David Wentworth, 1881-2, '83-4; Gustavus
Moore, 1885-6, '87-8; Oliver B. Clayson, 1889-90, '91-2. Hallo-
ivell, Peleg Sprague, 1820, '21, '22; William H. Page, 1823, '24, '25,
'27: William Clark, 1826, '28, '29, '30, '32, '33; Charles Dummer, 1831,
88 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV.
'32; John T. P. Dumont, 1833, '34, '35; S. ^V. Robinson, 1834, '35;
Samuel Wells, 1836, '37; James Atkins. 1838, '39; Henry W. Paine,
1836, '37, '38, '53: John Otis, 1839, '40, '41, '46, '47; Benjamin F. Mel-
vin, 1840, '41; George W. Perkins, jun., 1842, '43, '45, '65; Henry K.
Baker, 1842, '44, '54; Samuel K. Oilman, 1848, '49, '50, '51, '52; Rodney
G. Lincoln, 1855; Henry Reed, 1856; Eliphalet Rowell, 1858, '61, '80,
'81-2; Francis F. Day, 1859; Edward K. Butler, 1863; Charles Dum-
mer, 1865; Ariel Wall, 1866, '71; Isaac F. Thompson, 1868, '70; Wil-
liam Wilson, 1872; John S. Snow, 1874, '75; Joseph R. Bodwell, 1877,
'78; Albert M. Spear, 1883-4, '85-6; Walter F. Marston, 1887-8;
Hiram L. Grindle, 1889-90; George S. Fuller, 1891-^2. Litchfield,
Asa Batcheldor, 1836; Hiram Shorey, 1837; John Neal, 1838, '39;
David W. Perry, 1840; Ebenezer B. Pike, 1841, '42: Rev. William O.
Grant, 1843, '44, '46; Aaron True, 1847, '49; Constant Quinnan, 1850;
John Woodbury, 1854; Mark Getchell, 1855; Benjamin Smith, 1858;
True Woodbury, 1860; Josiah True, 1861, '62; Nathaniel Dennis, 1864;
Charles Howard Robinson, 1866; James Colby, 1868; Oramandel Smith,
1870; Isaac W. Springer, 1872; John Woodbury, 1875; Samuel Smith,
1878; David S. Springer, 1880; James E. Chase, 1883-4; Enoch Ad-
ams, 1887-8. Manchester, William A. Sampson, 1857; H. G. Cole,
1860; Isaac N. Wad,sworth, 1864, '77; Stephen D. Richardson, 1869; I.
Warren Hawkes, 1874; Willis H. Wing, 1889-90. Monmouth, Abra-
ham Morrill, 1820, '21; Benjamin White, jun., 1822, '23, '24, '25, '26,
'27, '28, '29, '30, '31, '32; John Chandler, 1832; Isaac S. Small, 1833, '34;
Ebenezer Freeman, 1835, '36, '37, '46; Otis Norris, 1838, '39; Augus-
tine Blake, 1840; Jedediah B. Prescott, 1841; Henry V. Cumston, 1842;
Joseph Loomis, 1844; John A. Tinkham, 1847; Royal Fogg, 1849; Jona-
than M. Heath, 1851, '52; William G. Brown, 1854; Charles S. Norris,
1855; George H. Andrews, 1857, '59; Abner C. Stockin, 1861; Daniel
F. Ayer, 1863; John B. Fogg. 1865; Ambrose Beal, 1867; Mason J.
Metcalf, 1869; James G. Blossom, 1871; Henry O. Pierce, 1873; Joshua
Cumston, 1876; Seth Martin, 1879; J. H. Norris, 1881-2; Otis W.
Andrews, 1885-6; Josiah L. Orcutt, 1891-2. Mt. Vernon, Nathaniel
Rice, 1820,' '21; Elijah Morse, 1822, '24, '26, '28; David McGaffey, 1830,
'39, '40; John Blake, 1832, '34; Samuel Davis, 1836, '37; James Chap-
man, 1842; Daniel H. Thing, 1844, '63; Daniel Mansion, 1846; William
H. Hartwell, 1848; Edward French, 1850; Stephen S. Robinson, 1853;
Aaron S. Lyford, 1856; Elisha C. Carson, 1859; Washington Blake,
1861; John Walton, 1866; Ezra Kempton, 1869; Calvin Hookins, 1871;
Moses S. Mayhew, 1873; James A. Robinson, 1876; James C. Howland,
1878; Quintin L. Smith, 1881-2; John P. Carson, 1889-90. Oakland,
William Macartney, 1874; Greenlief T. Stevens, 1875; George W.
Goulding, 1879, '80; Albion P. Benjamin, 1885-6; William M. Ayer,
1891-2. Pittston, Thomas Coss, 1820, '21. '23, '25; Eliakim Scammon,
1826, '28, '30, '31, '35, '36, '47; Henry Dearborn, 1832, '39; John Stev-
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 89
•ens, 1833, '34; Hiram Stevens, 1837, '38: John Blanchard, 1840, '41;
Samuel G. Bailey. 1842; George Williamson, 1843; William Troop,
1844, '45; John Coss, 1848; Samuel Clark, 1849; Benjamin Flitner,
1S,'5(); Benjamin F. Fuller, 1854; Heran T. Clark. 1855; John Blanchsird,
1856; Alphonso H. Clark. 1858; William H. Mooers, 1859, '61; Caleb
Stevens, 1860; John Boynton. 1862; Gideon Barker, 1864; Arnold Good-
speed, 1866; Sumner R. Tibbetts, 1868; Warren R. Lewis, 1870;
Zachariah Flitner, 1872; William Grant, 1874; Sumner Smiley, 1876;
Daniel H. Moody, 1878; G. A. Colburn, 1880; Moses J. Donnell, 1883-4;
Gorham P. H. Jewett, 1887-8. Randolph, Henry P. Closson, 1889-90.
Readfield, Samuel Currier, 1820, '21; John Smith, 1822; Edward Fuller,
1823; Solomon Lombard, 1824, '25; Jere. Page, 1826, '27; James Wil-
liams, 1828, '29; Eliphalet Hoyt, 1830, '31; Oliver Bean, 1832, '33; Jon-
athan G. Hunton, 1834; David F. Sampson, 1835, '36: William Vance,
1837; John O. Craig, 1838; Elisha Prescott, 1839; John Haynes, 1840;
Richard Judkins, 1841: Peter F. Sanborn, 1842; Dudley Haines, 1844;
Timothy O. Howe, 1845; Hiram S. Melvin. 1847; Thomas Pierce, 1848:
Eliab Lyon, 1850; Joshua Packard, 1851, '52; Emery O. Bean, 1852;
Joseph A. Sanborn, 1854; George W. Hunton, 1856; Elisha S. Case,
1858; James R. Batchelder, 1860; Peter F. Sanborn, 1862; H. M. Eaton,
1865; Bradbury H. Thomas, 1868; Gustavus Clark. 1870; John Lam-
bard, 1872; Jos'iah N. Fogg, 1875; George A. Russell, 1877: Benjamin
W. Harrirnan, 1880; Francis A. Robinson. 1883-4; Frederick I.
Brown, 1891-2. Rome, Hosea Spaulding, 1830; Job N. Tuttle, 1832:
Samuel Goodridge, 1836: Thomas Whittier, 1839, '50: Eben Tracy,
1844: Nathaniel Staples, 1847: N. P. Martin, 1857; John T. Fifield,
1864; Eleazer Kelley, 1869: Elbridge Blaisdell, 1874: Thomas S.Golder,
1879; John R. Pre.scott, 1885-6. Sidney, Ambrose Howard, 1820, '21;
Daniel Tiffany, 1822; Samuel Butterfield, 1823, '24, '27, '32, '33; Reuel
Howard, 1825, '26, '2S; Nathaniel Merrill, 1829, '30, "31, '34; Daniel
Tiffany, jun., 1835, '36: Asa Smiley. 1837, '38, '39, '42: John B. Clifford,
1840, '41; George Fields, 1843: Moses Frost, 1845; Moses Trask, 1846;
Silas L.Wait, 1848, '49; Lauriston Guild, 1851, '52; Gideon Wing, 1854;
Paul Hammond, 1856; James Sherman, 1858; John Merrill, 1860; Jo-
seph T. Woodard, 1862: Martin V. B. Chase, 1865, '67; J. S. Gushing,
1870; Jonas Butterfield, 1872: Henry A. Baker, 1875; Nathan W. Tay-
lor. 1877; Gorham Hastings, 1880; Lorin B. Ward, 1883-4; Martin L.
Reynolds, 1887-8. Vassalboro, Samuel Redington, 1820, '21, '28;
Philip Leach, 1822, '23; Joseph R. Abbott, 1824, '25, '26, '34, '35; Elijah
Robinson, 1827, '29, '30, '31, '32; Albert G. Brown, 1833; Moses Taber,
1836, '37, '38: Amos Stickney, 1839, '40; Obed Durrill, 1841, '42; Isaac
Fairfield, 1843, '46; John Moore, 1844, '45; Joseph E. Wing, 1847, '48;
George Cox, 1849; John Homans, 1850, '51, '52; John G. Hall, 1853;
William Merrill, 1854, '55; Hiram Pishon, 1856: Henry Weeks, 1858;
Warren Percival, 1859; Timothy Rowell, 1860; W. H. Gates, 1862; Jo-
90
HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
seph B. Low, 1863; Thomas S. Lang, 1865, '66; Orrick Hawes, 1868
'70, '79; Ira D. Sturgis, 1869; James C. Pierce, 1873; George Gifford
1873; Howard G. Abbot, 1874; William P. Thompson, 1876; Isaiah
Gifford, 1877; Nathaniel Butler, 1880; Edwin C. Barrows, 1883-4; W
S. Bradley. 1887-8; Hall C. Burleigh, 1889-90; Reuel C. Burgess,
1891-2. Vienna, Bernard Kimball. 1822; James Chapman, 1825, '28
'34; Benjamin Porter, 1838; Nathaniel Graves, 1841; Joseph Edge
comb, 1846; Thomas C. Norris, 1851, '52, '64; Joshua Little, 1857
Obadiah Whittier, 1867; Henry Dowst, 1874; Saunders Morrill. 1879
Albion G. Whittier. 1885-6. Waterville, Baxter Crowell, 1820, '21,
'22, '23, '24, '32: Timothy Boutelle, 1825, '26, '29, '30, '31; Sylvanus
Cobb, 1827, '28; Jedediah Morrill. 1833, '34; David Combs, 1836; Ne-
hemiah Getchell, 1837; Calvin Gardner, 1838; Wyman B. S. Moor
1839; Erastus O. Wheeler. 1840; Joseph Hitching, 1841; Moses Hans-
com, 1842, '55; William Dorr, 1844, '45; Frederick P. Haviland, 1846
'76 (unseated); Stephen Stark, 1847, '48; Thomas Baker, 1849; Joseph
Percival, 1850, '51, '52; Joshua Nye.'jun., 1853; Joel Harriman, 1854
Jones R. Elden, 1856; Josiah H. Drummond, 1857. '58; James Stack-
pole, 1859; B. C. Benson, 1860; Joseph Percival, 1861; Dennis L. Milli
ken, 1862: John M. Libby. 1863; W. A. P. Dillingham, 1864, '65; Reu
ben Foster, 1866. '67, '70; Edwin P. Blaisdell, 1868, '69; Solyman Heath
1871; Edmund F. Webb, 1872, '73; Nathaniel Meader (contestant)
1876, '77, '83-4; Franklin Smith, 1878; F. E. Heath, 1881-2; Fred
erick C. Thayer, 1885-6; Perham S. Heald, 1887-8, '89-90; Frank
L. Thayer, 1891-2. Wayne, Moses Wing. 1825; Thomas S. Bridg
ham, 1828, '30; Moses Wing, jun., 1833; John Morrison. 1835; Francis
I. Bowles, 1837; Uriah H. Virgin, 1839; James Wing, 1841; Hamilton
Jenkins, 1842; William Lewis, 1844; Benjamin Ridley, 1845; Caleb
Fuller, 1848; Napoleon B. Hunton, 1850; Thomas Silson, 1853; Josiah
Norris, jun., 1856; Arcadius Pettingill, 1858; Josiah Norris, 1860; James
H. Thorne, 1862; George W. Walton, 1867; Matthias Smith, 1872; Jo^
seph S. Berry, 1877; Alfred F. Johnson, 1883-4; Benjamin F. Maxim,
1889-90. West Gardiner, Thaddeus Spear, 1853; Cyrus Bran, 1859;
Asa F. Hutchingson. 1865; George W. Blanchard, 1867; Phineas S..
Hogden. 1871; William H. Merrill, 1875; William P. Haskell, 1877; E..
P. Seavey, 1881-2. Windsor, Joseph Stewart, 1820, '21; William Hil-
ton, 1822; Joseph Merrill, 1824; Charles Currier, 1827, '29; Nathan
Newell, 1832; Gideon Barton, 1834, '36; John B. Swanton. 1838, '40;.
Benjamin W. Farrar, 1842; Henry Perkins, 1843; Stephen F. Pierce,
1845; Asa Heath, 1847; David Bryant, 1849; William S. Hatch, 1851,
'.52; David Clary, 1854; Thomas Hyson, 1856; Stephen Barton. 1858;
Elias Perkins, 1861; Elijah Moody, 1864; Levi Perkins, 1867; Horace
Colburn, 1871; Joel W. Taylor, 1875; Adam L. Stimpson, 1878; James
E. Ashford, 1881-2; Samuel P. Barton, 1885-6. Winslow, Josiah
Hayden, 1824; Joseph Eaton, 1829, '31, '32, '62; Joshua Cushman, 1834;
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 91
David Garland, 1834, 'SO, '60; Sidney Keith, 1836, 40; Robert Ayer,
1838; William Getcliell, 1844, '48; Thomas J. Hayden, 1846; Robert H.
Drummond, 1854, '58; Isaac W. Britten, 1856; Charles Drummond,
1865; Charles A. Priest, 1868; Colby C. Cornish, 1872; James W.Withee,_
1875 (contestant); Leslie C. Cornish, ]878; Allen P. Varney, 1881-2;
Charles E. Warren, 1887-8. Winthrop, Andrew Wood, 1820, '21, '22,
'23, "30; Thomas Fillebrown, 1824, '27, '29, '31; Nathan Howard, 1825,
'26; Isaac Moore, jun., 1828; Samuel Clark, 1832, '33; Samuel P. Benson,
1834, '35; Dr.Ezekiel Holmes, 1836, '37, '38, '39, '40, '51; Nathan Foster,
1841, '42; Samuel Wood, jun., 1843; Francis Perley, 1845; Thomas C.
Wood, 1847; Francis Fuller, 1849; Ezekiel Bailey, 1853; Benjamin H.
Cushman, 1855; William H. Parlin, 1857; John M. Benjamin, 1859;
Francis E. Webb, 1861, '65; P. C. Bradford, 1863; David Cargill, 1866;
John May, 1868, '70; Dr. Albion P. Snow, 1871; George A. Longfellow.
1874; Amos Wheeler, 1875; Silas T. Floyd, 1876; Elliot Wood, 1879;
Abijah R. Crane, 1880; Reuben T. Jones, 1881-2; Rutillas Alden,
1887-8; John E. Brainard, 1891-2. Unity Plantation, Francis B. Lane,
1869.
The Speakers of the Maine House from Kennebec county have
been: George Evans, Gardiner, in 1829; Benjamin White, Monmouth,
1831; J. H. Drummond, Waterville, 1858; William T. Johnson, Au-
gusta, 1859; James G. Blaine, Augusta, 1861; W. A. P. Dillingham,
Waterville, 1865; Reuben Foster. Waterville, 1870; Edmund F. Webb,
Waterville, 1873; George E. Weeks, Augusta, 1880; J. Manchester
Haynes, Augusta, 1883.
County Officers. — The successive sheriffs of Kennebec county
since the incorporation of Maine, in 1820, have been: Jesse Robinson,
Hallowell. who began serving in 1820; Benjamin White, Monmouth,
in 1832; George W. Stanley, Winthrop, 1834; Gustavus A. Benson, Win-
throp, 1838; Eben F. Bacon, Waterville, 1839; William Dorr. Water-
ville, 1841; James R. Bachelder, Readfield, 1842; Ebenezer Shaw,
China, 1850; Charles N. Bodfish, Gardiner, 1851; John A. Pettingil,
Augusta, 1854; Benjamin H. Gilbreth, Readfield, 1855; John A. Pet-
tingil, Augusta. 1856; Benjamin H. Gilbreth, Readfield, 1857; John
Hatch, China. 1861; Charles Hewins, Augusta, 1867; Asher H. Barton,
Benton, 1871; William H. Libby, Augusta, 1875; George R. Stevens,
Belgrade, 1881; Charles R. McFadden, Augusta, 1885; and Greenlief
T. Stevens, Augusta, since January 1, 1889.
The present sheriff of Kennebec county is Major Greenlief T.
Stevens, of Augusta, now completing his fourth year of faithful and
efficient service. Although educated to a profession and thoroughly
identified with civil affairs, he is best known and probably destined
to be longest remembered by his military career. Facts are the only
fast colors in history. The facts that hold a life like his, fully repre-
sent the actor, without comment or commendation. He comes of
92 HISTORY UF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
patriotic stock. His grandfather, William Stevens, came from Leba-
non, in York county, and settled in Belgrade about the year 1796, and
was a soldier in the revolutionary war. Daniel and Mahala (Smith)
Stevens, daughter of Captain Samuel Smith of Belgrade, where he
was born August 20, 1831, were his parents. A farm life, a happy
home and a country school, supplemented by the advantages of the
Titcomb Belgrade Academy, and of the Litchfield Liberal Institute,
were the good fortune of his childhood and youth. Then he applied
his talents and acquirements for several years to teaching school, a
part of the time in the South.
By that time the purpose of his future was settled and Jie went to
Augusta and read law with Hon. Samuel Titcomb till 1860, when he
obtained admission to the Cumberland bar. Wishing the best possi-
ble equipment, he then took the regular course at the Harvard Law
School, fromi which he graduated in August, 1861, receiving the de-
gree of LL.B.
In the meantime the first cloudburst of the impending] rebellion
had captured Fort Sumter and fired the patriotism of every truly
American heart. Instantly the inherited hero blood of the citizen
dominated over the professional ambitions of the lawyer, and with
his own name at the head of the roll, he recruited at his own expense,
a large number of men for the Fifth Maine Battery, and tendered his
services to Governor Washburn. From the Maine adjutant general's
report it appears that on December 14, 1861, he was commissioned
first lieutenant in that battery, and on January 31, 1862, was mu.stered
into the United States service for three years. In May he joined the
army at Fredericksburg, Va., and served successively under McDowell,
Pope, McClellan, Mead, Grant and Sheridan. At the battle of Fred-
ericksburg he was temporarilj' in command of the Fifth Battery, and
at the battle of Chancellorsville was wounded in the left side by a
fragment of a shell. He was promoted captain, June 21st, and at the
battle of Gettysburg, July 2d, received another wound, a ball passing
through both legs, below the knee. In July, 1864, he was detached
from the army of the Potomac with the Sixth Corps and proceeded to
Washington for its defense. Subsequently joining the army of the
Shenandoah under Sheridan, he was engaged in the three great bat-
tles which resulted in the complete destruction of the rebel army
under Early. On February 14, 1865, he was appointed major by
brevet, to take rank from October 19, 1864, for gallant and meritorious
conduct at the battles of Cold Harbor, Winchester and Cedar Creek.
Major Stevens was mustered out of the United States service with his
battery, at Augusta, Me.. July 6, 1865.
An extract from The Cannoneer in describing the battle of Cedar
Creek, October 19, 1864, under Sheridan, reads:
-^c^^-^^-t^^^^
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 98
" At the time when Getty's division was fighting in its second
position Stevens, who had apparently been retiring in the interval
between the right of Getty and the left of Wheaton, formed his bat-
tery on the knoll opposite the right flank of Warner's Brigade and
opened a tremendous fire of canister on that part of the enemy's line
which was advancing to envelope Warner. These must have been
Kershaw's troops, but there was another Rebel division coming up
still beyond Kershaw over the ground vacated by our First Division.
This, according to Early's account, was Gordon's division, and one
brigade of it started to charge Stevens' Battery. According to the
best information immediately after the battle or since, there was no
infantry of the First Division within supporting distance of Stevens
at that moment, as that division was then reforming at from one-third
to one-half a mile in his rear. But he stood his ground and repulsed
the charge of Gordon's troops, who did not get more than half way up
the acclivity of the knoll he was holding, and who, according to Gen.
Early's account, ' recoiled in considerable confusion.' "
On a document requesting his promotion General Wright, com-
manding the Sixth Corps, endonsed: " The gallant and important ser-
vices rendered by Captain Stevens of which I was personally cogni-
zant make it my duty to bring his merits before the authorities of his
state and to ask for him at their hands such acknowledgment in the
way of promotion as it is in their power to bestow." General Sheri-
dan endorsed the recommendation as " highly approved."
Describing the great crisis in the battle of Winchester the field
correspondent of the Nezv York IVor/d saxA: " The moment was a fear-
ful one; such a sight rarely occurs more than once in any battle, as
was presented on the open space between two pieces of woodland into
which the cheering enemy poured. The whole line, reckless of bul-
lets, even of the shell of our battery, constantly advanced. Captain
Stevens' battery, the Fifth Maine, posted immediately in their front,
poured its fire unflinchingly into their columns to the last. A staff
officer riding up warned it to the rear, to save it from capture. It did
not move — the men of the battery loading and firing with the regu-
larity and precision of a field day. The foe advanced to a point wnthin
two hundred yards of the muzzles of Captain Stevens' guns." Colonel
C. H. Tompkins, chief of artillery. Sixth Corps, .said: " However try-
ing the circumstances Captain Stevens has always been found equal
to the occasion."
After the war Major Stevens returned to his profession and opened
a law office in West Waterville, now Oakland, where he bad a lucra-
tive practice, being employed in nearly every case in that vicinity.
During the score of years of Mr. Stevens' professional life he has
built up a most enviable reputation, not only for knowledge of the law
but for what is still more important, complete devotion to his clients'
interests. His fellow citizens expressed their respect and confidence
by placing him in the legislature in 1875, where he was a most useful
-94 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
member of the judiciar}' committee. In 1877 he was promoted to the
state senate, serving as chairman of the committee on legal affairs.
He was also a member of the committee on railroads and military
affairs. Reelected to the senate of 1878, he was chairman of the com-
mittee on the judiciary. In 1882 he was commissioned colonel and
assigned to duty as chief of staff First Division Maine Militia, under
Major General Joshua L. Chamberlain. He is a member of the Maine
Gettysburg Commission, and is widely known in Grand Army circles.
He was first elected to the office of sheriff in 1888 and was reelected
in 1890. His administration of the affairs of this important office, and
his management of the criminal department have been characterized
by economy, efficiency and good judgment.
Major Stevens' wife is Mary Ann, daughter of Richard Yeaton, 2d,
a prominent citizen of Belgrade. They have had four children: Jesse;
Don Carlos, a Unitarian minister now located in Fairhaven, Mass.; Ala,
and Rupert — the first and two latter now deceased.
The first deed recorded in this county bears the date 1783. Only
.a few transfers are recorded, however, while Augusta was a half shire-
•town, and until the regular series of dates beginning with 1799. Those
who have served the county in the capacity of registers of deeds are:
Henry Sewall, from June 12, 1799; John Hovey, April 10, 1816; J. R.
Abbott, December 29, 1836; John Richards, January 1, 1842; Alanson
Starks, November 1, 1844; J. A. Richards, January 1, 1858; Archibald
■Clark, January 1, 1868; William M. Stratton, September 23, 1870; P.
M. Fogler, November 12, 1870. The present efficient system of the
-office was largely inaugurated during Major Fogler's long term of
service, and he compiled the elaborate indexes now in use. His suc-
cessor, George R. Smith, of Winthrop, took the office January 1, 1892.
The following have served as treasurers of Kennebec county.
Accompanying their names are the dates on which their respective
terms of office began: Joshua Gage, Augusta, 1810; Daniel Stone,
Augusta, 1832; Daniel Pike, Augusta, 1838, died in office, July 1, 1868;
John Wheeler, of Farmingdale, who was appointed to fill the vacancy,
-served until 1869; Alanson Starks, Augusta, 1869; Mark Rollins, Al-
bion, 1879; and James E. Blanchard, Chelsea, 1889. Mr. Blanchard is
a .son of Edwin H. Blanchard, of Chelsea, where he was born in 18.57.
He was educated there, and in Hallowell Classical School, and Dirigo
Business College. He was elected town clerk of Chelsea in 1879, and
after holding various town offices, was elected county treasurer in
1888.
Asylum for the Insane.— Prior to 1839 Maine had no state pro-
vision for the care of the insane. The several towns provided in
various indifferent ways for such unfortunates as were in indigent
-circumstances, while dangerous lunatics were simply restrained in the
common prisons, which were wholly without means of care or relief.
', /- ' »_ 1
^a/i£^/72<^—
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTION'S. 95
The cardinal motive in building a state asylum was to provide better
■care for such. Now any indigent person within the state may be ad-
mitted upon proper order, and the town in which such person has a
settlement is charged chiefly with, the expense; but a person within
the state not having a settlement may be cared for wholly at the ex-
pense of the state. The attention of the legislature was first called
to the subject in 1830, by Governor Jonathan G. Hunton; but nothing
•definite was done until 1834, when Governor Dunlap urged that a sys-
tematic and suitable provision be made by the state for the relief of
her insane. Petitions to that end and in regard to a location followed
from various parts of the state, and these, with that part of the gov-
ernor's message pertaining to it, were referred to a legislative com-
mittee, which reported in favor of the establishment of such an insti-
tution.
On the 8th of March, 1834, the legislature appropriated $20,000 for
the purpose, upon condition that a like sum should be raised by indi-
vidual donations within one year. Before the time limit was reached
Reuel Williams of Augusta and Benjamin Brown of Vassalboro each
agreed to contribute $10,000 for the purpose. Mr. Brown in his dona-
tion proposed to convey to the state as a site, two hundred acres of
land, lying on the Kennebec river in Vassalboro, and would consent
to a sale of the estate, if advisable to build elsewhere. The legisla-
ture accepted the land, which was sold for $4,000 and the present more
eligible site was selected in Augusta, on the eastern bank of the Ken-
nebec, nearly opposite the state house, for which $3,000 was-paid.
Reuel Williams, who was appointed a commissioner to erect the hos-
pital, sent John B. Lord, of Hallowell, to examine similar institutions,
and the general plan of the asylum at Worce>^ter, Mass., was adopted.
During 1836 contracts were made and materials collected, but in March,
1837, Mr. Williams resigned the office and John H. Hartwell was ap-
pointed, under whose supervision the work was carried on one year.
In March, 1838, a further appropriation of $29,500 was made to complete
the exterior, and Charles Keene was appointed in place of Mr. Hart-
well. In 1840 a further appropriation of $28,000 was made to com-
plete the wings, and on the 14th of October one of the 126 rooms was
•occupied by the first patient.
Dr. Cyrus Knapp, of Winthrop, was appointed superintendent and
physician; Dr. Chauncey Booth, jun., assistant; Henry Winslow, steward,
•and Mrs. Catherine Win.slow, matron. In 1846-7 appropriations of
■$29,400 were made to erect a new wing, which was completed during
1848 and provided for seventy-five additional male patients.
Doctor Knapp resigned early in 1841 and was succeeded in August
by Dr. Isaac Ray, of Eastport, whose first edition of Medical J urispru-
■dence had recently appeared. During his three years here he re-wrote
the work and published the second edition, which became authority
96 HISTORY OF KEXNEBEC COUNTY.
in Europe as well as in America. He was succeeded March 19, 1845,
by Dr. James Bates, the father of Dr. James Bates of Yarmouth, and
formerly a member of congress from Norridgewock. He remained
until after the terrible fire of ISSO. This fire, in which twenty-seven
patients and one attendant lost their lives, occurred on the early morn-
ing of December 4th. The building was immediately repaired and
was occupied before the close of 1850, and Dr. Henry M. Harlow, who
came as assistant to Doctor Bates in June, 1845, was made superintend-
ent June 17, 1851. During that and the following year $49,000 was
appropriated to rebuild and improve the buildings, which were thor-
oughly and safely heated by steam. By 1854 facilities were ample for
250 patients, and the fact that this capacity was often fully taxed, co i-
firms the judgment of its founders.
Doctor Harlow is a native of Westminster, Vt., a graduate from
the Berkshire Medical School of Pittsfield, and before coming to
Augusta had been assistant physician in the Vermont Asylum at Brat-
tleboro. After thirt3'-two years of faithful and appreciated service
to the state and to mankind, he resigned his control of the institution
and is passing his later years in quiet life at his home in Augusta.
His resignation, tendered some time previous, was accepted on the 18th
of April, 1883, on the appointment of his successor. Dr. Bigelow T.
Sanborn, who had been his assistant for more than sixteen years.
Doctor Sanborn was born July 11, 1839, in Standish, Me., his an-
cestors having been substantial residents of Cumberland county since
his grandfather was in the revolutionary war. He received his earlier
education in select and town schools and in Limington Academy, and
subsequently studied medicine in Portland Medical School, but took
his degree from Bowdoin Medical School. When he was first offered
a place in the institution as assistant superintendent it was through
the advice of the medical faculty of Bowdoin, where he had graduated
June 6, 1866,- only ten days before entering here, upon his career now
covering a quarter of a century. After accepting the superintendency
of the asylum in 1883, Doctor Sanborn spent a few months investigat-
ing the workings of similar institutions, thus bringing to the manage-
ment of this, the most modern theories of the schools and the medi-
cal profession, as well as a personal knowledge of the most approved
features in the practical workings of the best asylums.
The accompanying landscape illustration shows the asylum and its
beautiful surroundings in 1892. The view is from the northwest, looking
from the river. The farm of four hundred acres belonging to the state
reaches into the left background of the picture, and also includes some
broad fields sloping west to the river bank, showing models of thrifty
and profitable farming. The two large hospital buildings in the center
background of the view were erected by Doctor Sanborn in 1888 and
1889; in fact less than half of the present equipment of the institution
^a^/i^u/- J. J) eM^U^^^^^^^-^^
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 97
was in existence when he came here in 1S66, and nearly half of the
buildings have been erected and occupied under his supervision. It is
a great credit to the commonwealth — the existence and efficiency of so
liberal a charity to unfortunate humanity — and it is only just to a
broad-minded, capable public servant to note here that this noble in-
stitution under the liberal provisions of the state has reached its most
important period thus far within the decade marked by the manage-
ment of Dr. Bigelow T. Sanborn.
The first directors -were: Reuel Williams of Augusta, Benjamin
Brown of Vassalboro, and William C. Larrabee. In 1843 these direc-
tors were superseded by four trustees, which number was subse-
quently increased to six, one of whom must be a woman. Kennebec
county has been represented in the board of tru.stees by Dr. Amos
Nourse and Dr. John Hubbard, Hallowell; Hon. J. H. Hartwell, Hon.
J. L. Cutler, Dr. William B. Lapham, Hon. J. H. Manley, George E.
Weeks, J. W. Chase and Mrs. C. A. Quimby, Augusta; Dr. A. P. vSnow,
Winthrop; Hon. Edward Swan and R. H. Gardiner, Gardiner; John
Ware, Waterville; and Mrs. E.J. Torsey. The pay is merely nominal
and the board has included other philanthropic gentlemen, who have
given the institution their attention in sympathy with the generous
purpose of its earlier friends. The trustees in 1891 were: Frederick
Robie, M. D., William H. Hunt, M. D., George E. Weeks, of Augusta;
Mrs. E. J. Torsey, of Kents Hill; Lyndon Oak and R. B. Shepherd.
The resident ofScers are: Bigelow T. Sanborn, M. D., superintendent;
H. B. Hill, AI. D., asst. sup.; George D. Rowe, M. D., second asst.;
Emmer Virginia Baker, M. D., third asst.; P. H. S. Vaughan, M. D.,
fourth asst.; Manning vS. Campbell, steward and treas.; and Alice G.
Twitchell, matron.
Educational Institutions. — Before Maine was a state, Massa-
chusetts had made broad and liberal provisions for popular education,
and from, then until now we find in this county well equipped schools
besides those supported by the several cities and towns. The laws of
Massachusetts provided for elementary English schools in every town
containing sixty families, and a grammar school in every town con-
taining two hundred; when Maine became a state she changed this,
requiring schools in every town, each town to raise annually forty cents
per capita and distribute the same to the districts in proportion to the
pupils in them. In 1825 this school fund averaged $47.75 for each dis-
trict; but from the first the amount actually raised averaged more than
the law required.
In compliance with a petition addressed to the general court, in
which it was stated that no public school existed between Exeter, N.
H., and the eastern boundary of Maine, a tract three hundred miles
broad, and embracing a population of 100,000, an act was passed
98 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
March o, 1791, establishing an academy at Hallowell. The following
June the corporation was endowed with a township of unappropriated
land; four years later the building was completed and the school
opened, with Mr. Woodman as principal. In its years of prosperity,
many who subsequently became eminent in professional vocations
availed themselves of the advantages which this school afforded.
Next to Hallowell Academy, the first school in Maine which em-
braced in its curriculum a complete college preparatory course, was
Monmouth Academy, which was incorporated as a free grammar
school in 1803, and as an academy in 1809. Among the alumni of this
institution, which is treated more exhau.stively in the chapter devoted
to the history of Monmouth, are found some of the leading statesmen
and professional men in the country.
In 1813 the Maine Literary and Theological Institution was incor-
porated, for the education of young men for the Baptist ministry. In
June, 1820, the powers of the school were enlarged, and authority
given to confer the usual university degrees. In the following Feb-
ruary its name was changed to Waterville College. The state of Mas-
sachusetts granted the school about 38,000 acres of land, and in 1829
the college had buildings valued at $14,000, a library of 1,700 volumes
and other permanent property aggregating $29,500. The first build-
ing erected was a house for the president, who instructed the students
in a private house from 1818, when he accepted the position of pro-
fessor in theology, until 1821, when the dormitory now known as South
College was completed. In 1822 Chaplin Hall was begun, and in 1832
and 1837, respectively, two other large buildings were added.
In 1862 Maine granted the institution two half townships of land,
in addition to a former endowment of an annuity of $1,000 for seven
years succeeding its incorporation as a college. A manual labor depart-
ment was established in 1830, with a view to lighten the expenses of
the institution, but after a thorough trial the project was abandoned
and the shops and tools sold.
The munificent gift of $50,000 from Gardiner Colby, of Xewton,
Mass., in 1864, and $100,000 received from other sources, placed the col-
lege on a secure basis, and led to the title Colby University, which it has
borne since January, 1867. In 1871 women were first admitted on equal
terms with young men. There are three academical institutions in
Maine controlled by the trustees of Colby University, from which
pupils are admitted to the college on presentation of a diploma — Heb-
ron Academy, Ricker Institute and Coburn Classical Institute. Jere-
miah Chaplin, D. D., was president from 1822, succeeded by Rufus
Babcock, D. D., in 1833; Robert E. Pattison, D. D., 1836; E. Fay, A. M.,
1841; David N. Sheldon, 1843; R. E. Pattison again, 1854; and James
T. Champlin, 1857 to 1873.
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 99
The president of Colby University from 1873 to 1882 was Rev.
Henry E. Robins, followed by Rev. G. D. B. Pepper, D. D., who served
until 1889, when he was succeeded by Albion Woodbury Small, Ph. D.,
born May 11, 1854, at Buckfield, Me. He graduated from Portland
High School in 1872, from Colby University in the class of '76, and
three years later from Newton Theological Institute. He went to
Germany in 1879, where he spent one year each at the universities of
Berlin and Leipsic. In the fall of 1881 he began his work at Colby
in the chair of history and political economy, where his abilit}^ as an
educator soon became apparent, and in 1889 he was made president.
He is the youngest president, that Colby has ever had, and the first
graduate of the institution to hold that office. His depth and origi-
nality of thought, and his earnest, straightforward and powerful dic-
tion never fail to command the attention of his listeners, whether in
sermon or lecture.*
Coburn Classical Institute was founded in 1829, a s.Waterville Acad-
emy. Hon. Timothy Boutelle had given a lot for the purpose, and by
the earnest efforts of Dr. Jeremiah Chaplin and others a suitable
building was erected. The school went into operation under the charge
of Henry W. Paine, a senior in Waterville College, now Hon. Henry
W. Paine, LL. D., of Boston. He was assisted by Josiah Hodges,
jun., a fellow student in the college. Robert W. Wood had charge of
the school a part of the term. George I. Chase was principal from
August, 1830, until May, 1831. In August, 1831, Henry Paine, a grad-
uate of Waterville College, took charge of the school, and kept his
place for five years. He was succeeded by Mr. Freeman and he by
Moses Burbank, who stayed but a few months. His successor was
Lorenzo B. Allen. In 1837 Charles R. Train, afterward attorney gen-
eral of Massachusetts, took his place. For the next five years the
•office was filled by several different persons, among whom were
Charles H. Wheeler and Nathaniel B. Rogers, a nephew of Hon.
Timothy Boutelle.
In the winter of 1841-2 the trustees of the college gave up the
charge of the school and it was incorporated and Rev. Dr. Nathaniel
Butler, was put in charge. In 1843 Dr. James H. Hanson took charge
and in September became principal. In 184.'5 another room was fitted
up and Miss Roxana F. Han.scom was employed to teach a department
for girls. When Doctor Hanson took the school there were but five
pupils. In 1853 the 308 pupils demanded another teacher, and George
B. Gow was employed as assistant. Doctor Hanson resigned in 1854,
and Mr. Gow was principal until 1855, after which James T. Bradbury
was principal until 1857, Isaac vS. Hamblen until 1861. Ransom E.
Norton, Randall E. Jones and John W. Lamb were principals succes-
*Doctor Small has accepted the head professorship of social science in Chicago
University. October, 1892.— [Ed.
TOO
ISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUXTV.
sively until 186;"). The trustees then made over their trust to the
trustees of the college. The name was changed to Waterville Classi-
calTnstitute, with a three years' (subsequently four years') collegiate
course for young ladies, and Doctor Hanson was persuaded to return
as principal, which position he still occupies. In 1883 Governor Abner
Coburn gave the school its present elegant building in Waterville,
and the institution has since been known as Coburn Classical Institute.
T " Dr. James H. Hanson, the present principal of the institute,
is a native of China, Me., having been born there June 26, 1816. At
the age of eighteen he left the farm to attend China Academy, where
COBURN CLASSICAL INSTITUTE.
he was fitted for college, and graduated from Colby University in the
class of '42. He began teaching in 1835, and taught each winter until
his graduation. Since that time he has taught continuously, and in
this period of fifty years he has not been absent from the school room
a week altogether from any cause. He became principal of Water-
ville Academy in 1843, continuing until 1854, when he took charge of
the high school of Eastport, Me., and three years later he became
principal of the Portland High School for boys, where he remained
until 1865, then returned to Waterville, and has since been the untir-
ing and energetic principal.
civil. HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 101
In 1835 the legislature incorporated the Waterville Liberal Insti-
tute, and December 12, 1836, the school was opened under the auspices
of the Universalist society, with fifty-four pupils under Nathaniel M.
Whitmore as principal. In 1850 a female department was added and
the school flourished until 1855, when the growth of Westbrook Sem-
inary sufficiently filled the field. Mr. Whitmore's successors were: T.
G. Kimball, Rev. J. P. Weston, P. L. Chandler, J. H. Withington, T.
W. Herrick, Rev. H. B. Maglathlin, J. M. Palmer, Hon. H. M. Plaisted
and J. W. Butterfield.
In 1815 Judge Cony, of Augusta, erected, entirely at his own ex-
pense, a building for a female seminary. The structure, which stood
on the corner of Cony and Bangor streets, was completed in great
secrecy, and until the seats and desks with which it was furnished
arrived, no one but the judge knew the purpose for which it was
intended. On Christmas day, 1815, he presented the academy to a
board of trustees appointed by himself. In 1818 the institution was
incorporated as Cony Female Academy, when it was further endowed
by its munificent patron. The legislature, in 1827, granted half a
township of state land, and Benjamin Bussey, of Boston, donated a
tract of land in Sidney. On the strength of these endowments, a
commodious brick boarding house and dormitory was erected on the
corner of Bangor and Myrtle streets.
In 1825 the school had fifty girls in attendance. Board was quoted
at $1.25 per week and tuition $20 per annum. The donation of $3,225
by the founder, together with the funds derived from the sale of lands
given by the state, raised the permanent fund of the school $9,985.
At that time the library, also donated, embraced 1,200 volumes. The
school having outgrown its accommodations, in 1844, Bethlehem
church, a structure erected by the Unitarian society in 1827, was pur-
chased and remodeled for its use, the old building being sold for a
private residence. With the growth of Augusta's splendid free school
system, the academy disappears, but the generous founder is remem-
bered in name of the Cony High School of that city.
Through the liberality of Mr. Luther vSampson, of Kents Hill, the
Readfield Religious and Charitable Society was incorporated in 1821.
One of the multifarious designs of this organization was that of estab-
lishing a school, on land donated by Mr. Sampson, for in.struction in
experimental Christianity, theology, literature, and a practical knowl-
edge of agriculture and the mechanic arts. By a new charter, granted
in 1825, the corporation adopted the title Maine Wesleyan Seminary,
and was united with a religious boarding school which had been estab-
lished by Elihu Robinson at Augusta. Mr. Robinson removed to Kents
Hill where, by means of an endowment of $10,000 by Mr. Sampson,
buildings for the school were erected, and assumed the duties of prin-
cipal. Thinking to further the designs of the founders to furnish
102 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
the means of acquiring a liberal education at small cost, a manual
labor department was established, with the usual unhappy result.
In 1841 the institution had almost succumbed to adversity. At
this juncture Dr. Stephen Allen became principal, and under his man-
agement and the indefatigable efforts of his successor, Dr. Henry P.
Torsey, who was elected president in 1844, the institution was relieved
of many of its embarrassments and gradually rose to prominence. It
is now the largest and best equipped academical institution in the
state. In addition to its regular classical and scientific departments,
it supports a female college, founded about 1830, a conservatory of
music, an art department and a commercial college.
The Gardiner Lyceum, founded in 1822, being an important agri-
cultural school, is fully noticed in the chapter on agriculture, and an
account of Oak Grove Seminary, at Vassalboro, will be found in the
chapter on the Society of Friends.
About 1821 an academy was started in a small building at China
village, on the bank of the lake, where the district school house now
stands. John S. Abbott, a popular lawyer; E. P. Lovejoy, a martyr in
the cause of freedom in anti-slavery days; Rev. Henry Paine, Rev.
Hadley Proctor, and others were among the preceptors. A new and
spacious brick academy was subsequently erected at China village, in
which many young men have been fitted for college. Hon. Japheth
C. Washburn procured the charter of this academy, and with his own
hands felled and prepared for hewing the first stick of timber for the
building. The institution was endowed by the state with a grant of
state lands to the value of $10,000. This school stood high in public
estimate as an educational institution for many years. The stock-
holders held their annual elections and meetings until 1887, when the
property was deeded to the school district for educational purposes.
Belgrade Titcomb Academy, founded in 1829, was named in honor
of Samuel Titcomb, through whose efforts, together with those of
John Pitts, its establishment was made possible. The academy build-
ing was a large, two story brick structure, and fromi its situation on
the summit of Belgrade hill commanded one of the grandest views
in Kennebec county. The institution was incorporated, and its man-
agement was in the hands of a board of trustees elected annually.
Here were taught the higher branches, unknown to the common
schools, as well as ancient and modern languages, and students of
both sexes came from many of the neighboring towns. In its most
prosperous days over a hundred pupils were in attendance. A lyceum,
connected with it during its whole existence, formed no unimportant
part of its course. Among its teachers and pupils were many who
have since won high names for themselves. Regular terms of the
academy were held each year until about 1865, when lack of financial
support and the introduction of free high schools in many of the sur-
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 103
rounding towns were the chief reasons for closing its doors. In June,
1885, the edifice was burned under suspicious circumstances. The
first principal of the academy was William Farmer, and among others
who acted as principals in subsequent years were Thomas Hubbard,
Horace Austin, Charles K. Hutchins, D. F. Goodrich, Milford T. Mer-
chant, Mr. Grant, Mr. Matthews and Mr. Adams. A few bricks in an
open field now mark the spot where once flourished this, the only in-
stitution of higher education ever in that part of the county.
Litchfield Academy was incorporated in 1845. It was endowed by
the state in 1849 with half a township of land in Aroostook county,
and in 1891 with an annuity of $500 for ten years. The building
which is now occupied by the school was erected in 1852. [See
Litchfield.]
Butler's Female Seminary, a private school for young ladies, located
at East Winthrop, was, in its day, one of the most popular and best
patronized educational institutions in Maine. It was founded and
conducted by Rev. Mr. Butler.
The West Gardiner Academy was built and incorporated in 1858.
It was also used as a place of worship by the First Free Baptist Soci-
ety. The building has long since ceased to be used for educational
purposes.
Jenness Towle made provisions by will for a Winthrop Academy,
stipulating that his gift should revert to Bangor Theological Seminary
unless the town made use of the bequest within a limited time. In
1855 the town erected a building for a town hall and academy, using
the bequest, and thus Towle Academy began a period of usefulness,
merging about 1876 in the subsequent period of the present high
school of the town. The first principal was John Walker May, now
of Lewiston.
St. Catherine's Hall was established by members of St. Mark's
parish, Augusta, aided by friends outside of the diocese, in 1868. For
several years prior a small denominational school for girls had been
conducted in a private house on the east side of the river, under the
patronage of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Lambard. At an expense of
$18,000 a large private residence was purchased and remodeled for
the accommodation of the school. But such was the growth of the
institution under its able management that it became necessary to
erect the present beautiful structure on the east side of the river.
Hallowell Classical Institute was organized in 1S73, and the new
buildings erected for its occupancy were dedicated January 14th of
the following year. It was designed for a preparatory school for
Bowdoin College and for a seminary for young ladies, and incidentally
became a local school of higher grade than the regular city schools.
For sixteen years it did good work in its broad field of usefulness,
but want of means proved too great an obstacle to be overcome after
104
HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
the summer term in 1889. Its first principal was Rev. Vincent Moses.
His successors were: Rev. Almon W. Burr, 1876-82; Lawrence Rolfe,
A.B., 1883-5, and Rev. Edward Chase, 1886-9.
The Maine Industrial School for Girls was organized at Hallowell
in 1872. The purpose of the institution is to afford girls who are
thrown upon their own resources at an early age the advantages and
influences of home training. The school is convened in a large, well-
planned brick building on the crown of a high hill overlooking the
city, and is supported by appropriations from the state and private
contributions and donations. Since the organization of the institu-
tion between three and four
hundred have found in it an asylum, and
of these a large number, after a short tuition, have been received into
good homes in private families. The board of managers and trus-
tees, of which the governor, secretary of state and superintendent of
common schools are members c.r officio, are appointed by the state.
The Erskine School, at China, was founded in 1883, by Mrs. Sul-
livan Erskine, who purchased at Chadwick's Corners the church build-
ing which, in 1891, was enlarged and fitted for the growing wants of
the school. Here under the principalship of William J. Thompson,
many j'oung people are receiving a serviceable article of real learning.
Professor Thompson was born in Knox county and was educated at
the Castine Normal School. He taught at South Thomaston and in
i.l}6.^PU.
civil. HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 105
the Searsport High School until 1883, when he came to China as the
first principal of this school, which has flourished under his manage-
ment.
The Dirigo Business College is located at Augusta. The modern
business training school is the result of- a revolution in methods of
preparing for business pursuits, which once were thought to involve
a liberal scientific, if not a classical, course in seminary or college. A
private business school— the first in the interior of Maine — was opened
in Augusta in 1863, by David M. Waitt. He was a good teacher and
the school became popular and useful under his management, and
subsequently the legislature granted it a charter as the Dirigo Busi-
ness College. In May, 1880, Mr. Waitt was succeeded by the present
principal, R. B. Capen, who, with an able corps of teachers, has en-
larged the usefulness and increased the popularity of this college,
whose graduates include many of the younger professional and busi-
ness men in this part of the state. Mr. Capen is a native of Massa-
chusetts, where he was master of the Norwood High School and prin-
cipal of the Dowse Academy in Sherborn.
The Maine State Library was founded in 1839 and its little collec-
tion of 3,349 volumes was under the charge of the secretary of state.
Twenty-two years later, when the collection had reached 11,000 vol-
umes, the office of state librarian was created and George G. Stacy be-
came its first incumbent. His successors have been: Joseph T. Wood-
ward, John D. Myrick, Josiah S. Hobbs and Leonard D. Carver. In
1892, the collection having reached 45,000 volumes, was removed to
the new wing of the capitol building.
In October, 1872, J. S. Hobbs, then of Oxford county, was appointed
state librarian, and in the following January removed to Augusta,
where he resided during the long period of service by which he is
now best known to the people of Kennebec county.
He was born in Chatham, N. H., June 27, 1828, and with his father,
James Hobbs, removed to P'ryeburg, where he was educated, and at
eighteen years of age began teaching for a time, as his father for
nearly thirty years had done. From the Fryeburg schools he at-
tended the Norway Liberal Institute, when Hon. Mark H. Donnell
was principal, and in 1850 took the English prize for prose declama-
tion. Four years later, after reading law under D. R. Hastings, he
was admitted to the bar of Oxford county and began practice in
Waterford in 1855. The son of a whig, who was twice elected to the
state .senate, Mr. Hobbs was active in the organization of the republi-
can party in Oxford county, and in 1857 and 1858 represented his dis-
trict in the legislature. Beginning in January, 1861, he was register
of probate of Oxford county for twelve years and was two years a
trial justice at the county seat.
The efficiency of his .service in the State Library, as well as his
106 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
general bearing in the extensive intercourse with the public, made
his administration popular and must have increased to the state the
usefulness of the institution. In November, 1890, in his sixth term,
he resigned the position and retired to his country place in a beauti-
ful and picturesque spot in Litchfield, where he is enjoying rural
peace and domestic happiness. His wife, Emelin, is a daughter of
Stevens Smith, of Waterford, Oxford county. Me.
L. D. Carver, the present librarian, was educated as a lawyer, but
in 1870 he went West, where he was principal of high schools. Re-
turning to Waterville in 1876, he was admitted to the bar and for six
years was city clerk. He served on the school board and was the
author of the school provisions in the city charter. His military ser-
vice, covering two years and three months,^was with the '2d Maine
Infantry. His wife, Mary C. Low, was the first lady graduate of
Colby, class of '75.
LTnited States Arsenal.— An act passed the United States sen-
ate in 1827, providing for the establishment of an arsenal at Augusta
for the safe storage of arms and munitions for the protection of the
northern and eastern frontier. Beginning with the meager appro-
priation of $15,000, the government, as the advantages of the location
for a general storage depot became more apparent, made further ap-
propriations aggregating $90,000.
On June 14, 1828, the corner-stone of the main building was laid.
This building is one hundred feet long, thirty wide and three stories
high, with a storage capacity of 7,128 muskets. The following year
two magazines, capable of holding 914 barrels of powder, store-houses,
officers' quarters, barracks, stable and shops were erected. These
buildings, nearly all of which are of rough granite, occupy a forty
acre lot, all of which is surrounded by a high iron fence. Fixed am-
munition and war rockets were prepared here during the civil war
and the war with Mexico. Among commanders of this institution
who afterward secured national fame, are General O. O. Howard, of
the United States Army, and Lieutenant Anderson, the hero of Fort
Sumter.
National Soldiers' Home.— As early as 1810 a mineral spring
was discovered in a meadow in the town of Chelsea, which, on account
of the sulphurous odor it emitted, was popularly known as the "Gun-
powder Spring." The water gained more than a local reputation of
healing malignant humors, and was for several years in considerable
demand. The spring and a large tract of surrounding land were pur-
chased in 1858, by Mr. Horace Beals, of Rockland, who, the following
year erected, at an expense of many thousands of dollars, a magnifi-
cently appointed hotel, which he opened in June, 1859, as a fashiona-
ble watering place.
At any. other period than that of the civil war such an enterprise
CIVIL HISTORY AND INSTITUTIONS. 107
might have flourished: but under the depressing events which fol-
lowed it proved an utter failure. After two or three years of weak
existence it was closed to the public, and in 1866, after his decease, it
was sold for $50,000 to the United States government for an asylum
for disabled veterans. In 1867 the building had been remodeled and
two hundred ex-soldiers had availed themselves of the refuge thus
afforded. As it was evident that the accommodations would shortly
be insufficient to meet the constantly increasing demand, proceedings
were instituted for the erection of new buildings capable of accom-
modating five hundred men. A brick hospital was soon erected, and
plans for the erection of a large chapel and workshop were beginning
to materialize when the principal building was destroyed by fire.
This casualty, which occurred late in the evening of January 7,
1868, turned the inmates, many of whom were confined to their beds
with sickness, into the piercing frosts of a midwinter's night. The
sick were placed on the snow until they could be removed to private
houses, while those who were able to be carried so long a distance,
were quartered in Waverly Hall, at Augusta. The hospital, which was
not seriously damaged, was hastily prepared for barracks, and earl}' in
the spring three large brick buildings were commenced, each of which
was nearly one hundred feet in length. These were placed contigu-
ous to the hospital, so as to form a hollow square surrounding an ample
courtyard. With these were erected a large amusement hall, work-
shop, barn and a residence for the commanding officers, all of which
were constructed of brick manufactured on the spot. The hall was de-
stroyed by fire in the spring of 1871, at a loss of about $20,000. A
smaller building has been erected to supply its loss. Other structures
for the accommodation of the surgeon, bandmaster and other subor-
dinate officials have recently been erected.
The home is open to all survivors of the civil and Mexican wars,
and the war of 1812, who received an honorable discharge from the
service. Cutler Post, No. 48, a local division of the G. A. R., has been
established by the veterans, and in their cemetery a monument of
granite blocks has been erected, bearing a dedicatory inscription and
dates of the three principal wars succeeding the revolution.
The first deputy governor of the home and commandant was Major
General Edward W. Hincks, of Massachusetts, who held the position
until March 6, 1867, when, at his request, he was relieved and was
succeeded by Colonel Timothy Ingraham, of Massachusetts, who was
soon succeeded by General Charles Everett, of Washington, D. C, who
was shortly followed by Major Nathan Cutler, of Augusta, Me., and he
by Colonel E. A. Ludwick, of New York, who, after a short term of ser-
vice, was succeeded, in 1869, by Brigadier General William S. Tilton,
of Boston. General Luther Stephenson, the present governor of the
home, was born at Hingham, Mass., April 25, 1830. Entering the ser-
108 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
vice in April, 1861, as lieutenant in the Fourth Massachusetts, he was
several times promoted for merit, and by order of General Grant was
brevetted colonel and brigadier general, March 15, 1865, for " gallant
and meritorious services in the campaign against Richmond." He was
appointed governor of the National Home at Togus on the 17th of
April, 1883, and assumed the duties of the position the next day. The
home has increased in numbers since that date from 1,400 to 2,000.
The whole appearance of the buildings and grounds has been
changed and beautified and twenty new structures have been erected.
CHAPTER V.
MILITARY HISTORY.
Revolutionary Period. — War of 1813. — Coast Defense of Maine. — Militia Com-
panies called out. — Officers and Men. — Town Companies. — Treaty of Ghent.
THE peaceful interim of above two decades which followed the
last of the skirmishes referred to in Chapter H, was dissipated
by the call of the minute men of Concord and Lexington — a
call which, although sounding from beyond an almost unbroken
wilderness over one hundred miles in extent, met a prompt response
on the part of the patriots of the Kennebec valley. The smoke had
hardly cleared from Lexington green before bands of scantily
equipped men and boys were pushing their way through the forests,
eager to reach the point of enlistment. Many of the settlers in the
interior of the county had removed from towns adjacent to the scene
of the conflict, and while the oppression to which those who resided
nearer the metropolitan districts were subjected, was not as severely
realized by these men who depended almost entirely on the products
of their own farm and loom for the luxuries as well as the essentials
of life, the impulse of a brother's need moved them to earnest action.
Many farms were abandoned or left to the care of women and minors,
and, in many instances, the latter, catching the inspiration from the
fathers, stealthily left their homes and followed on the tracks of their
seniors.
However obscure and comparatively unimportant may be the
part Kennebec played in the war of the revolution, the influence of
that critical epoch on the subsequent history of this section is con-
siderable. Arnold's ascent of the Kennebec on his expedition against
Quebec changed, to quite an extent, the life of the settlements along
its banks. This expedition, which was embarked at Newburyport,
September 17, 1775, arrived at Pittston, on the Kennebec, the day fol-
lowing. Here the eleven transports of which the fleet consisted were
exchanged for bateaux, which had for. some time been under process
of construction, under the supervision of Major Colburn. The troops,
consisting of eleven hundred men, being transferred to the bateaux,
began the next day their slow and wearisome advance toward the
Canadian frontier. The officers, conspicuous among whom were Bene-
110 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
diet Arnold, Christopher Green, Daniel Morgan, Aaron Burr and
Henry Dearborn, men whose later careers challenged the attention of
nations, remained on their sailing vessel until they reached Augusta.
Here they joined the fleet on the bateaux and proceeded on that dis-
astrous errand, the result of which is familiar to the general reader.
The rare beauty of the valley through which they passed, the
waving meadows, the heavy forest growth, made a lasting impression
which the hardship, the cold and the starvation of the terrible cam-
paign which followed could not efface. The proclamation of peace
which brought as a minor accompaniment to the joyous notes of lib-
erty a siege of famine upon the settlers all along the main thorough-
fare of the Kennebec, through the depredations of famishing regi-
ments of soldiers bound for their homes in the eastern part of the
state, brought, also, many of the members of the Arnold expedition
back as permanent settlers. Among others of them whose names hold
a prominent place in history was General Henry Dearborn, who pur-
chased extensive tracts of land west of the river, and founded a home
near the point where he first landed after entering the Kennebec, to
which he resorted as often as the duties of the high office he held
under the national government permitted, until called by President
Madison to assume the responsibilities of commander-in-chief of the
national forces in the second war with Great Britain.
War of 1812. — The opening of this war found the military condi-
tions of Maine entirely unlike those that existed thirty-seven years
before, when the first call to arms resounded on her pine-clad hills.
In compliance with a law of the commonwealth, every able-bodied
man had, at stated periods, been submitted to instruction at the hands
of a competent drill-master; and well equipped and disciplined regi-
ments took the place of the straggling, unarmed hordes of the conti-
nental minute men. There was not, however, that unanimity of sen-
timent which characterized the patriots who brought the nation
through her birth throes. Although blood as warm for their country's
weal as that which flowed at Lexington coursed through their veins,
there were many who firmly believed that the nation's honor was not
at stake, and that money, not blood, should be the price of England's
depredations on our commerce. The federalists of Kennebec were
especiall}' bitter in their denunciations of the policy of the national
government, and when the intelligence reached Augusta that a formal
declaration of war had been issued, the quick blood of the party imme-
diately responded by hanging President Madison in eftigy, and placing
the Stars and Stripes at half-mast. The national troops quartered in
the city exhibited due respect for their chief executive by military
interference, and but for the action of the civil authorities the episode
must have closed with bloodshed.
In 1814 the British fleet hovered on the coast of Maine; Eastport,
MILITARY HISTORY. Ill
Bangror and other places were seized during tlie summer. The county
■of Kennebec was on the alert, and many companies of men were en-
listed. The Adams, a United States vessel of war, was burned by her
commander to prevent her falling into the enemy's hands, and her
crew retired through the woods from the Penobscot to the Kennebec,
causing an alarm that the enemy were approaching.
On Saturday, September 10th, a special town meeting was held at
Augusta to consider the safety of the towns. A committee consisting
of George Crosby, Joshua Gage, John Davis, Thomas Rice, Pitt Dill-
ingham, William Emmons and Joseph Chandler was appointed, who
reported that the selectmen should be directed " to procure 200 lbs.
of powder at once, and a quantity of materials for tents, camp kettles,
etc." Sunday, the following day, while at meeting. General Sewall re-
ceived a dispatch from the committee of safety at Wiscasset, asking
for a thousand men, as the enemy threatened a landing. Colonel
Stone's and Colonel Sweet's regiments, with the Hallowell Artillery,
marched forthwith in companies for Wiscasset. On the 15th General
Sewall went to a.ssume the command of the troops; but the alarm
proved groundless.
In the Maine adjutant general's office is a record of the officers and
men called into the state service in those trying times. In 1876, by
order of the governor and his council, this manuscript record was
carefully compiled by Z. K. Harmon, of Portland. It is a model of
neatness, the volume containing 420 pages. It appears that the 1st
Brigade, 8th Division, was under command of Major General Henry
Sewall, Augusta: Eben Dutch was major; William K. Page, of Au-
gusta, was aidde-camp; and William Emmons, Augusta, was judge
advocate. The brigadier general was William Gould, Farmington;
the brigadier major was Samuel Howard, Augusta; and the quarter-
master was Jes.se Robinson, of Hallowell.
Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment of the 8th Division, 1st Bri-
gade, had the following officers: John Stone, Gardiner, lieutenant
colonel; Reuel Howard, Augusta, major; Henry W. Fuller, Augusta,
major; Enoch Hale, jun., Gardiner, adjutant; Gideon Farrell, Win-
throp, quartermaster; Rufus K. Page, paymaster; Eliphalet Gillett,
Hallowell, chaplain; Ariel Mann, Hallowell, surgeon; Joel R. Ellis,
Hallowell, surgeon's mate; Benjamin Davenport, Winthrop, sergeant
major; James Tarbox, quartermaster sergeant; Roswell Whittemore,
■drum major; and John Wadsworth, fife major.
yiz<^«/rt.— Captain Burbank's company of Lieutenant Colonel
Stone's regiment was raised in Augusta. The officers of the company
were: Benjamin Burbank, captain; Nathan Wood, lieutenant, and
David Church, ensign. Ephraim Dutton, Benjamin Ross, Ebenezer
B. Williams and Philip W. Peck were sergeants; John Hamlen, Wil-
Jiam B. Johnson, Thomas Elmes and Bartlett Lancaster, corporals.
112 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
In this company were thirty-four privates, who served at Wiscasset in
September, 1814.
Another company raised in Augusta for Lieutenant Colonel vStone's
regiment had for captain David Wall and for ensign Charles Sewall.
The non-commissioned officers were: Luther Church, William Fel-
lows, Nathan Stackpole, Elias Stackpole, sergeants; Jeremiah Tolman,
Jesse Babcock, Elisha Bolton, corporals. Thirty-four privates went
out with the.se officers.
Augusta raised still another company for Lieutenant Colonel
Stone's regiment, of which Stephen Jewett was captain, and Oliver
Wyman, lieutenant; and the non-commissioned officers were: Ben-
jamin Swan, William Stone, Timothy Goldthwait, George Hamlen,
sergeants; William Pillsbury, John Goldthwait, Del F. Ballard,
Varanos Pearce, corporals. Newel Stone was musician. The privates
of this company numbered fifty-one.
Albion. — A company was raised for Lieutenant Colonel Albert
Moore's regiment at Albion, of which Joseph Wellington was captain;
Samuel Kidder, lieutenant, and Ebenezer Stratton, ensign. The non-
commissioned officers were: Samuel Libbey, James Chalmer, James
Ski! ling, Charles Stratton, sergeants; Samuel Tarbel, John Jackson,
John Kidder, jun., Samuel Stackpole, jun., corporals. The musicians
were: Benjamin Reed, jun., and Thadeus Broad. The privates num-
bered forty-eight men.
Captain Robinson raised a company in Albion for Lieutenant
Colonel Moore's regiment. The commissioned officers were: Benja-
min Robinson, captain; Thomas Harlow, lieutenant, and Benjamin
Louis, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Warren Drake,
Hiram Brackett, Stephen Bragg, Ebenezer Shaw, sergeants; Washing-
ton Drake, Richard Handy, Oliver Baker, Moses Dow, corporals.
Zebulon Morse and Asa Burrell went out as musicians, and twenty-
six privates were enrolled.
A company was drafted from Albion in the autumn of 1814, of
which Joel Wellington was made captain; Washington Heald, lieu-
tenant, and Israel Richardson, ensign. Robert Richardson, Charles
Stratton, William Fames and Samuel Ward were sergeants; Richard
V. Haydon, Nathaniel Merchant, Andrew S. Perkins and Benjamin
Reed, jun., corporals; Odiorne Heald, John Kidder, jun., and Samuel
Gibson,musicians. Eighty-seven privates were sent out in this company.
y^V/orrt^/r.— Belonging to Lieutenant Colonel Sherwin's regiment
was a company of fifty privates raised at Belgrade, with James Minot,
captain; John Fage, lieutenant, and Jesse Fage, ensign. The non-
commissioned officers were: Richard Mills, Lewis Page, Samuel Page,
Lemuel Lombard, sergeants; Charles Lombard, Wentworth Stewart,
Briant Fall, James Black, jun., corporals. The musicians were David
Wyman, Davison Hibbard, David Moshier and Jeremiah Tilton.
MILITARY HISTORY. 113
Belgrade raised another company for Lieutenant Colonel Sherwin's
regiment and the commissioned officers were; Joseph Sylvester, cap-
tain; Levi Bean, lieutenant; Isaac Lord, ensign. The non-commis-
sioned officers were: Daniel Stevens, vSamuel Sinith, John Sylvester,
William Stevens, jun., sergeants; Jonathan H. Hill, Ephraim Tib-
betts,William Wells, Samuel Tucker, corporals. Samuel Littlefield and
Isaac Farnham were enrolled as musicians, with thirty-six privates.
Clinton. — For Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Moore's regiment a com-
pany was raised in Clinton, of which Trial Hall was commissioned
captain; James Gray, lieutenant, and Israel Richardson, ensign. The
non-commissioned officers were: Samuel Haywood, Nathaniel Brown,
John Fitzgerald, William M. Carr, sergeants; William Richardson,
Peter Robinson, David Gray, George Flagg, corporals; Rufus Bartlett,
Samuel Gibson, musicians. Thirty-two privates went out in the
company.
China.— Yov Lieutenant Colonel Moore's regiment a company was
raised in China, for which the commissioned officers were: Daniel
Crowell, captain; Nathaniel Spratt, lieutenant, and Zalmuna Wash-
burn, ensign. Jonathan Thurber, Elisha Clark, Jabish Crowell and
Thomas Ward, jun., were sergeants; Samuel Branch, David Spratt,
Samuel Ward and James Wiggins, corporals; Ephraim Clark 3d and
Jonathan Coe, musicians. Twenty-four privates were enrolled in the
company.
Another larger company was enlisted in China, of which Robert
Fletcher was captain; Nathaniel Bragg, lieutenant, and Caleb Palme-
ter, ensign. John Weeks, John Whitley, William Bradford and Jede-
diah Fairfield were sergeants; Nathaniel Evans, Daniel Fowler,
Daniel Bragg and Ephraim Weeks, corporals; Thomas Burrell and
Timothy Waterhouse, musicians; with fifty privates.
Fayette. — In Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment was a com-
pany of men, enlisted at Fayette, of which Henry Watson was cap-
tain; Alden Josselyn, lieutenant, and David Knowles 2d, ensign.
Elisha Marston, Richard Hubbard, Thomas Fuller, jun., and Benja-
min J. Winchester were sergeants; James Watson, Moses Hubbard,
David Knowles, 3d, and Moses Sturdevant, corporals; and William
Sturdevant and John D. Josselyn, musicians; with thirty- five privates.
Another company was raised in Fayette, of which the commis-
sioned officers were: John Judkins, captain; Thomas Anderson, lieu-
tenant, and Luther Bumpus, ensign. The non-commissioned officers
were: James McGaffey, 'William Whitten, Levi Fletcher and John
Brown, .sergeants; and Joseph Greely, Edward Griffin, Mo.ses Carson
and Bazaled BuUard, corporals. Musicians were A. Whitten, Squire
Bishop, jun., and James Trask; and the company mustered thirty-
eight privates.
114 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Gardiner. — The field and staff officers of Lieutenant Colonel John
Stone's regiment, 1st Brigade, 8th Division, in service at Wiscasset
and vicinity in the autumn of 1814, were: John Stone, Gardiner, lieu-
tenant colonel; Reuel Howard, Augusta, major: Henry W. Fuller,
Augusta, major; Enoch Hale, jun., Gardiner, adjutant; Gideon Far-
rell, Winthrop, quartermaster; Rufus K. Page, paymaster; Eliphalet
Gillett, Hallowell, chaplain; Ariel Mann, Hallowell, surgeon; Joel R.
Ellis, Hallowell, surgeon's mate; Benjamin Davenport, Winthrop,
sergeant major; James Tarbox, Winthrop, quartermaster sergeant;
Roswell Whittemore, drum major; and John Wadsworth, fife major.
From Gardiner a company went out in Stone's regiment with the
following commissioned officers: Jacob Davis, captain; Ebenezer
Moore, lieutenant; Arthur Plummer. ensign, and William Partridge,
clerk. The non-commissioned officers were not given in the record,
but the company enrolled eighty privates.
Another company was raised at Gardiner with Edward Swan,
captain; Daniel Woodard, lieutenant, and William Norton, ensign.
The non-commissioned officers were: William B. Grant, Thomas Gil-
patrick, Michael Woodard, Arthur Berry, sergeants; Benjamin C.
Lawrence, William Bradstreet, Charles M. Dustin, corporals. The
musicians were: Jonah Perkins, John Palmer, Edward Bourman and
Andrew B. Berry. This company embraced forty-two privates.
Hallowell. — In Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment was a large
company from Hallowell, of which William C. Vaughan was captain,
Pettey Vaughan, lieutenant, and William Cobb Wilder, ensign. The
non-commis.sioned officers were: Abisha Handy, Nathaniel Brown, 2d,
Levi Thing, jun., George Carr, sergeants; Benjamin Perry, Charles
Kenney, Joseph Richards, corporals; David Dyer, Zebulon Sawyer,
Samuel Howard, John Moons, musicians. The privates numbered
seventy-three men.
Captain Simeon Morris' company for Stone's regiment was raised at
Hallowell, for which Lsaac Leonard was lieutenant and Stephen Smith
was ensign. James B. Starr, William B. Littlefield, Samuel Merrill
and James Kean were sergeants; Samuel Carr, jun., John Greely,
George Waterhouse and Joshua Carr, corporals; Robert Child, musi-
cian; and there were fifty privates.
Captain Dearborn's company was also raised in Hallowell and was
attached to Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment, with Benjamin
Dearborn, captain; Thomas B. Coolidge, lieutenant, and William
Clark, ensign. Isaac Smith, Enoch Marshall, Ebenezer White and
Sheppard H. Norris were sergeants; Ephraim Mayo, Thomas Fille-
brown, jun., John Folsom and Benjamin Plummer, corporals; Seth
Sturtevant, James Batchelder, Elias Webber and Bradley Folsom,
musicians. The company had thirty-seven privates.
A company of artillery was raised in Hallowell, which was attached
MILITARY HISTORY. 115
to jSIajor Joseph Chandler's Battalion of Artillerj'. The officers of the
company were: Samuel G. Ladd, captain; Jedediah Lakeman, lieuten-
ant, and Joseph S. Smith, ensign. Non-commissioned: Abraham
Thurd, Samuel Tinney, Daniel Norcross, David Stickney, sergeants;
Ezekiel Goodall, Richard Dana, William Livermore, jun., Cumwell
Aldrich, corporals. Musicians: John Woods, Levi Johnson, Aaron
Bickford, Harvey Porter and John Dennett. The privates numbered
forty-six.
Hallowell also raised a cavalry company for Major Peter Grant's
Battalion of 1st Brigade, 11th Division. Of this company Thomas
Eastman was captain; Francis Morris, lieutenant, and William Wins-
low, ensign. Henry D. Morrill and Ebenezer Mathews were musi-
cians, and Parsons Smith, clerk. Benjamin Paine, Alvan Hayward
and Jonathan Mathews were sergeants; Samuel Blake, John Savage,
Albert Hayward and Richard Belcher, corporals. The company em-
braced thirty-two privates.
Litchfield. — Colonel Abel Merrill commanded a regiment at Bath,
in which was a company from Litchfield. The commissioned officers
of this company were: Hugh Getchell, captain; William Randall, lieu-
tenant, and Jesse Richardson, ensign. The noncommissioned officers
were: James B. Smith, Cornelius Richardson, Cyrus Burke, sergeants;
Adam Johnson, Isaac Smith, Thomas Springer, William Towns, cor-
porals. John Hodgman, Cornelius Thompson and Isaac ShirtlefE were
musicians, and the company contained fifty-seven privates.
Litchfield also raised a company for Lieutenant Colonel Stone's
regiment. Of this company David C. Burr was captain; Nathaniel
Marston, lieutenant, and Ebenezer Colby, ensign. Andrew Goodwin,
Daniel Herrick, Jesse Tucker and James Parker were sergeants; Wil-
liam Hutchinson, John Sears, Joshua Ritchinson and Daniel Cram,
corporals; and Cypron J. Edwards, David Fuller, William Brown and
James Goodwin, musicians. The privates numbered fifty-seven.
Another company from Litchfield in Lieutenant Colonel John
Stone's regiment had for captain, John Dennis; for lieutenant, Daniel
Stevens; and for ensign, Joseph Jewell. Samuel Hutchinson. Joseph
Wharfif, Israel Hutchinson and William Robinson were sergeants;
Robert Crawford, Ebenezer Harriman, Miser Williams and William
Spear, corporals; John Robbins, James Hutchinson and Elijah Palmer,
musicians; and the company enrolled thirty-eight privates.
A company in Litchfield was drafted from the lOth Division and
mustered into the United States service to garrison the forts on the
coast of eastern Maine. The commis-sioned officers of the company
were: David C. Burr, captain; John Dennis, jun., lieutenant; Benjamin
White, jun., lieutenant; and John A. Neal, ensign. Caleb Goodwin,
Joshua Walker, Andrew Goodwin and William Hutchinson were ser-
geants; William Bailey, Francis Douglass, Hezekiah Richardson and
116 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Moses Stevens, corporals; Joseph Hutchinson and David F. Wey-
mouth, musicians. Fifty privates went out in the company.
Monmo7ith. — A company of thirty-nine, under Captain John A. Tor-
sey, raised in Monmouth, was attached to Lieutenant Colonel Blais-
dell's regiment. Pascal P. Blake was lieutenant and Frederic W.
Dearborn, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Martin
Gushing, Jacob Smith, Robert Oilman, Thomas Witherell, sergeants;
John Plummer, Samuel Titus, Josiah Towle, James Merrill, corporals.
Henry Day and John Merrill were musicians.
Another company of fifty-six privates was raised in Monmouth for
the same regiment, with Moses Boynton for captain; Royal Fogg,
lieutenant, and Benjamin Sinclair, ensign. Joseph Prescott, Joseph
B. Allen, Jedediah B. Prescott and John S. Blake were sergeants;
Newell Fogg, Hugh M. Boynton, Ira Towle and George W. Fogg,
corporals; Levi Tozier and John Richardson, musicians.
Joseph Chandler was major of a battalion of artillery attached to
the 1st Brigade, Sth Division. His adjutant was Jonathan G. Hun-
toon, of Readfield, and his quartermaster was John S. Kimball, of Au-
gusta. Monmouth raised a company for this battalion, with the fol-
lowing officers: Samuel Ranlett, captain; Dudly Moody, lieutenant;
Eleazur Smith, lieutenant; Ebenezer Freeman, Jacob Mills, jun.,
Joseph Kelley, James Fairbanks, sergeants; Asa Robbins, jun., Jason
Prescott, Phinehas Kelly, Marcus Gilbert, corporals; Levi Gilbert,
Benjamin Berry, musicians. The company embraced only twenty-
seven privates. This company was subsequently attached to Sher-
win's regiment of militia, with William Talcott and Benjamin Butler
added as sergeants; Peleg B. Fogg, Jesse Fairbanks and John Mar-
shall added as musicians; and twenty privates were added. The com-
pany were at Wiscasset from vSeptember 24 to November 8, 1814.
Mt. Vernon. — In Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment was a
company raised at Mt. Vernon, and its captain was Timothy Stevens;
lieutenant, George McGaffey; ensign, Ariel Kimball. James Mc-
Gaffey, William Whitten, Levi Fletcher and John Brown were ser-
geants; Joseph Greely, Edward Griffin, Moses Carson, Bazaled Bul-
lock, corporals; Aled Whitten, Squire Bishop, jun., and James Trask,
musicians. Thirty-eight privates belonged to the company.
In the same regiment was another company from Mt. Vernon, of
which Thomas Nickerson was captain; John Stevens, lieutenant, and
John Blake, ensign. The non-commissioned officers were: Joseph
Gilman, Daniel Gordon, Nathan S. Philbrook, Ephraim Nickerson,
sergeants; Walter W. Philbrook, Nathan Smith, Levi French, jun.,
and Bela Gilman, corporals. The musicians were John Stone and
Jes.se Ladd, and the privates numbered thirty-four men.
Pittstoii. — Two companies for Lieutenant Colonel Stone's regiment
were raised in Pittston. The captain of the first was David P. Bailey;
MILITARY HISTORY. 117
lieutenant, John Blanchard; ensign, Jacob Bailey. Joseph Follansbee,
Elihu Lord, Joseph Kidder and George Williamson were sergeants;
William Troop, Nathaniel Brown, George Jewett and Tristram Fol-
som, corporals; James Bailey and Alexander Blanchard, musicians.
The company embraced forty privates. Of the second company,
Jonathan Young was captain; Eli Young, lieutenant, and Dudley
Young, ensign. Jonathan Clark, Leonard Coopey and James Gray,
jun., were sergeants; Henry Banner, Nathaniel Benner, Reuben
Lewis and Frederic Lewis, corporals. The privates numbered
fifty-six.
Readfield. — A company- of militia was drafted from Readfield and
attached to Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment. The commis-
sioned officers of the company were: John Smith, captain; Samuel
Benjamin, lieutenant, and Eli Adams, ensign. Joseph Gilman, Na-
than S. Philbrick, Joseph Heselton and James McGaffey were ser-
geants; Walter N. Philbrick, Benjamin King, David Huntoon and
Warren Crocker, corporals; Joshua Bartlett, Josiah Bacon, Stephen
Abbott and John M. Shaw, musicians. The privates of the company
numbered fifty-nine.
Another company drafted from Readfield was attached to Lieuten-
ant Colonel Sweet's regiment. Of this company George Waugh was
captain: Alden Josselyn, lieutenant, and Herman Harris, ensign.
Three of the sergeants were Elisha Marston, William Whittier and
Richard Hubbard. The corporals given in the record were Gilman
Bacheler and Samuel Tuck. In this company were thirty-eight pri-
vates. It would seem that the latter company was increased and
partly re-officered, for we find in Sweet's regiment a company of
which George Waugh was captain; Samuel Page, lieutenant; Reuben
Smith, ensign; John Page, William Taylor, Christopher Adle and
Joseph Hutchinson, sergeants; Moses Simmons, Seward Page, Elijah
Clough and Nathan Coy, corporals; Henry Carlton, William Tucker
and Levi Morrill, musicians. In this company were forty-four
privates.
The same regiment received from Readfield still another company,
of which John Smith was the captain; Daniel Carlptell, lieutenant,
and Eli Adams, ensign. James Fillebrown, Lory Bacon, Jethro Hil-
man and James Smith were sergeants; Jacob Turner, David Huntoon,
Jacob Cochran and William Stimpson, corporals; Thomas Pierce,
Charles Pierce and John Turner, musicians. The company also had
forty-five privates.
ie(?wf.— Lieutenant Colonel McGaffey's regiment of militia was at-
tached to the 8th Division and was the oth Regiment. The field and
staff officers from Kennebec county were: David McGaffey, Rome,
lieutenant colonel; Moses Sanborn, Vienna, major; Francis Mayhew,
major; Jonathan Gilbreth, Rome, adjutant.
118 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
A company was raised in Rome for Colonel McGaffey's regiment
and the commissioned officers of the company were: William Hussey,
captain; Robert Hussey, lieutenant, and Ezekiel Page, ensign. The
non-commissioned officers were: Enoch Knight, Samuel Mitchell,
Elijah K. Hussey and Richard Furbush, 2d, .sergeants; Benjamin
White, Rufus Clements, Jonathan Butterfield and Moses Choate, cor-
porals; Elisha Mosher and Samuel Grant, musicians. Twenty-five
privates were enrolled.
Rome raised another company which was in the same regiment,
and in service at Hallowell awaiting orders, in September, 1814. Mat-
thias Lane was captain; Palatiah Leighton, ensign; Peter Beede,
James Colbath, jun., William Blye and Benjamin Folsom, sergeants;
James Wells, Joseph Gordon, John Allen, jun., and Peter Folsom,
corporals; John Jewett and Joseph Jewett, musicians. This company
enrolled eighteen men.
Sidney. — Sidney raised men for Lieutenant Colonel Sherwin's regi-
ment. One company had Richard Smith as captain, Benjamin Saw-
telle as lieutenant, John Robinson, ensign. vSamuel Jones, Paul Ham-
mond, jun., George Woodcock and Edmund Longly, sergeants; Eben-
ezer Irish, jun., Ichabod Pitts, jun., Samuel Smith, jun., and David
Weeks, corporals; Asa Sawtelle and Abial Abbott, musicians. Thirty-
two privates were enrolled.
Another company for Sherwin's regiment had for captain Stephen
Lovejoy; for ensign, Joshua Ellis. The sergeants were: John Tink-
ham, jun., John Sawtelle, jun., Joseph Hastings and Thomas Johnson.
Abial Dinsmore and Jacob Lovejoy were musicians. Thirty-nine pri-
vates enlisted in the company from Sidney.
The third enlisted company from Sidney had for its captain,,
Amasa Lesley; lieutenant, Bethuel Perry; ensign, David Daniels. The
non-commissioned officers were: Ebenezer Perry, John Bragg, jun.,
John Davis, Rufus Emerson, sergeants; Zenos Perry, Robert Packard,
Abel Sawtelle, Woodhouse Boyd, corporals; Francis Smiley, Seth
Perry, musicians. The privates numbered thirty-two.
Men were drafted from Sidney and a company attached to Colonel
Sherwin's regiment, of which company Stephen Lovejoy was captain;
Joseph Warren, lieutenant; Ebenezer Lawrence, ensign; Palmer
Branch, John Bates, Jabez Harlow and Joshua Grant, sergeants; Levi
Meade and Ebenezer Morse, corporals; Winthrope Robinson, musi-
cian. This company embraced eighty men as privates.
Captain Lesley's company, before mentioned, was enlisted; but he
went to Wiscasset late in the autumn of 1814, with a company of
drafted men from Sidney. The commissioned officers were: Captain,
Amasa Lesley; lieutenant, Benjamin Sawtelle; ensign, William Bod-
fish. Elias Doughty, Samuel Page, David GuUifer and John Bragg,
jun., were sergeants; Wentworth Steward, Samuel Jones, Robert
MILITARY HISTORY. 119
Packard and Ebenezer Trask, corporals; Nathaniel Dunn and Richard
Jones, musicians. This company had fifty-two privates.
]"assalboro. — This town raised companies by enlistment. One was
raised for Lieutenant Colonel Moore's regiment, and the commissioned
officers were: Daniel Wyman, captain; Alexander Jackson, lieutenant;
William Tarbell, ensign. Thomas Hawes, Daniel Whitehouse, Zenas
Percival and Roland Frye were sergeants; John Clay, Gersham Clark,
Thomas Whitehouse and Jonathan Smart, corporals; George Webber,
musician. There were twenty-nine privates.
Wing's company, enlisted in Vassalboro, was attached to the same
regiment. The commissioned officers of the company were: Joseph
Wing, captain; Levi Maynard, lieutenant, and Nehemiah Gould, en-
sign. The non-commissioned officers were: Elijah Robinson, Moses
Rollins, vStephen Low, Josiah Priest, .sergeants; Levi Chadbourne,
Amasa Starkey, John Frye, Reuben Priest, corporals. The musicians
were Enoch Marshall and Stephen Townsend. The privates num-
bered fifty-three men.
Still another small company was enlisted for Moore's regiment,
and the captain was Jeremiah Farwell; lieutenant, Aaron Gaslin.
Charles Webber, Eli French, John G. Hall and Elijah Morse were
sergeants; Benjamin Bassett, Nathaniel Merchant and Heman Stur-
ges, corporals; John Lovejoy, musician; and the file of privates num-
bered thirty men.
A company was drafted from Vassalboro, of which Jeremiah Far-
well was commissioned captain; Nathaniel Spratt, lieutenant, and
Nehemiah Gould, ensign. Charles Webber, Amariah Hardin, jun.,
Jabez Crowell and Elijah Morse were sergeants; Rowland Frye,
Samuel Brand. Benjamin Melvin and Thomas Whitehouse, corporals;
Washington Drake and Timothy Waterhouse, musicians. The com-
pany embraced sixty-seven men as privates.
Wayne. — This town enlisted men for a company in Sweet's regi-
ment. Of this company Jacob Haskell was captain; William Burgess,
lieutenant, and Levi Roberts, ensign. The other officers were: Wil-
liam Knight, Jesse Bishop, Eliakim Top, Gustavus Top, sergeants;
Warren Crocker, James Wing, Asa Tapley, James Burgess, corporals.
Joshua Norris was fifer and Asa Top drummer. Twenty-eight men
were enrolled as privates.
Lieutenant Colonel Ellis Sweet's regiment— the 4th in 1st Brigade,
8th Division — was officered in part from Wayne. Colonel Sweet was
a Wayne officer and also Moses Wing, jun., the major of the regiment.
Another small company from Wayne was commanded by Ebenezer
Norris, lieutenant. Amasa Dexter, Seth Billington and Benjamin
Norris were sergeants; Samuel Besse, Allen House, Samuel Wing
and Elisha Besse, corporals; Nathan Sturdevant and Seth Hammond,
musicians. The privates numbered only twenty-seven men.
120 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Watcrvillc. — This town and Vassalboro raised a company that was
assigned to Major Joseph Chandler's Battalion of Artillery. Of this
company Dean Bangs was captain; Lemuel Pullen, lieutenant; Abra-
ham vSmith, ensign; Jabez Dow, Artemus Smith, Levi Moore, jun.,
William McFarland, sergeants; William Marston, Alexander McKech-
nie, Abiel Moore, James Bragg, corporals; Henry Richardson, Reward
Sturdevant, musicians. Twenty privates enlisted in this company.
Lieutenant Colonel Elnathan Sherwin's regiment was in the 8th
Division, 2d Brigade, his being the 1st Regiment. From this regiment
a draft was made, May 24, 1814, to fill up the regiment of Colonel
Ellis Sweet. The officers of the first-named regiment were: Elnathan
Sherwin, Waterville, lieutenant colonel; John Cleveland, Fairfield,
major; Joseph H. Hallett, Waterville, quartermaster; Moses Appleton,
Winslow, surgeon; David Wheeler, Waterville, paymaster; and Jede-
kiah Belknap, Waterville, chaplain.
One of the companies of Lieutenant Colonel vSherwin's regiment
was raised at Waterville, of which Joseph Hitchings was captain;
Samuel Webb, lieutenant; Thomas McFarland, ensign; Josiah
Jacob, jun., Abraham Morrill, Solomon Berry, Calvin L. Gatchell, ser-
geants; Abraham Butts, Pelatiah Soule, Simeon Tozier, 2d, William
Watson, corporals; David Low, Lewis Tozier, musicians. The com-
pany had twenty-nine enlisted privates.
Another company from Waterville contained forty privates for
Sherwin's regiment. The commissioned officers of this company
were: William Pullen, captain; Joseph Warren, lieutenant, and Leon-
ard Comfourth, ensign. Leonard Smith, Reuben Ricker, Isaiah Hal-
lett and John Hallett were sergeants; Samuel Merry, James Gilbert,
Wyman Shorey, and Thomas Stevens, corporals; Dexter Pullen, Isaac
Gage and Asa Bates, musicians.
Winthrop. — This town raised two companies for state defense. The
one attached to Stone's regiment had for captain Asa Fairbanks; lieu-
tenant, Solomon Easty; ensign, Jonathan Whiting. Benjamin Rich-
ard, Wadsworth Foster, John Richards and Oliver Foster were ser-
geants; Eliphalet Stevens, Thomas Stevens, Samuel Chandler and
Columbus Fairbanks, corporals; Beser Snelland Nathan Bishop, musi-
cians. The privates numbered thirty-four men.
The other company was attached to Sweet's regiment. The cap-
tain was Elijah Davenport; lieutenant, Samuel Benjamin; ensign,
Herman Harris. Jabez Bacon, Levi Fairbanks, Joseph Heselton and
Francis Perley were the sergeants; Stephen Sewall, Benjamin King,
Daniel C. Heselton and Caleb Harris, corporals; Waterman Stanley,
Josiah Bacon, jun., Stephen Abbot, Thomas Fuller and Simon Clough,
musicians; and the company contained forty-nine privates.
Windsor.— "Dix-a town raised a company of thirty-three privates for
Colonel Cummings' regiment. The commissioned officers for this
MILITARY HISTORY. lai
company were: Gideon Barton, captain; George Marson, lieutenant;
John Page, ensign. William Bowler, Jacob Jewett, Clement Moody
and Micliael Lane were sergeants; Robert Hutchinson, Luther Pierce,
Walter DockendorfE and Thomas Harriman, corporals; Lot Chadwick
and Joseph Wright, musicians.
IVins/ow. — Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Moore commanded the 3d
Regiment, 2d Brigade, 8th Division of Maine militia in service in 1814,at
Wiscassett. The officers from Kennebec county were; Herbert Moore,
Winslow, lieutenant colonel; Nathan Stanley and Daniel Stevens,
China, majors; Whiting Robinson, Clinton, surgeon's mate; Charles
McFaddin, Vassalboro, paymaster; and Joseph Clark, Clinton, ad-
jutant.
Winslow had a company in Moore's regiment, and its commissioned
officers were: James L. Child, captain; Washington Heald, lieutenant;
William Getchell, ensign. The other officers were: William Harvey,
James Heald, Joel Crosby, Abraham Bean, sergeants; Alvin Blackwell,
Richard V. Hayden, Simeon Heald, Elisha Ellis, corporals. The
privates numbered thirty-eight men.
The adjutant general's office at Augusta also contains a manuscript
record of enlistments in the regular army for 1812-14, carefully ar-
ranged by companies and regiments; but the residences of the officers
and men are not indicated.
By the treaty of Ghent, December 24, 1814, the war ended, and the
news was received in this country February 11, 1815, with great
demonstrations of joy.
CHAPTER VI.
MILITARY HISTORY (Concluded.)
The Civil War. — First Call for Troops. — Response by Kennebec County. — Early
Enlistments. — Call of July 3, 1862. — Bounties. — Enlistments. — Equalization
Bonds. — Peace.— General Seth Williams. — G. A. R. Posts. — Monuments.
WHEN the angry mutterings of the storm that for years had
been gathering over the institutions which held in check the
aggressions of a despotic feudalism culminated, on that
memorable 12th of April, in the crash which dismantled the walls of
Fort Sumter and jarred the foundations of the nation, no section of
the federal territory was more prompt and energetic in rallying to the
protection of the loyal colors than Maine. In twenty-four hours from
the time the despatches from Washington were bulletined, whole com-
panies had reported to their officers, regiments were in readiness for
the roll-call, and impatiently awaited orders to enter the service.
Although 00,000 men were enrolled in the state militia, only 1,200
were, in the language of the adjutant general, "in a condition to re-
spond to calls for ordinary duty within the state," while their uniforms,
equipments and camp equipage were of a character totally unfitted for
service in the field.
Seven days from the issuing of the call from Washington for 75,000
men, the legislature, at a special session convoked by Governor Wash-
burn, passed an act authorizing the organization of ten regiments of
infantry, and the bonding of a loan of one million dollars for their
equipment. Under this act six regiments were mustered into the ser-
vice; and such was the celerity with which they were equipped and
forwarded that we find it recorded that of all the loyal troops who
were actually engaged in the first battle of Bull Run, one fourth, at
least, were sons of the Pine Tree state, and of these as large a ratio
were citizens of Kennebec county. The disastrous result of this en-
gagement led to an immediate call for more troops, accompanying
which aitthority was granted by the war department to organize, in
the maximum, eight new regiments of light infantry. At the close
of the year 1861 Maine had enlisted fifteen regiments of infantry, one
regiment of cavalry, six batteries of light artillery, one company of
sharpshooters and four companies of coast guards. For these various
MILITARY HISTORY. 123
companies, Kennebec county furnished 1,535 enlisted men-, credited
to the towns as follows:
Albion. — James Austin, Albert Bessee, Atwood Crosby p at Rich-
mond July 21 61, Augustine Crosby p at Richmond July 21 61, Rodney
Crosby, Albert D. Foss p at Richmond, Martin Foss p at New Orleans
July 21 61, Lieut. John vS. French 1^: at Rappahannock Station Nov. 7
63, William H. Gifford, Henry S. F. Gerald, Erastus H. Hamilton d at
Ship Island Mar. 23 62, Amaziah F. T. Hussey, Timan N. Hamilton,
James Jameson, Marshall Lawrence, Rufus F. Lancaster, Morrison
Leonard w at Baton Rouge d Aug. 62, William Mayberry, Walter H.
Morrison, James Murdough d at Yorktown 62, John Nade, Gilman S.
Ouinn d Jan. 12 62, James A. Ridlon, John W. Ridlon, Rodolphus
Rider, Daniel Rollins, William B. Robinson, William A. Stackpole,
Warren B. Stinson, Charles Seekins, w July 10 63 and May 20 64, Lieut.
Joseph H. Spencer w at Baton Rouge, William H. Tabor, C. B. Taber,
Atwell M. Wixon w at Chantilly.
Augusta. — Cyrus D. Albee, Lieut. James H. Albee, George Allen d
in 63, James M. Allen, Judson Ames, George W. Annable, Lieut. Hol-
man M. Anderson p at Gum Springs June 20 63, William R. Anderson,
Edward H. Austin, Riley B. Avery, George F. Bachelder w June 1 64,
George E. Bartlett, George M. Bean, Josiah W. Bangs, Algernon S.
Bangs, Capt. Edwin A. Bachelder, C. M. Bachelder, Lieut. Silas C.
Barker, Musician Fenelon G. Barker, Charles Berry, Chap. George
W. Bartlett, Josiah L. Bennett w June 16 64 d May 10 65, Samuel Ben-
nett, Gardiner Beal, C. F. Beal d Feb. 8 63, Homer S. Bean d Nov. 4
62, Samuel Berry, Charles S. Beverley, Sherebiah H. Billington w July
2 64, Thomas G. Billington, Josiah B. Blackman, Wingate W. Brad-
bury, Sumner S. Brick, William H. Brooks, Jeremiah Buckley, George
H. Brick, Eli A. Black d at Fernandina Aug. 14 63, Isaac P. Billington,
William Bushea, John W. Boynton, John H. Breen w and p May 5 64,
Samuel F. Bennett, George W. Bowman k May 12 64, William Bren-
nan, Jacob Bolton, Sumner L. Brick, Isaac C. Brick, William H. Brick,
William H. Brock d April 20 64, Adjt. Edwin Burt, George F. Burgess
d at Fernandina Sept. 21 62, B. C. Bickford, W. A. Brown, Calvin H.
Burden p at Bull Run k July 2 63, William Bolton, Byron Branch,
Nathan H. Call w July 2 63, Francis M. Caswell, Horace Church,
George L. Cromett w March 10 64, Charles Clark, John A. Clark,
Augustus Chadwick, Edgar M. Churchill, Warren B. Chapman w and
p April 8 64, Samuel Cunningham, John F. Chase w July 3 63, Henry
A. Cummmgs, Lemuel A. Cummings, William Campbell, Lieut.
George Cony, George Cowell, William Cahoon, Charles Cunningham,
Surg. Albert S.Clark, Capt. Nathaniel W.Cole, John Code d 63, Henry
*Names transcribed by Captain Thomas Clark, adjutant general's office.
The following abbreviations are used in these lists; k killed, w wounded, d died,
p prisoner.
124 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Clark w July 18 63, Daniel H. Cunningham, L. M.Conway, I. H. Cook,
Charles Clark, Chap. Andrew J. Church, Daniel Chadwick, George
H. Chadwick. Nathaniel G. Church. Leander M. Clark, Amasa L.Cook,
William Clark, Richard Cunningham, Lieut. Rufus T. Crockett, Lieut.
Warren Cox p at Manassas k May 3 63, George Cunningham, Capt.
Robert F. Dyer, David Day, Sylvester Davis, John J. Delmage, Milton
Dellings, Charles S. Delano, Joseph Devine, Henry Day, Caleb Den-
nison, Thomas Dougherty, Sewell Dickinson, Adj. Charles C. Drew p
at Bull Run, William H. Dunn, Alden S. Dudley, Reuel W. Dutton,
Charles F. Emerson, Elisha S. Fargo w at x\ntietam, Edmond Fay,
Charles A. Farnham w Aug. 9 64, Samuel S. Farnham, George L. Fel-
lows p at Bull Run k at Gettysburg July 2 63, George H. Fisher, Ro-
land R. Fletcher, Elias W. Folsom, John Fox, Andrew J. Getchell,
Edwin A. Getchell, William T. Getchell, H. A. Griffith, G. H. Gordon d
from wounds, Samuel Gowell, Edward Gilley, Serg. Frederick Gannett
w July 2 63, Leonard J. Grant, Daniel W. Gage, Samuel H. Gage, Com.
Serg. Lorenzo D. Grafton, William Gordon, Solomon Gordon, Dennis
Getchell, Alonzo H. Getchell, Henry W. Getchell, George W. Gould d
at Carrollton La. Sept. 4 62, Daniel Gordon, Robert Gilley, Marcellus
Gale, Hartwell Hatch w, Elijah S. Horn k Dec. 13 63, Reuel Haskell,
Samuel Hall, Andrew Herrin p at Gettysburg, Richard B. Hussey,
Henry Hutcherson, John Hayes, Otis Haskell, Lieut. Lucius M. S.
Haynes, Albert B. Hall, Hadley O. Hawesw, George Hawes, Elijah K.
Hill, William H. Hersum, Isaac C. Hovey, Henry Hodsdon, George
Ingraham, Horace Ingraham, Thomas F. Ingraham, Henry W. Jones,
John W. Jones p at Bull Run June 1 62 k July 2 63, Thomas C. Jones,
William H. Jones, John A. Keating, Edwin A. Keay, George A. Kim-
ball, Levi W. Keen, Miles H. Keene, Orrin Keene w May 16 64, George
H. Kimball, Capt. William H. Kimball, John H. Larrabee, Aaron
Leighton, L. H. Livermore, William Leighton, Lyman E. Leach,
Edwin Ladd, Col. M. B. Lakeman, John Leighton w at Cold Harbor
June 3 64, Ira B. Lyon, Harvey N. Leighton w at Fair Oaks, William F.
Locke k at Chancellorsville May 3 63, Martin Lord, Abijah S. Lord,
Ira Lovejoy, Otis Ludwick, John McMaster, John McMaster jun. w
July 8 63, Alexander McDavitt, Reuel Merrill, William McDavitt jun.,
William McDonald p at Bull Run, Hos. St. Joseph D. Moore,
Ambrose Marriner, Lieut. Jo.seph H. Metcalf, J. A. Mann, Edward
Murphy, Joseph W. Merchant, Horace A. Manley, Bradford Mc-
Farland, John Mahoney, Jeremiah Murphy, John M.Mosher d Oct. 19
63, William C. Moore, Lieut. Fred A. Morton, Daniel B. Morey, Peter
B. Merry, William E. Mariner d at Yorktown May 13 62, Henry C.
Marston, Henry McMaster, John Morphy, Thomas Murphy d Dec. 13
62, John W. Murphy, James W. McGregor d in service, Charles P.
Morton, William N. Murray, John B. Murray, R. S. McCurdy, F. S.
Morton, Edward E. Myrick, William H. Nason w May 4 63, William
MILITARY HISTORY. 125
Nason d in Maine, Capt. Joseph Noble, Frank Nutting, Amos B.
Nichols, Andrew Nicholas. Augustus Nichols, Lyman C. Neal \v July
2 6B, James Orick, James M. Porter, John Parker w July 30 64, Henry
Parker, John H. Packard, John O. Perry, Frank Perry, Eben
Packard d Mar. 17 63, Allen Partridge, Thomas O. Pease, Henry E.
Patterson d at Carrollton La. Aug. 17 62, Augustus Plummer, Lieut.
Frank C. Peirce, George E. Pond, Horace P. Pike, Mansfield H.
Pettingill, Capt. Edward C. Pierce, Daniel Pease jun., William Place,
Stephen H. Prescott, Asa Piper, N. Byron Phillips, John W. Phinney,
Asbury Pottle, Lieut. A. R. Quinby, Silas Reed, Peter Russell,
John P. Ryan, William Ryan, Charles L. Ray, James Rideout,
Serg. Asa C. Rowe k July 2 63, Emerson Remick d at Yorktown
May 4 62, Capt. Thomas L. Reed, Benjamin A. Ray, Lieut. H. M.
Rines, George N. Rice, Luther A. Robbins, Q. M. Ivory J Robinson,
G. L. Rus.sell, Alfred Savage p July 8 63 and July 18 64, Charles
Stilkey, W. M. Sabin, William Stover, Charles O. Stone, William H.
Spofford, George W. Stone, Edward A. Smart, George E. Stickney,
Stephen M. Scales, Lewis Selbing w and p at Manassas, J. H. Spauld-
ing, E. A. Stewart, Thomas Sawtelle, James Sullivan, Thomas Stevens,
Nathan W. Savage, James F. Snow, William A. Swan, William H.
Stacey, Col. Henry G. Staples, Lieut. William T. Smith, Cyrus A.
Sturdy, Major Greenlief T. Stevens w May 3 and July 2 63, Lieut.
Henry Sewall, Jason Spear, John N. Scott d Nov. 25 63 in New Or-
leans, Capt. Samuel G. Sewall, Enoch Sampson d in rebel prison Aug.
12 64, James Scott, Greenleaf Smart, Harrison R. Stone, Charles E.
Smith, Charles A. Thoms, George H. Thompson p at Manassas w Aug.
81 62, Actor P. Thompson, W. S. Thoms, Caleb Trask, Alfred Trask,
John A. Trufant w at Slaughter Mountain, Arnold P. Thompson, Lieut.
James L. Thompson, Alan.son G. Taylor d at Carrollton La. Oct. 30 62,
George Taylor, William H. Taylor, Aaron C. Varney w Aug. 2 and d
Aug. 22 63, Peleg O. Vickery, Thomas H. Welch p at Bull Run d Dec.
23 62 from wounds received at Fair Oaks, Nathaniel Wentworth,
Frank White, Edwin S. Witherell, Frank Whitney, Lewis Widge,
Elbridge Warren, Randall S. Webb, G. P. Wentworth, C. H. Wagg,
Charles Whittemore, Daniel Williams, Asa Wing, Charles H. White,
Serg. Charles B. Whittemore, John O. Webster, Thaddeus S. Wmg,
George Woods, Orison Wood k at Manassas Aug. 30 62, True Whit-
tier, Capt. Edward P. Wyman, George M. Wyman, Charles O. Wyman,
William A. Young.
Belgrade. — James M. Rockwood, Charles M. Stevens, Albert Aus-
tin, Samuel E. Frost w at Gettysburg July 2 63, Lieut. George S.
Blake p June 20 63, Henry C. Kennison, Roscoe S. Farnham d at Hil-
ton Head June 18 62, John M. Rockwood, Lorenzo H. Wallace, Wil-
liam H. Lord, Charles L. Damrem, Sanford Bartlett k in R.R. collision
June 1 62, Henry Frost, Henry Richard.son p at Cedar Mountain.
126 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Benton. — Reuel W. Brown, Rufus F. Brown, W. Scott Brown d Mar.
1 64, Sumner Emery, William H. Goodale, Lieut. Nathaniel Hanscom
d at Fair Oaks June 16 62, Asher C. Hinds, Nathaniel P. Hudson,
Charles H. Pratt, Charles H. Preston p at Bull Run July 21 61, Chand-
ler Reynolds, George H. Robinson, Joel C. Smiley, John McClusky,
Erastus McKenney, John A. McKinney, Alonzo Wyman, Lorenzo
Wyman, Bowman Wood, Luke B. Williams.
China. — John H. Babcock, Asst. Surg. George E. Brickett, William
V. Cook, Jacob Emery, John Farris, Augustus P. Jackson, Charles H.
Johnson, Ira S. Jones, Capt. James P. Jones, Daniel B. Hanson w May
6 64, Edward P. Hanscom p, Sylvester L. Hatch, Roscoe G. Hamlin,
Western Hallowell, William Holmes d at Columbian Hospital Dec. 29
61, Samuel W. Howes p Mar. 2 d in prison 6.5, John M. Hussey, Al-
vanah Libby, Augustus Libbey, Samuel R. McCurdy, Isaac Morrill w
Aug. 30 62, Charles H. Plummer, George W. Rogers, Charles L. Rob-
tins d at New Orleans May 26 62, G. L. Robinson, George Stewart,
George L. Spaulding p, Charles G. Thwing, Edmund Thombs, Chap.
James A. Varney, Francis P. Ward, Daniel Ward, Joseph F. Winslow
p at Bull Run, George N. Wiggin p at Winchester, Capt. Everett M.
Whitehouse, Capt. Eli H. Webber, George Weymouth, Ora C.
Wyman.
Chelsea. — Andrew J. Bailey w July 2 63, James W. Bailey, Robert
Brawn, William H. Booker, Rinaldo Brown, John H. Cappers, Henry
•Cappers w Oct. 19 64, Charles H. Caniston, Charles J. Dalton p, John
F. Davis d at Baltimore May 26 62, Nathan Durgin, James S. Emerson,
Joseph Irwin, G. H. Kimball, C. M. Kimball w, George W. Kenniston
w at Fair Oaks, Benjamin F. Merrill, Daniel Moulton, John McPike,
Franklin B. Neal, James Robbins, Henry Stevens, Harrison B. San-
born, Joseph H. Stone d of wounds received May 12, Laratius Stevens
d at Newport News Apr. 62, Austin Yelden.
Clinton. — Franklin Bagley, Jonathan Bagley, Oliver Bagley, Wil-
liam Bagley, Justin E. Brown, William Chandler, David Cole, Asbury
Cole, Horace Cole, Patrick Connor, Gardiner L. Eastman, Alpheus R.
Eastman, Sumner Flood, Almason Fly, Adam C. Goodwin w June 27
62, James Gerald, Increase F. Goodwin, John C. Flail, Harrison D.
Hobbs d from wounds July 1 62, Lieut. Alvin S. Hall d of wounds re-
ceived May 6, Philander Hunter p May 2 63, Albert M. Harriman,
Cyrus Hunter, Horace Hunter w and p at Richmond July 21 61 d in
prison from wounds, William Hunter, Melvin Hunter, John Kelley,
Orren Kendall, Augustus Knox, Jesse Kimball w at Drury's Bluff May
16 64, John F. Lamb, Henry W. Livingston, George A. Lewis, Arthur
F. Malcom, Ora M. Nason p at Gettysburg, Horatio N. Reed, Charles
M. Reed, George Ricker, A. Riley Spaulding, James P. .Spaulding,
George Sargent, David Spearin, Dustan Smith, Charles S. Thompson,
MILITARY HISTORY. 127
James Thurston, John Winn, Warren Weymouth, Alonzo Weymouth,
John Weymouth.
Faruiiiigdalc. — Alvin Brann, Eugene D. Burns, Charles E. Carter,
Eugene B. Carter, Joseph L. Colcord, Joseph B. Cannon, Albert J.
Colcord, Edwin A. Colcord k Aug. 30 62, Henry C. Carter w at Manas-
.sas, Benjamin F. Grover k at Chancellorsville May 3 63, Charles J.
Higgins wat Middleburgh Ya. June 19 61, Alvin M. Johnson w at Mid-
dleburgh Va. June 19 61, Franklin Lowell, Henry M. Neal, Reuben S.
Neal p, George W. Rice, William J. Seavey d at Washington, Seth
Sweetland p at Annapolis w at Chantilly, Frank Sweetland, Alonzo
Sweetland, Frank W. Whitney, William A. Winter.
Fayettc.~Q.2c^\. John E. Bryant, Charles E. Clough d July 14, 62,
Edwin R. Crane d at Baton Rouge July 25 62, Otis Conant, Charles L.
Crane w at Chancellorsville May 3 63, Capt. Lewis Chase, Arthur D.
Chase, Stephen Fellov.'s, Stephen H. French, Allen Fisk, Charles H.
K. French, Henry H. Folsom, Lewis C. Gordon, De Forrest M. Gille,
Calvin S. Gordon, William H. Irish, Sylvester Jones, Daniel H. Mor-
rill, Charles F. Palmer p at Winchester, James G. Palmer, George H.
Palmer, Thaxter B. Safford, G. B. Sanborn, Sturdevant, Freeman
C. Thurston d June 2 62, Calvin C. Woodworth.
Gardiner.— ^\\\\2xa. A. Abbott, Peter Adlay, Lieut. George E. At-
wood w, Lieut. George S. Andrews, Eben Andrews, Francis Anne,
Ellis W. Ayer, Thomas O. Brian, Lieut. Thomas A. Brann, Daniel H.
Backus, William C. A. Brown, Michael Burns, Roscoe G. Buck, Joshua
H. Crane, John F. Crawford, Capt. James M. Colson, Lieut. Parlin
Crawford w July 2 63, George B. Douglass, Roswell Dunton, Capt.
Augustus P. Davis, Frederick W. Dahlman, We.stbrook Deane, Horace
W Dale k July 2 63, John C. Dalton p at Fair Oaks w May 3 63, John
S. Dennis w July 2 63, Alexander Fuller, Joseph M. Fuller, Sewell F.
Frost p. Hamden A. Fall, Sylvester S. Fall w Aug. 30 62, Charles H.
Foy w July 2 63. Lincoln Grover, William Garland, J. B. Grover, Lin-
coln Grover, John H. Howe, Horace W. Hildreth, Charles A. Hildreth,
Charles Hodges p, Osgood Hildreth d at Gaines Hill, Phineas B.
Hammond, Lieut. Melvin S. Hutchinson, Leander C. Hinckley d at
Alexandria Apr. 12 61, William Horn, George M. Houghton w, Albion
T. Hutchinson, George H. Hutchinson, Horatio N. Jarvis k in action
Aug. 30 62. Capt. William E. Jarvis, Orison D. Jaquith, Charles H.
Jaquith, Augustus Jack, William Jordan, John S. Kelley, Capt. George S.
Kimball k June 19 63, James W. Kimball, Samuel W. Kimball, Meltiah
W. Lawrence, James M. Larrabee, William Libby, Lieut. Horatio S.
Libby, Hiram L. Lawrence, Charles F. McLond, Joseph Lunt p June 9
63, Parker G. Lunt, Thomas Lunt, James W. McDonald, John C. Meader,
Charles H. Merrill, William Maher, Capt. John S. Moore, Lieut. Gus-
tavus Moore, Joseph C. Morrison p May 2 63, Michael Murray, Bargill
S. Newell, Ingraham Nickerson, Lieut. Thomas L Noyes, Thaddeus
128 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Page, Surg. Gideon S. Palmer, Sidney Patten, James H. Pope, Benja-
min F. Pincin, Almon J. Packard, Nathan E. Quint, Peter Reaves p
May 3 63, John Redman, Luther Ridley, Edwin M. Reed d of wounds
received at Manassas, Hiram H. Ricker, Mellen Ring, Ira Rollins,
Thomas J. Robinson, William H. Robinson, Osgood M. Sampson,
William C. Stewart, David Stevens, David M. Stevens, George H.
Smith d Feb. 13 63, John Sawyer, George F. Spear k July 2 63, Charles
H. Spear, Hiram B. Stevens, George W. Stevens, William H. Sturte-
vant, Eugene A. Smith, Robert A. Stinchfield p at Fair Oaks, Robert
Strickland, William M. Stone, David Strong, Dexter Taylor, William
F. Taylor, Abijah W. Tripp, H. D. Tarbox, Emerson Turner jun., Col.
Isaac N. Tucker, A. B. Wakefield, George Ware, Hiram Wakefield d
Jan. 11 62, William H. Wakefield, James Witham, John Webber,
Frank Williams, Moses S. Wadsworth, Fife Maj. Moses M. Wads-
worth, Lieut. Denola Witham k May 3 63, G. C. Wentworth, James F.
Williams, Nathan Willard, Charles B. Winslow, Capt. Henry P. Wor-
cester, Stephen D. W^akefield, Nathan N. Walker k May 23 64, George
M. Washburn, Orrin H. Weeks, Charles H. Welch, William Weight.
//rr/Zimr//.— Horatio N. Atherton, Henry A. Albee, Henry A. Ar-
thur, Jesse Austin, Elijah Bartes, Plummer Butler, Charles H. Bubier,
Charles M. Bursley p at Manassas May 10 64, Ammi A. Burgess, Martin
V. B. Benman, Sumner H. Bryant d Jan. 8 63, Charles Bancroft w July
2 63 k July 2 63, Albert S. Buswell, William F. Bragg, Hugh Burns,
Erastus B. Burgess, John W. Bryant, Lorenzo Chamberlain, Horace
E. Choate w Aug. 16 64, Daniel Calaghan, James S. Choate, George
F. Chamberlain d Aug 21 63, Joseph D. Carr d at Harrison Landing
July 4 62, Henry S. Currier, Joshua Cunningham, Sewell S. Douglass,
Augustus L. Dunn, John Dunn, George F. Douglass, George H. Dear-
born. Charles M. Dodge, Hazen H. Emerson p May 5 64, William J.
Emerson, Nathaniel Ellery, David H. Ellery, Albert Fly, David
Flavin, James Frank, George A. Francis, Lieut. George S. Fuller, John
P. Greeley, Lieut. Franklin Glazier, Capt. George O. Getchell d May
30 64, William B. Oilman, Capt. C. W. Gardner, Harry W. Gardner,
Edwin S. Goodwin p May 3 63 d at Annapolis 64, Charles C. Oilman k
May 1 64, Orlando Gould, George W. Oilman, Sherburne E. George,
Weston Oilman, James H. Haskell, Joseph S. Haskell, Frank B. Howe,
William W. Heath, William H. Hodges, Reuel M. Heath, James T.
Howard, George W. Hubbard, Joseph E. Howe jun,, Frank B. Howe,
John F. Hobbs, Lieut. John B. Hubbard, Lieut. Hannibal A. Johnson
p July 2, Capt. Gorham S. Johnson, Thomas Keenan, Major Kelley,
James Leighton, William E. Laughton, John H. Lowell, O. jSI. Charles
H. Lincoln, Jackson M. Libbey, Byron Lowell, William E. Mathews,
George O. Morrill w at Chantilly, Charles C. Morrill, Capt. John M.
Nash, George E. Nason, J. Edwin Nye, Capt. George A. Nye, Alonzo
D. Pottle, John A. Paine w July 1 63, George W. Piper w Oct. 19 64,
MILITARY HISTORY. ]29
Charles B. Rogers k July 2 63, Sanford E. Runnells d June 16 62,
George S. Ricker, George O. Russell w at Manassas, Joshua Robinson,
Frank B. Runnells, William F. Richards, Ferdinand S. Richards p
Oct. 62, Lieut. John S. Snow, Joseph W. Swain, Frank E. Sager, Ben-
jamin A. Smith, Lieut. John W. Sanborn, Charles Smith p, Spooner
Simmons, Stephen Simmons, William B. Smith, Richard D. Smith,
Henry A. Swanton, Stephen H. Simmons p at Richmond, Eben S.
Stevens w at Malvern Hill, Charles Tobey, John Tommony, John
Tomony, Thomas E. Wagoner, William White, Reuben A. Went-
worth, Francis H. Weymouth, Noah F. Weeks, George S. Wood-
bridge, William Wiley. Albert T. Wharton, Amos Webber jnn. d at
Georgetown Jan. 14 62, William '\\'illis, Horace F. Woods, Charles H.
Watson, George Webber w at Chancellorsville, Samuel Wannofsky
p June 30 62, Edward Willis.
Litchfield. — Surg. Enoch Adams, George Allen, George A. W. Bliss,
William H. Bosworth, Lieut. James S. Burke, George S. Buker, R.
Franklin Chase, Charles F. Campbell, Charles H. Chick, George H.
Douglass, Edward H. Dunn w at Gaines Hill d Apr. 16 64, Watson
Foster, Alphonso C. Gowell, Emery Gilbert, Frank Gilbert, Lewis E.
Grant, Levi Gordon, w at Manassas, Page F. Grover, John C. Grover d
at New Orleans Nov. 12 63, Charles M. Hattin, John H. Hayden,
George A. Howard, Joseph E. Howard, Bradford T. Howard, William
K. Huntington, G. H. Huntington, Edward L. Knowlton w at Chan-
cellorsville May 3 63, Lieut. J. Edwin Libby d Sept. 16 63, Lieut.
Joseph E. Latham, Benjamin Landers, Thomas H. Lombard p July 23
63, George M. Maxwell k at Fredericksburg May 4 63, Darius Meader,
George Meader, Joseph Meader, John W. Neal k in action June 19 63,
John Potter w May 5 64, Joseph E. Perry, John Perry d Jan. 15 64,
Joseph J. Perry, Cyrus Perry, Warren D. Stuart, Orrin A. True, H.
S. Vining, Jones M. Waire, Hutchinson E. Williams, Thomas S.
Wedge wood.
Manchester. — Isaac L. Brainard d June 29 62 at New Orleans, Her-
bert T. N. Brainard d Mar. 22 62 at Ship Island, Xerxes O. Campbell,
James G. Cummings, Augustus A. Caswell, Greenleaf D. Greely, Seth
D. Gordon, John L. Hatch, Joseph T. Hewins, Elias Howard, Silas F.
Leighton w July 2 63, William H. Lyon w at Manassas, Henry F.
Lyon k at Shepherdstown July 16 62, L. W. Merrill d Nov. 6 62, Wel-
lington Murray d at Fernandina Aug. 22 62, Wellington Murney,
Ira Mason, George B. Safford, Joseph H. Spencer, Thomas Sun, Alton
M. Stackpole, George E. Tums, John H. Varney.
Monmouth. — Nathaniel Billington d at Point Lookout Sept 18 62,
William A. Bowers d Dec. 25 62, Nathaniel Boynton, Lieut. William
H Briggs k May 30 64, William H. H. Brown, John Chick. Capt. Gran-
ville P. Cochrane, Lewis H. Cushman, Asa W. Cummings d at Wash-
9
130 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
ington, Warren S. Folsom d 62, Andrew J. Fogg w May 4 63, Frank
M. Follynsbee, Horace C. Frost, Adj. Henry O. Fox w at Fair Oaks,
Otis H. Getchell, Charle.s F. Oilman, John O. A. Oilson, Nathaniel O.
Gilson, Joshua Oray, Valentine R. Orey, Oeorge B. Hall p at Antie-
tam, Francis Hall, Silas E: Hinkley d Oct. 30 63, Charles H. Hinkley,
John B. Hodsdon, George H. Hutchins, John Ingersoll, William H.
Jones, Thompson S. Keenan, Charles K. Keenan, Henry F. Leach,
Harlow Z. Murch, W. Scott Norcross w June 27 62, Capt. Greenleaf K.
Norris, John B. Parsons, Shepard Pease d Aug. 6 62, S. B. Plummet,
Solomon O. Prescott, Josiah T. Smith, George Small, Nathaniel M.
Smith, Joseph S. Taylor, Emeelus S. Tozier, Milburn S. Tozier, Frank
Wardsworth, Edward P. White, Lieut. Spencer F. Wadsworth, Lieut.
John F. Witherell, Elias H. Wadsworth.
Mt. Vcrno)i. — Ansel H. Cram, Roscoe G. Cram, Capt. John P. Car-
son, Samuel Davis, Benjamin F. Griffin, Calvin C. Griffin, George W.
Griffin, F. M. Oilman, John H. Gordon w at Slaughter Mountain, De-
lano Leighton, Otis McOaffey d at Frederick.sburg Nov. 30 62, George
McOaffey, William B. Morse, Daniel S. Norris, George G. Potter, Jo-
siah F\ Pearl d July 6 63, George M. Rollins, Edwin L. Robinson d at
New Orleans June 23 62, Wesley Storer d Jan. 29 62, C. E. Scofield,
Henry Sargent, Leroy H. Tuttle, John R. Teague, Oliver Trask d in
hospital May 10 62, Everard Thing p at Winchester w, O. J. Wells,
Parker Wyman. Coolidge Whitney, Verona AVhittier, T. J. Woods p
at Bull Run, George Whittier, James M. Wright, Charles B. Williams,
George W. Woods, Lorenzo W^eston, Cyrus M. W^illiams.
Pittston. — Walter N. Boynton, Daniel Brookings, John G. Boynton,
Harrison H. Blair d Oct. 16 62, Kendall Bickford, Hiram W. Colburn,
W^illiam Connor, Levi Connor, William Denene, Lewis Gray d Feb.
20 63, vSeth Hunt, Capt. Eben D. Haley w Oct. 19 64, Simeon F. Hunt
■d June 3 62, Rodney C. Harriman, Alexander T. Katon d July 8 62,
Robert A. Morton, Daniel M. Moody w July 2 63, Andrew Nelson,
John L. Newhall, George W. Nichols, Alvin A. Potter, David Potter,
Daniel Plummer, Millen Potter, Thomas A. Richardson, Joseph A.
Shea, Joseph W. Stewart, Calvin R. Sears, Joseph A. Spea, George W.
Thompson, Franklin Trask, Charles L. Ware, C. L. C. Wease.
RcadfiAd.—]dWxi F. Brown d at Hilton Head Dec. 5 61, Charles C.
Brown w July 18 63, Henry G. Blake, Lewis F. Brown d at Little
Washington Va. Aug. 4 62, Lemuel S. Brown, William P. Caldwell k
July 4 62, Benjamin J. Cram, James L. Craig, Lieut Hamlin F. Eaton,
Elias H. Gove, Robert Gordon, Lieut. Dudley L. Haines, John M.
Howes, William H. Howard, Abner Haskell d Jan. 2 63, Lieut. Charles
B. Haskell w at Fair Oaks d June 12 62, Herbert Hunton, Emory L.
Hunton, Samuel Hunton, George W. Handy, George H. Holden, Den-
nis B. Jewett, Lieut. Noah Jewett, Charles R. Kitteridge, Franklin
M. La Croix, George Lyons, Capt. Melville C. Linscott, William H.
MILITARY HISTORY. 131
Linscott, Joseph S. Merrill, David A'. Merrill, Elijah A. Mace, Joseph
S. Morrill, Auburn Merrill, Charles S. Morse. Jacob P. Morrill w at
Fair Oaks, Michael Moran, Hugh S. Newall, Anson B. Perkins, Chris-
topher C. Putnam, Thomas H. B. Pierce, Thomas A. Packard, Oscar
E. Robbins, Bradbury N. Thomas, Zadoc H. Thomas, Henry C. Thomas,
Alvaro S. Whittier, Charles H. Williams, Elbridge G. Wright, George
W. Wright, Hebron M. Wentworth, Cyrus B. Whittier.
Rome. — Arthur Mclntire, Wheelock Moshier, William H. Charles,
Russell Clement, Lafayette Clement, Abram S. Brooks.
Sidney.— Z\i2iX\Q& H. Arnold p at Gettysburg July 2 63, Perry
Arnold. Calvin Bacon, William E. Brown w at Gettysburg, Joseph A.
Clark d in prison June 22 64, Francis O. Dealing, Allen H. Drummond
w Dec. 13 63, William Ellis, Charles T. Ellis, George A. Ellis k at
Chantilly, Henry Field, Ausburn Hutchins, James H. Mathews, -
George W. Nason p May 2 63. Hiram G. Robinson, Greenleaf W.
Robinson p May 2 63, Joel F. Richardson, Charles H. Robinson, John
E. Shaw d at New Orleans Aug. 17 62, Augustus M. Sawtelle, August-
ine P. Smiley w at Bull Run, Henry AV. Sawtelle, John R. Sawtelle,
•Charles W. Smiley, Charles Snell, Allen Smith, James A. Thomas,
■George F. Wixen, William Henry Young.
Unity Plantation. — George Davis, Samuel A. Myrick.
Vassalboro.—Q,\i2iX\&& F. Austin, Albert C. Ballard p at Richmond
July 21 61, Llewellyn Ballard w and p at Richmond July 21 61, Lean-
der Bean, Joab D. Bragg, Lewis Bragg, George E. Burgess, Jefferson
Bragg, William H. Brown d Oct. 24 62, Daniel W. Buzzell, Edmund
P. Buck, Frederick O. Chick. Eugene AV. Cross, Antone Cady, Benja-
min B. Coombs, Alonzo P. Cortland, Daniel Eaton, Jeremiah A. Estes
k Aug. 25 64, James R. Eaton, AVilliam Elliott, Lorenzo Farmington,
George R. Freeman, George L. Freeman d at AVashington Dec. 19 61,
James Farrell, H. P. Fairfield, Frank Forbes p at Bull Run July 21
61 k May 5 64, John E. Fossett w at Chantilly and Gettysburg July 2
63, Edwin P. Getchell, Edwin F. Getchell, A^an T. Gilbert, Alonzo
Hinckley d Sept. 20 62, Thomas E. Home d Apr. 25 62, Orrick H.
Hopkins, James W. Irving, AVilliam H. Irving, Asa AA^. Jaqueth, Ben-
jamin Lamson, John W. Livermore, William AA''. Livermore w July 2
63, Samuel Lisherness, Henry Lyon k in action, Timothy Merrow,
Horace S. Mills w in action, John McCommic, Capt. Richard AV. Mul-
len w at Baton Rouge, George C. Morrow, AVilliam A. Merrill d Feb.
6 62, Cyrus M. Major d Dec. 9 63, Nathaniel Meigs d Nov. 13 62, John
M. Mower, Allen W. Mills, John Morrow, Alamber H. Pray, Isaac C.
Pratt, Benjamin Parker, Nathaniel P. Randall, George S. Rollins d of
wounds received at Fredericksburg, William A. Robinson d Oct. 8 62,
W. J. Rowe, AVilliam B. Shaw d Nov. 1862, George W. Sabins, Tim-
othy Small jun., Edwin Small, Alonzo Stillings, George A. vStillings.
Charles A. Smart w July 2 63, Lieut. Bradford AA^. Smart p at Manas-
132 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
sas, Charles H. Stone, G. W. Seward, Cyrus Southards, James H. Tay-
lor, Nathan P. Taber p at Bull Run July 21 61, Albert Varney k in
action, Orrison Warren, Hermon S. Webber w at Fair Oaks June 4 62
d Aug. 10 62, Elisha T. Weymouth, William Wentworth, Daniel
Weeks, George A. Wills, James W. White, William Weiler, Charles
H. Whitehouse, Eben W. Young p at Richmond.
J"ic;nia.— H. G. Colby, Charles D. Hall, Daniel A. Lord, Jethro
Brown, Marcellus Wells, Thomas Penn Rice, Warren Ladd d Dec. 24
61, Stephen P. Evans, Francis W. Ladd p at Annapolis, Orren B.
Whittier d at New Orleans Nov. 20 62, Henry W. King, George
Lord, Emulus F. Whittier.
JVayue. — Stephen Allen, William H. Bean, Rufus N. Burgess,
Francis Burgoine, James W. Boyle, Franklin Burrell, David Berry,
Charles D. Crosby, Lieut. Archibald Clark w May 17 64, Hermon
N. Dexter, Samuel T. Foss d at Ship Island 62, Darius Harriman,
Lieut. Nelson H. Norris w. Greenwood Norris d July 30 62, William
H. Prince d at Baton Rouge July 30 62, William R. Raymond w July
2 63, Ephraim D. Raymond d in New Orleans 62, George W. Ray-
mond, Lyman E. Richardson w at Bull Run d at Manassas, Capt. Win-
field Smith, John O. Sullivan, AVilliam Stevens.
Waterville. — George T. Benson, George W. Bowman d May 13 62,
James K. Bacon, George Bacon, David Bates w p at Richmond July 21
61 d of wounds, Charles Bacon d Nov. 3 of wounds received Oct. 27
64, Henry W. Barney, Levi Bushier, Thomas Butler, Daniel Black-
stone, Horace Bow, John H. Bacon w July 2 63, William K. Barrett d
at Richmond 62, William H. Bacon, Charles I. Corson, Andrew J.
Cushman, Robert Cochran, Albert Corson d of wounds July 2 63,
James M. Curtis, William H. Clapp, Henry Crowell, Baxter Crowell,
George W. Davis w at Gettysburg, Henry Derocher p June 24 62,
Charles W. Derocher, Lieut. John R. Day p June 20 63, James Dusty,
Hadley P. D3'er, Luther N. Eames, Shepherd Eldridge w at Freder-
icksburg, Charles A. Fenno, Henry N. Fairbanks, Hiram Fish d at
Culpepper Oct. 4 63, Asst. Surg. Frank H. Getchell, John F. Goodwin,
George Geyrough, Serg. Maj. Marshall P. Getchell, Cyrus C. Galusha,
Henry Goulding p May 2 63, David B. Gibbs, David B. Gibbs jun. d
Apr. 1 63, Lieut. Samuel Hamblen, Col. William S. Heath k at Gaines
Hill June 27 62, Lieut. Col. Francis E. Heath, Lieut. Col. Frank S.
Hesseltine, Capt. William A. Hatch, Charles A. Henrickson p at Rich-
mond July 21 61, Adj. Frank W. Haskell, Algernon P. Herrick w at
Chantilly, John S. Hodgdon, Albro Hubbard p, Isaiah H. James,
Charles R. Kendall, George Lashers, George Littlefield, Albert G.
Libbey, Solomon B. Lewis, Edward C. Low, Lieut. Charles AV. Lowe,
Lieut. Edwin C. Lowe, Gott Lubier, Michael McFadden, Capt. George
A. Mclntire, Watson Marston, John N. Messer, George M. Maxham,
Hezekiah O. Nickerson, Sylvanus Nook, Paul Oeward, Lafayette Oli-
MILITARY HISTORY. 133
ver, William Penney, Capt. James H. Plaisted, John H. Plummer,
Nathaniel Parley, Henry P. Perley, Gott Pooler, George Perry w May
20 64, William D. Peavey, Joseph M. Penney d at Waterville Nov. 19
62, Joseph Perry k Aug. 80 62, Peltiah Penney, Peter Preo, Charles
Perry, Edw. S. Percival, Frank D. Pullen, James Perry w at Gettys-
burg July 2 63, Abram Ranco, Moses Renco, Lucius Rankins, James
F. Ricker, Elisha M. Rowe, William Rowe, David Seavey, Charles R.
Shorey, Jacob Shurburne, Major Abner R. Small, Jason K. Stevens,
Frank O. Smiley, Charles W. Thing, Henry A. Thing, John Tallus,
Welcome Thayer, Lieut. Henry E. Tozier w May 20 64, Albert Tozier
d in Waterville, Asa L. Thompson d Dec. 26 62, Levi Vique, Hos. St.
W. W. West, George L. Wheeler k at Chantilly, William W. Wyman
w at Bull Run, Henry White d at Fredericksburg Oct. 20 62, Alvin B.
Woodman, Eugene H. Young.
IVest Gardiner. — Joseph Edwin Babb, Jeremiah C. Bailey, Amos J.
Bachelder, George W. Bailey w July 2 63, Hiram Babb, Lieut. Alfred
G. Brann, Lieut. Cyrus W. Brann, James S. Burns, Charles A. Cooke,
William O. Davis, Stephen S. Emerson, Henry Fairbanks, George E.
Grover, William F. Haines, Adams Johnston p at Bull Riin July 21 61,
William H. Jewett, Seward Merrill. Charles J. McCausland, L. D. Mc-
Kinney, Horace Morrill, Ferdinand A. Nudd, Dexter W. Page, Wil-
liam H. Peacock, Cyrus S. Peacock, Hubbard C. Smith, Daniel S.
Smith, Ari Thompson, Ebenezer Whitney.
Windsor. — Samuel R. Cottle d in service 64, James O. Carroll p at
Manassas, E. B. F. Colby, Albert A. Craig, Francisco Colburn .William
Dockendorff, Byron H. Farrington d at Washington Aug. 22 62, Capt.
John Goldthwait, George Gray, William H. Hewitt, Daniel Hallowell,
S. C. Huntley, Francis J. Lacey, William Lisherness, William B. Mar-
•son, George L. Marson, Melmouth M. Marson d Jan. 22 64, Oakman
W. Marson, Daniel Melvin d at New Orleans Sept. 30 62, George A.
Pollard, Nathan Peva, George H. Pevea, Freeman C. Pera, Harrison
Reed, Seth Rhines, Edward W. Sanborn, Wentworth L. Sampson, Lu-
cius S. vStarkey, David Stevens, Reuel W. Trask, Lieut. Marcellus Vin-
ing w May 12 64.
Winsloiv.—]. Holman Abbott, George A. Baker, Elisha S. Baker,
Daniel Burgess, George H. Bassett, Rial M. Bryant w at Fair Oaks d
June 7 62, George W. Boulter, Charles H. Burgess k June 20 64, Fran-
cis E. Chadwick, Simon McCausland, George C. Drummond, Daniel
H. Elliott, Serg. Maj. Andrew W. Fuller, James E. Fox, Edward F.
Garland, Martin V. Guptill, John L. Hale, Llewellyn E. Hodges, Max-
cey Hamlin. Charles W. Jackins, Assenius Littlefield, George L. Mor-
rill, Isaac Morrill, George P. Morrell, Addison Morrill, Edward B.
Merrill, Frank E. Nelson, Albion Osborn, Asa Pollard d at Yorktown
June 62, Homer Proctor, Henry Pollard, Otis Pollard w July 22 63,
Charles Pillsbury, William Pollard d Dec. 4 62, Hiram S. Pollard,
134 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Rufus Preble k at Antietam, George A. Pollard. George W. Pillsbury
p at New Orleans July 21 61, William T. Prebble, Harri.s C. Quinby,
Amasa Spaulding, Henry Spaulding, Charles E. Smiley, Sharon C.
Taylor, William H. Taylor, Seward A. Wood, Hiram C. Webber d of
wounds Aug. 18 63, Oliver W. Wilson d July 27 62.
Wint/irop. — Andrew P. Bachelder d at Andersonville, Orrin G. Babb,
William H. Burgess k July 2 63, John W. Bussell, George A. Butler p
July 2 63 d Andersonville, Andrew C. Butler, William P. Bailey,
Samuel Ballantine, Weston Burgess, John Bessee, Frank Beal w May
16 64, Rish worth A. Burgess, Franklin S. Briggs, George W. Chandler,
Franklin Buyer, Thomas M. Daniels, Charles H. Dearborn p Ander-
sonville, Stephen H. Day mortally w Sept. 20 63, John Dealy jun. k
June 9 63, AVilliam Durham mortally w Sept. 62, Lieut. William Elder,.
James M. Forsaith, Melville N. Freeman, Thomas R. Forsaith, David
P. Freeman w at Fair Oaks, Warren A. Friend p near Richmond June
29 62, Albert H. Frost k at Gettysburg July 2 63, Calvin B. Green,
David Grant d at New York June 13 62, Edwin Goldthwait, John F.
Ga.slin w at Fair Oaks, Christopher Hammond, James M. Holmes,
Ivory C. Hanson, Capt. Thomas S. Hutchins, Elijah T. Jacobs, Henry
Judkins, Lieut. Bimsley S. Kelley, Lieut. Daniel Lothrop, Solomon A.
Nelke, George Perkins, Daniel W. Philbrook p at Chancellorsville,
Lieut. Henry Penniman w July 2 63, Elias Pullen, Orrin Quint, Capt.
William L. Richmond, James C. Ricker p July 2 63, Sumner H. Stan-
ley, Charles H. Smiley, Joseph H. Sterns, Charles J. Sterns, Patrick H.
Snell, Charles D. Sleeper, Edward F. Towns, Edward K. Thomas k
May 6 64, Stephen A. Thurston, George W. Upton d at Yorktown May
19 62, George W. Williams, A. G. H. Wood w at Gettysburg July 2 63,
William G. Wilson k in action, Andrew Woodbury.
The president's call of July 2, 1862, for 300,000 volunteers chilled
the hearts of men like the clang of a death-knell. The youthful pas-
sion for war that gave the first summons all the joyous peal of the
■wedding chimes had now subsided. The beautiful vista of valient
achievements and brilliant victories which fancy painted had grad-
ually faded away, and, like a dissolving view from the stereoscope,
war, hideous in its vestments of blood and carnage, had taken its
place on the screen. The days of filling state quotas by the impulse
of chivalry were gone. Some inducement must be offered to exchange
the then highly remunerative pursuits of civil life for the dangers of
war. At the special session of the legislature called by Governor
Washburn, to which the attention of the reader has already been
called, a bounty equal to two months' pay was appropriated.
As the novelty of war gradually wore off and men became more
self-conservative, many of the towns offered an additional bounty.
With this last call for volunteers the state promptly offered an increase
of fifteen dollars for enlistments in new regiments, and twenty dol-
MILITARY HISTORY. 135
lars to recruits for regiments already in the field. But even this and
the liberal government bounty failed to arouse enthusiasm sufficient
to insure the completion of some of the local quotas. To meet this
emergency and counteract the effect of the exorbitant bounties offered
by some of the wealthy municipalities in other New England states,
many of the towns followed their example and appropriated sums
reaching, in many instances, four hundred dollars per capita.
The reader can readily apprehend the effect of this measure on
some localities. The quota being based entirely on the population of
the communities, those small towns which had not the accompani-
ment of wealth with a large citizenship were unequally burdened. To
meet and equalize this oppression of the less opulent localities the
legislature of 1868 passed an act authorizing that each town, city and
plantation should receive as a reimbursement from the state one hun-
dred dollars for each man furnished for the military service for a term
of three years, under the call of July 2, 1862, and all subsequent calls,
and in the same proportion for any man furnished for any shorter
period.
A commission of three persons was appointed by the governor to
audit the claims of towns. By this commission certificates were issued
to the towns, duplicates of which were deposited with the state treas-
urer. On presentation of a certificate to the latter functionary by the
treasurers of the municipalities, bonds of the state were issued to the
towns for the amount of their claims in even hundreds of dollars with
a currency payment of all fractional excesses. A loan of $2,827,500
was procured on twenty year bonds of the state bearing six per cent,
semi-annual interest. No town which furnished its quota without
the payment of at least one hundred dollars per capita was entitled to
reimbursement under this act, unless the town appropriated the
amount thus received to the benefit of the soldiers who enlisted, or
were drafted, or, if deceased, to their legal heirs. Thus it became the
duty of the selectmen of the respective towns to file lists of their
citizens' military service under enlistments after July 2, 1862. These
original rolls, by towns, authenticated by the selectmen's signatures,
are among the most reliable documents in the adjutant general's office.
The 3,813 names of enlisted men in the succeeding list aire from those
documents, transcribed for these pages, by Captain Thomas Clark, of
the adjutant general's office.
A/h'ofi.— Moses Atkinson, Lieut. Amos J. Billings d July 28 63,
Howard S. Bessey, Selden E. Brann, David Brown, Albert B. Brown,
Emery Bruce, George Bolton, Charles A. Coleman, James A. Craig,
Luther W. Crosby, Lewis H. Cofran, Seth R. Clark, Persia B. Clifford,
John F. Clifford. Samuel Charlton, James H. Coombs, Isaac N.
Coombs, John E. Copeland, William T. Cressey, Luther Davis, Charles
A. Douglass, William D. Doe, Robert Dingley, John Donnough, Had
136 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
ley P. Doe, Martin V. Eldridge, Caleb F. E^tes, Josiah Edwards,
George W. Flood, Charles L, Feldtman, Albert P. Farnham, Charles
G. Fowler, Edward Fox, John M. Gaslin, Henry S. F. Gerald, Joseph C.
Gilman, George W. Gilman, Henry A. Griffith, Charles P. Gove, George
W. Griffith, Adj. Sanford Hanscom, James Hodgkins, Cyrus S. Hamilton
d, Eben Hanely, George F. Hopkins w May 6 64, Lewis E. Hopkins,
Lewis E. Hovey, John M. Hussey, vStafford B. Jones, Charles Keene,Wil-
liam G. Kidder, Joshua Knights, William Leonard w May 6 64, Charles
H. Libby, Rufus F. Lancaster, George W. Longfellow, Albert P. Leavitt,
Isaac H. Libby d June 28 63, Herbert E. Lewis, Samuel Longley,
Davis McDonald, Andrew G. Mudgett, George F. Martin, George
Meader, John Mains, Jeptha C. Murch, Joseph L. Nado, Albert Nor-
ton, Isaac Y. Pierce, George F. Pease, Ezra A. Pray, Allen Parmeter,
Alphonso C. Pray, Lieut. Osborn J. Pierce, George Rutledge, Calvin
Rollins, Benjamin F. Runnels, Daniel Rollins, Simon Spaulding,
Lieut. Joseph H. Spencer, Andrew H. Smiley d in Albion Aug. 19 63,
Erastus M. vShaw, Edwin Staples, Warren B. vStinson, Orrin F. Stinson
d Dec. 15 64, John F. Stackpole, William G. Stratton, Charles Seekins,
Josephus Simpson, Gardiner P. Smiley d Mar. 28 63, E. N. D. Small,
James M. Tyler k near Petersburg Oct. 24 64, Lieut. William H. Tabor,
Charles B. Tabor, A. S. Weed, Algernon Weymouth, Isaac W. Whit-
taker, George M. Wiggin, Eugene Worthens, Orrin T. White, Nathan
S. Winslow d in rebel prison Aug. 13 64, Samuel Wilder, Charles T.
Whitten, Olney Worthens.
Augusta. — Peter Adley, Louis Alexander, Leverett A. Albee, George
Allen w, Judson Ames, Charles Annable w May 12 64, Edward Ander-
son, George W. Andrews, Lieut. William R. Anderson, Lieut. Hol-
man B. Anderson, Charles Arnold, Daniel Anderson, W. F. Applegate,
Edgar Atkins, H. D. Austin, Charles \V. Allen, Charles H. Arnold,
Charles S. Avery paroled p Dec. 7 64, Riley B. Avery, George E. Allen,
Orlando R. Achorn, Roscoe G. Avery, John G. Abbott, John F. Arnold
w Oct. 13 64, Edward Austin d June 13 65, Charles F. Applebee, George
Arbo, Josiah S. Arey jun., Charles M. Batchelder, Byron Branch, Wil-
liam M. Brick, Cyrus Bishop, William Burns, Charles Bushey, Benj.
F. Barrows w and p 64, Amasa M. Bennett, Q. M. George W. Brown,
William W. Bruce, S. H. Billington, Thomas G. Billington, John S.
Brown d in Libby Prison Nov. 63, James D. Brooks w Dec. 13 62,
James Britt, Samuel G. Brannan, Stephen B. Brannan, Joshua E. Black-
well, John H. Babcock, Darius Brooks d of wounds June 18 64, Joseph
Brooks, William A. Brown, William Bolton, George H. Brick, Lieut.
George A. Barton w May 6 64, James E. Bell, Benjamin Backliff, Ed-
ward K. Bacon, Lieut. Silas C. Barker p at Manassas, Isaac D. Billing-
ton, Edward Brady, Chap. Horace L. Bray, Thomas Brennan, Surg.
George E. Brickett, Jesse M. Black, John W. Blomvelt, Walter L.
Boynton, John W. Boynton, Peter R. Breen, Charles L. Brann, John
>riLITARy HISTORY. 137
H. Breene, Capt. Uriah W. Briggs, Col. Edwin Burt, Lieut. William
H. Briggs, Jcseph L. Brown, Joseph Bushey, William Barber, William
Bready, John Buderman, Jonas Bruce, Joseph Bunk, Frank Babbitt,
Charles F. Berry, Samuel Berry, Charles H. Bradbury, William Buck-
man, Hezekiah Bean, George H. Brackett, Isaac Bennett, Charles
Clark, Augustus Chadwick, Charles C. Chagnon, Rodger Connelly d in
rebel prison, Andrew Clark jun., Everett Colson, Richard Cunning-
ham, Ezra G. Ca,swell jun., Thomas Cready, Thomas Clow, John Cun-
ningham. John Canton, William Collins, James P. Capron, Alonzo
Clark, Charles O. Cha.se, Thomas Cole, Anthony Conway, Morris
Cogan, Rowland S. Clark d Feb. 27 63, Charles E. Caswell, David B.
Cole, Albert Call, Lieut. William Campbell, William A. Campbell,
Frank Carlin, Judah A. Chadwick. Elbridge G. Chick, George E. Cham-
berlin d in rebel prison Nov. 11 64, Reuel Chamberlin, Horace Church,
Leander M. Clark, Reuel Clark paroled p, .Stephen R. Clark, Theodore
Clark d in rebel prison Nov. 1 64, George M. Clark, Clinton G.
Clark, James H. Cook. John A. Clark, Llewellyn Clough, Joseph
Cogan, John Connor, Lieut. George Cony, Lucius Cony, Robert A.
Cony jun., Surg. Richard L. Cook, Eugene W. Cross, Robert Cochrane,
Robert Crawford, Lieut. Warren Cox, Charles Cunningham, Maj.
Nathan Cutler, Uriah Cunningham w June 26 64, D. H. Cunningham,
Henry C. Daley, James Davis k May 8 64, David Day, Henry Day,
William H. Day, Serg. Maj. John N. Dennen, George W. Dill d in
hospital Feb. 4 6.^, William H. Dill, Benjamin R. Dingley, Lieut. Ed-
ward P. Donnell, Benjamin Douglass w July 20 64, Thomas Doyle, John
E. Dresden, Edmund M. Dunham, Dan forth Dunton, Capt. Robert T.
Dyer, Sylvester Davis, James F. Doyle, George H. Devine, Thomas
Doyle, John W. Dinsmore, Henry S. Donnell, George W. Dudley,
Henry Dresser, Kneeland A. Darrow, Charles Dickson, William Dwyer,
Peter Donnelly, George Donahoe, John F. Duggan, Frank Edgerty,
Cyrus H. Elems w June 8 64, Charles F. Emerson, Sylvester S. Fall,
Samuel S. P'arnham, Gustavus A. Farrington d Oct. 30 64, Edmund
Fay, George E. Field, Dennis Finnegan, George H. Fisher, Roland R.
Fletcher, Edward Fogler w Aug. 18 64, Henry G. Frizzell, D. FuUock,
Eugen S. Fogg, Miles Frain, Francis J. Folsom, Augustine Fowler,
John Fenney, John Feeny, John Fitzgerald, Patrick Flenning, William
J. P'orbes, Andrew Fox, Alfred F. Gage, Marcellus Gale, Harvey R.
Getchell, Artemus K. Gilley, P. P. Getchell, Lieut. Fred W. Gilbreth,
Merritt Goodwin, Daniel Gordon, Charles H. Gordon d about June 15
64, Solomon Gordon, James R. Gordon, Josiah H. Gordon, William O.
Grady, Leonard J. Grant d Mar. 6 64, Mark C. Grant, Calvin P.Green,
John F. Greeley, Elbridge Gardiner, Edward Grover, John Greene,
Lorenzo W. Hackett, Elisha Heath jun., Otis Haskell, William F. Hus-
sey, Warren C. Harlow, Thomas A. Harvey, Abner Haskell, Hadley
O. Hawes, Charles R. Haynes, John Hayes, Capt. Albion Hersey, Ed-
138 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
ward H. Hicks, Charles E. Higgins, Henry Hodsdon, William H>
Holmes, William Holmes, Charles P. Hubbard, George A. Hussey w
July 3 63, Merrill Hussey, John F. Hussey, Capt. Charles K. Hutchins,
Alonzo F. Hill. George H. Heath, Henry W. Hawes d Apr. 9 63, Simon
Higgins, Amos A. Hansom, Greenfield P. Hall, Harvey A. Hovey^
Valentine Holt, Daniel W. Hume, Patrick Hynes, David Haggerty,
James Higgins, Henry Hugh, John Howard, F. H. Hamilton, John
Hogan. Harry Ingraham, Martin Ingraham w June 14 63, Thomas F.
Ingraham, John Jenkins, James Jordan, Lieut. Hannibal A. Johnson,
John Johnson, William J. Johnson, Frank Jones, Llewellyn Jones^
William Jung, William O. Kaherl, John Kavanagh, Stephen Keating,
Edward B. Keene, Isaac Keene, John W. Kenney, Michael Kennedy,
George Kelly, Thomas H. Kimball, William King, Henry G. Kimball
w Aug. 16 64 d Dec. 12 64, Charles N. Kincaid w May 18 64, George
W. Ladd, Frank H. Lailer, Col. Moses B. Lakeman, Nathaniel Lane k
May 6 64, John Larrabee p June 29 64, Cyrus A. Langton, Hampton
W. Leighton w at Gettysburg 63, Thomas Lilley d in rebel prison Nov.
16 64, Robert A. Lishness, Ruel Littlefield, Amasa Lord, Converse
Lowell, Judson A. Lovejoy, Newman B. Lane, Robert Lishness, John
Leighton, John Laughton, Daniel Lane, Martin Lynch, George
C. Lawrence, Nelson G. Libby, Reuel Lambard, Timothy Lucey, Cor-
nelius Lane, William H. Lyon, David S. Lyon, Henry A. Mann, Adj.
Joseph H. Metcalf, Josiah M. Morse, William Morgridge, Hiram C.
Moody, Daniel McGrath, James McGrath, John H. Moore, H. W. Mer-
rill d of disease Mar. 27 65, Francis McBride, Patrick Maloney, Joseph
Meek, Stephen S. Morse, Daniel B. Morey w May 20 64, John McMas-
ter jun., John McMaster, Daniel Mahoney p Oct. 63, James W. Miller,
Melville Merrill, Milford Mahoney, George E. Maloon, Charles J. Mar-
den, Ambrose Marriner, Alfred J. Marston p June 22 d Sept. 12 64,
Benjamin R. Marston, Charles L. Marston, Henry C. Marston, George
T. Mason, Enoch Merrill, Amos Merrill, Florentus R. Merrill, Capt.
Joseph H. Metcalf, Eben McFarland, John H. Miller, Stephen Miller,
Charles Mile, Stephen McKenney, Henry A. McMaster, Wilder Mc-
Mitchell, Charles F. Moore, James Moren, Edward Miner, James Mc-
Grath, James McGann, John Murphy, William Murphy p, Capt. J. D.
My rick, Timothy Mahoney, Thomas Mmton, Fred E. Marshall, Daniel
Murry, Fred Morrison, James Malone, Hugh McKenna, John R.
Meyer, William F. Moody, Capt. William C. Morgan, William N. Mur-
ray d of wounds Apr. 2 65, Eugene Moraney, Oliver Marr, Isaac
Moody w May 6 64, William G. Merrill d of disease 63, Thomas Mur-
phy, Jeremiah Murphy k at Middletown Oct. 19 64, Thomas J. Nary,
Albert H. Norcross, Patrick Naughton, Albert P. Nichols, Lieut. A. J.
Nichols, Charles F. Nichols w June 63 p June 28 64, John W. Nicholas,
Col. Joseph Noble, John B. Nutting, John O'Brien, John O'Neal, Pat-
rick O'Gara, Whitman L. Orcutt, James Orrick, Samuel Orr, Dennis
MILITARY HISTORY. Iciy
O'Brien, Samuel A. Packard, Albert H. Packard, James E. Parker,
Charles B. Patterson, Daniel Pease, Frank W. Peaslee dof disease Mar.
6 65, George Peva, John W. Phinney, Augustus W. Plummer, Charles
M. Phillips d Feb. 19 64, Allen Partridge, Capt. Edward C. Pierce,
Phillip Piper p Oct. 19 64, George E. Pond, Charles H. Powers, Michael
Powers, Joseph Pluskey, Jones F. Pratt, Eben E. Pushor, Nathan E.
Quint, John Rappel, Sewall R. Reeves, Moses Richards, Orlando W.
Richardson w May 16 64, Albert Ricker, James Rideout, Thomas B.
Rideout, Andrew J. Riley, Lieut. George E. Rines, George F. Ray,
Charles C. Rideout d Apr. 13 65, John Rollins, James B. Robbins w
May 19 64, Philander W. Rowell, Franklin Ruffin, William Reed, Jo-
seph Ruggles, Silas H. Runnell, Michael Ryan, Hollis M. Sabine,
Capt. James M. Safford, Omar F. Savage, George Scates, Stephen M.
Scates, Adj. Henry Sewall, Capt. Samuel G. Sewell, Lorenzo D. Shaw,
Thomas Singleton, William B. Small, Augustus C. Smith, Augustus
L. Smith, Charles F. Smith, Corp. George W. Smith, Wilson C. Smith,
Lieut. William T. Smith. William E. Smith d in rebel prison Nov. 64,
Orrin P. Smart w June 6 64, Greenlief Smart, Richard N. Smart, Jo-
seph Snow, James F. Snow, Bt. Maj. G. T. Stevens, Lorenzo D. Stev-
ens, George Stewart, Edward P. Sargent, John F. Short, David W.
Small, John Stewart w July 9 64, Charles O. Stone, George A. Snow,
Edwin F. Stone, Joseph M. Springer, Abraham Stickney, George H.
Smith d at Augusta Maine Aug. 15 63, Homer R. Stratton, Albert M.
Scott, Fred A. Sullivan, Daniel B. Savage, David Stuart, Michael Sul-
livan, Patrick Sullivan, Jacob Sleeper, John Smith, August Smith,
George Taylor, Howard W. Taylor, Richard C. Taylor, William W.
Taylor, Everett Temple, Augustus G. Thomas, Lieut. James L.
Thompson d of wounds June 6 64, Actor P. Thompson, William O.
Tibbetts d of wounds May 1 64, Lauriston G. Trask, Anson T. Tilson,
James R. Tibbetts, Henry Towle, Charles F. Tibbetts, Joseph A. Tur-
ner, Sumner W. Turner, Albion R. R. Twombley, Nicholas Vickolby,
Charles Victor, Theodore C. Van Clasburg, Charles De Villenenoe,
Charles H. Wade, George Wall, Lieut. William H. H. Ware, Jeremiah
Watkins, John O. Webster, Col. James W. Welch, Thomas Welch,
Benjamin Wells, John P. Wells d in rebel prison Jan. 12 65, Eben
Wellman, Benjamin H. Wescott, Charles H. White, Caleb F. Wade,
William A. R. Withee, Andrew P. Webber, William T. C. Wescott,
Philander E. Worthley, Stephen Wing, Oliver P. Webber, Joseph
Whitney, Henry A. Whitney, Eben B. Whitney, Michael Whalen,
Charles Woodman, John L. Watson, George N. White, Frank White,
Oliver Woodbury, Joshua R. Webber d May 28 63, William H. H.
Ware, John Wentworth d at Barrancas Fla. Dec. 10 64, Nathaniel W.
White, True Whittier, Fred A. Wilson, John Wil.son, Albert N. Wil-
liams d July 3 63, Frederick A. Williams, Henry Williamson, Holmes
B. Williamson, Reuel Williams, John Wills, Gilmore S. Wing, Atwell
J4U HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNT V.
M. Wixson p 63, John H. Woodbury, Capt. Edward F. Wyman, Charles
O. Wyman, William C. Young p d Aug. 24 64, David H. Young, A. J.
Zimmerman.
Belgrade— ]ose])\\ A. Ackley, isaac Adams, Charles Allen, Bowman
V. Ames, George E. Andrews, John W. Austin, Thomas J. Austin d
of wounds Oct. 27 64, Theodore Ayer. Charles A. Bailey, Edwin L.
Barker, William B. Bates, Charles M. Bickford, Milford Bickford,
Thomas M. Bickford, William Bickford d Mar. 24 63, George F. Bliss,
Franklin Brann, George H. Boston, George F. Breeden, William
Brooks, Frederick C. Brookings, Franklin L. Bumpus, William Bushee,
James Cavanaugh, Sylvanus W. Chamberlain, Nathaniel F. Clark d in
hospital July 29 65, George Clark, Charles A. Clement, Thomas Crosby,
Asa J. Cummings, Joseph S. Cummings, Charles C. Damren, James C.
Damren, Willard H. Darmen, Charles A. Davis, George Dow, Charles
F. Ellis, Freeman Ellis, George W. Emerson, Amasa T. Fall, Lorenzo
Farnham, Otis B. Faulkingham, Samuel Fitzherbert, Thomas W.
Flint, Daniel L. Folsom, William T. Foss, Sylvester W. Giles, William
Garrett, George Guptill w Oct. 19 64, George Grant, Lieut. Henry W.
Golder, Charles B. Goldsmith, George W. Grose, Henry Grover,
Franklin Grant, John J. Gundlack. Guard Guard, George W. Glidden,
John Hammond jun., John Harris, Rufus H. Hopkins, Ausburn
Hutchins, Levi Higgins, William H. Huskins, Cyrus Huff, Rodna
Flegwood, Charles A. Hinkley, Charles L. Hutchings, P. P. Hutchins,
Henry L Hotchkiss, Henry Huff, Samuel Jobbot, William Joneas,
Silas P. Leighton, James A. Lombard, Allen Leavitt, Charles H. Lit-
tlefield d at Frederick Md. Apr. 25 65, Acel A. Littlefield k June 20 64,
Manselus N. Libby, William H. Leighton, William Mathews, Harthorn
Marston, Edward H. Merchant d in hospital July 18 65, Asal L. Mer-
chant d in hospital July 25 65, Lyman Maxwell p, H. A. Mills, Alex-
ander McDavitt, Michael McLaughlin, George McMullen, Edwin G.
Minot d in hospital Sept. 17 64, Stephen C. Mills, Alphonzo W. Mc-
Kay, George W. Morrill, Ambrose Merrow, Charles B. Moseley, Flor-
ence McCarty, James R. Nickerson, Everet A. Penney, William A.
Parker, Fred B. Philbrick, John Patridge, Greenwood C. Pray, John
W. Pray, Reuben H. Pray, John Putman, Fred E. Patridge, Leonard
H. Pratt, George F. Parks, Gideon Powers, Asst. Surg. Ingraham G.
Richardson, Joel Richardson, Royal Richardson d Aug. 15 63, J. D.
Rhoades, William Rankins, Henry Richardson, Peter W. Swan d Apr.
1 64,' Cathbert E. Stonehouse, Charles Simmons, Henry J. Spaulding,
Edward L. Smith d Oct. 7 64, Aaron Simpson, George B. Stevens, Cy-
rus Shaw, Elijah J. Stevens, Joel Spaulding, Jesse Spaulding, David
Strong, George F. Smith, Arthur Stewart, Ezra W. Trask w May 5 d
Sept. 14 64, William A. Tibbetts, Miles J. Temple, Thomas C. Wadley,
John Worster w at Petersburg June 19 64, Hiram G. Wellman, John
W. Weaver, Charles H. Webber, George Warren, William V. White-
MILITARY HISTORY. 141
house k July 24 64, George D. Wyman, William E. Willey, John M.
Williams, Ruel Williams, A. J. Woodbury, William Wilbur, Thomas
S. Wyman, Alphonzo H. Wadley d of wounds July 2 64, Jotham D.
Young.
Benton.— Oliver Averill, Daniel R. Bartlett, Isaac S. Bicknell, Al-
pheus Brown, James A. Brown, Charles S. Buken, Benjamin F. Buz-
zell, Asbury Cole, Abijah Crosby, John Crowley, Daniel F. Davis,
William L. Davis, Loren Dodge, John E. Dougla.ss, Leander H. Dow
d from injuries May 19 65, George W. Flagg, Gershan Flagg, Stephen
Flood, Daniel S. Foss, James H. Foster, Charles Gage, Alvin Gibson,
Charles Giles, George W. Grace, John Gray, Albert Gray jun., Charles
Goodale, David Goodale d of disease Apr. 28 6a, William H. Goodale,
James Goodale, John M. Goodin, Joseph Conner, Freeman Hansworn,
James F. Hern, Theodore V. Hill, James Henderson, Benjamin Hun-
ter, John H. Hyer, Aaron Johnson, Henry Johnson, Isaac W. Kenner-
son, John F. O. Malloy, Watson D. Marston, David Mason, John O.
Dodge w Oct. 27 64, Frank McGray, S. F. McKenney, John A. McKinney,
William H. Morrill, Richard McVinet, Charles Noble, Henry Noble,
Thomas Pamphay, Noah S. Paul, Lyman Pettigrow, A. R. Preston,
Frank Raneo, Charles B. Reed, Henry M. Reed, Albert Rideout,
George A. Roundy, George F. Runnells, James Ryan, Cyrus Savage,
C. W. Smith, John Smith, Charles H. Spaulding, Charles Spauldiug,
Henry E. Spaulding, William Spaulding, John Spaulding, Hollis
Spearing, Charles Spencer, Charles A. Speneer, Samuel Stacy, John
H. Stephens, Alonzo Sylvester, Gershom F. Tarbell, Isaac Trask,
Orrin S. Usher, Bowman Wood, Daniel Wood, Henry Wood, Ephraim
Win.ship, Lorenzo Wyman.
Chelsea.— Charles E. Ames, Charles M. Bailey k Apr. 6 64, William
H. Bolton, George T. Blanchard, Samuel L. Blanchard, Cyrus Brann,
Daniel C. Brown jun., Rinaldo Brown, Plummer H. Butler, Edwin
Cappers, Rinaldo A. Carr, John M. Chase d Feb. 20 63, Stephen Cobb
w May 27 63, Alfonzo C. Collins, Augustus H. Collins k July 30 64,
Augustus Collins, Frank Condon, Albert Cooper, Frank Cooper,
Uriah Cunningham, David P. Cornish, William A. Drake, James S.
Emerson, George A. Evans, Charles F. French. Stephen H. French,
Arnold L. Foye, William A. Foye, Joseph L. Haskell, James F. Has-
kell, James Hogan, Joseph Irving, Ruel W. Keene. Wilbert W. Ken-
iston, Otis W. Littlefield, Lorin N. Marston, Nathaniel H. Meader,
Andrew Morang w May 12 64, William Morgan, Calvin Morang, Ce-
phas Morang d July 17 63, Simon Morang, James G. Morang, Hiram
Moulton, George H. Neal, Lyman C. Neal, Henry L. Patterson, Isaac
L. Page, Reuben H. Page, John E. Page, George M. Perkins, Augus-
tus H. Pinkham, Solomon H. Preble, Mark L. Rollins, Harrison B.
Sanborn d 64. Charles M. Searls d June 8 63, Henry Stevens, Eben
142 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Tasker, James Wellman d July 7 64, Fred H.White, Henry E. White,
Arad Woodbury d May 17 64, James M. Wright.
China. — Edwin Alley, John L. Allen, John C. Andrews, Joseph E.
Babb, F. S. Barnard, AVilliam Bell, Asst. Surg. David P. Bolster,
•George A. Bosworth, Edmund Bragg, Everett H. Bridgham, John S.
Briggs, Orpheus P. Brann, John Brown, Alonzo Burrill, John Burrill,
Thomas E. Carpenter, Lendell S. Caswell, Gustavus B. Chadwick,
-Charles F. Choate, Stillman Choate, Thomas F. Clark, Osgood Coffran,
Ezekiel L. Cole p Aug. 19 61 d Feb. 2 65, William J. Cole, Elias Colla-
tnore, Elisha Cooley, William B. Coombs. Joseph Coro w at Gettys-
burg 63, Atwell J. Cross, Watson W. Cross, Greenlief P. Curtis, Philip
W. Day, Aaron Davis jun., John D. Davis, Wallace A. E. De Beque,
Addison G. Deering, Adolphus W. Doe, George L. Dow, John Doyle,
James H. Ellis, Orren Emerson, Jacob Emery d Aug. 27 64, Jeremiah
H. Estes, Isaac W. Fairbrother, William H. Fairbrother, Reuben M.
Farrington d 64, John Farris, Alvanna V. Farris d July 24 64, Oscar M.
Fernold, Abisha B. Fletcher, Capt. Alfred Fletcher, Charles B. Fletcher,
Eben L. Fletcher, Edward A. Fletcher, Edwin A. Fletcher, Charles
Fowler, Alden H. Frazier, Oscar S. Frost, James E. Fulton, Frederick G.
Gage, Samuel S. Galligar, Joseph Gelcott jun., Samuel D. Giddings, F.
C. Goodspeed, Charles B. Greeley, Alfred M. Hamlin, Thomas E. Har-
rington, Joseph H. Haskell, Orrin A. Haskell, Oscar H. Haskell,
George S. Hawes, Thomas E. Harrington, Myron C. Harrington, Am-
brose B. Hanson, Quimby H. Hamilton d of disease Apr. 19 63, Ste-
phen Harmon, Sylvester L. Hatch d of disease Sept. 23 65, Sumner
Haskell, Joseph Hatch, J. W. Hall, Samuel C. Haskell, Edwin H.
Hana, Andrew B. Hubbard, George K. Huntington w May 20 64, Fred
E. Hutchinson, George H. Hussy, Charles H. Jackson, Willis J. James,
Charles H. Johnson, Amos Jones, John Jordan, Edwin Kelley, Charles
A. Ketchen d Jan 13 64, Charles Kellran, Amos Keller d Aug. 18 64
in Florida, J. Kempton, James Knichler d Sept. 18 64, Edwin D. Lee,
Aaron Libby, Albanah H. Libby d in rebel prison, Llewellyn Libby,
Moses Libby, Capt. Willard Lincoln, Charles F. Lord, Bartice vS. Luce,
John C. Marston, Orville W. Malcolm, John S. Marsh, James H.
Mathews, Edward A. Maxfield, Frederick Maxfield d at China 63,
Henry W. Maxfield, Dustan McAllister, Charles McCavron jun., Gar-
diner F. McDaniel, Burnam McKeene, Franklin Mitchell, Judson A.
Mitchell d of di.sease Dec. 7 62, William W. Murphy, Winthrop Mur-
ray, James E. Mosher, Charles H. Nelson, Erastus F. Nelson, John
Norris, Thomas Norton, Henry B. Page, Laforest Parmater, James H.
Peavey, George S. Percival, Avery Percival d of disease July 30 63,
William Perham, Franklin A. Perry, Mark Porter, Abraham R. Pow-
ers, Alden H. Priest, Charles Proctor, Lorin Proctor, George H. Ram-
sell, Henry C. Rice, Franklin D. Robbins, John L. Robbins, William
Robbins, Everett Robinson, H. G. Robinson, Timothy Robinson,
MILITARY HISTORY. 143
'Henry A. Rogers, David Savage jun., Orrin L. Seco d Oct. 11 64, John
H. Seekins, Eliab W. Shaw, Appleton W. Shorey p Aug. 19 64 d Feb.
64, Edwin Small, Herbert M. Starbird, Augu.stus H. Starkey d July 64,
Samuel C. Starrett, William H. Squires, Benjamin F. Stetson, Charles
F. Stevens, Charles B. Stuart, Alvin Sylvester, Henry H. Talbott, At-
well A. Taylor, Samuel A. Taylor, Charles H. Temple, Charles E.
Thomas, William L. Toby, William B. Toby, Ambrose E. Trask,
James O. Trask, Charles W. Turner, Elias Tyler w July 2 63 d July 15
63. Charles F. Waite, Orren B. Ward d Aug. 10 64 in New Orleans,
Wilbur N. Ward, George Wentworth, Abner D. Weeks, Albert R.
Ward, Freeman C. Ward. Howard G. Ward, Uriah E. Ward, Thomas
B. Washburn, Richard Welch, George Wentworth, Charles W. Wey-
mouth, E. A. Whitney, John Q. A. Whitley, Andrew D. Wiggins,
James M. Wright, Charles Worthing, William P. Worthing w May 12
64, James Wyman, Lorenzo York, Edwin F. Young.
<r//«/^«.— Albert Ames, Charles Andrews, Moses H. Arthur, Thomas
Armstrong, Benjamin G. Bagley, Franklin Bagley, John H. Balow,
George Barrow, Capt. Charles W. Billings d of wounds July 15 63,
William M. Brown, Leroy T. Blackwell, Edward P. Blood, Alvin
Brann, William Brenney, Charles S. Brimner d 63, John W. Brown,
Rufus N. Brown, Capt. Samuel S. Brown, Jfimes L. Bush, Eben Bur-
ton, Peter Cane, Ezra S. Chase, Francis A. Chamberlin, Edwin J.
Chase, James F. Chaney. John D. Chandler, Charles H. Clark or Card,
George L. Cole, John S. Cleveland, Horace Cole, Patrick Connor k
May 16 64, Jeremiah Conway, James L. Colmer, Patrick Dacey, Oliver
W. Dickey d Mar. 17 63, Enos Dow, Gardiner L. Eastman, Shepard
Eldridge, Freeman Emery, John Flarety d of disease June 24 63,
Henry R. Flood, Francis P. Furber w May 6 64, Oliver P. Gates, James
A. Gardiner, William F. Gerald w 63, Increase F. Goodwin, E. C. Good-
win d Mar. 28 63, Horace Goodwin, Jeremiah Goodwin, John H. Good-
ale, Lieut. Stephen R. Gordon, H. F. Harwood, George W. Hall, Simon
Hall, John C. Hall, Isaac C. Hodgdon, Asa Holt, George W. Holt d
Apr. 11 63, John D. Hoffman, Osgood Howland, Q. M. Albert Hunter,
Melvin Hunter, Charles A. Jaquith, John M. Jewell, James Johnson,
Stephen M. Johnson, Henry P. Jones, Lyman B. Kimball, Jesse Kim-
ball, Samuel Leighton, Amos Leonard w 64, Wilson C. Lewis, Jopa-
than Lewis, Joseph G. Linnell, Francis Low jun., Nelson Mallett, Al-
pheu.st Manson, Alexander McDonald, Albert C. McMaster, John Mor-
rill, John McKenney, Hason McNully, George S. Mullen, Thomas J.
Murphy, Milford Nye, Adelbert L. Orr, Oliver P. Paul, William H.
Pearson, Herbert D. Perkins, Charles C. Pierce, John G. Pierce,
Thomas A. Patter, Samuel D. Prescott, Stephen H. Powell, William
Pre.scott, Michael Quiley, Horatio N. Reed, Ezra R. Reed p June 22
64, John RenchlerrStephen B. Rhodes, Perley H. Richardson, George
Ricker, Joseph F. Rolf, Peter Rudnick k Nov. 12 64, John Ryan, Wil-
144 HISTORY OF KENNEliEC COUNTY.
liam Ryley, Elias D. Rowell, Lieut. Marcus Rowell. Theodore H.
Smith, Albert T. Snow, Franklin Snow, Daniel Y. Sullivan, Oscar Al.
Sabine, Thomas Scanlon, Francis Seede, George E. Snow, Perry Snow,
Albion Spurling, James C. Spaulding, Lewis B. Spaulding, John
Spikes, Merritt Stinson, Era.stus Tarball k May S 64, Calvin Taylor d
Apr. 24 64, James Thurston, Charles F. Tibbetts, John H. Taylor,
John Thompson, Jeremiah Thornton, Daniel Thurston, Charles L.
Totman d of disease Mar. 2 63, John A. Totipan w May 27 63, John F.
Townson, Laforest P. True, Montgomery Tuttle, Norman Vault,
Henry F. Waldren, James W. Waldren, David S. Wardwell, John C.
Walter, Retire W. Webber, Daniel J. Wells, Alfred Weymouth, John
Weymouth, Marshall Weymouth, Osgood Weymouth, Warren We}'-
mouth, George Whitten, Otheo W. Whitten, John W. Willey, Charles
T. Winslow, Henry Young.
Faruiingdale. — James Andrews, Alverdo Averell, Horace W. Baker,
Marcellus Blair, George W. Briggs, Edmund J. Brookings, George
Campbell, Ezekiel Chapman, John Clery, Charles A. Cooke, James S.
Cote, Charles R. Curtis d July 8 64, William H. Curtis w July 1 63,
James R. Dill, Joseph C. Dill, Alfred Douglass, George S. Fogg, Sum-
ner Gardiner, Samuel S. Glidden, Jonathan S. Goodrich, John P.
Greeley, Timothy Higgins, Benjamin S. Hodgdon, John Holmes,
Joel Howe, G. W. Hunt, Charles W. Johnson, Edward Kelley, Joseph
S. Lowell, John A. Lyons, Albert McCausland, Alonzo McCausland,
Moses B. McCausland, Charles Meader, Charles B. Millett, Gustavus
Moore, Henry M. Neal, John H. Pease, J. A. Perkins, Charles T. Rice,
George W. Rice, John G. Robie, George H. Seavey, Reuben Seavey,
Daniel R. Shaw, Joseph E. Sims, Horace L. Smith, Lieut. Emilus N.
D. Small, George H. Stone, Frank Sweetland, William H. Sweetland,
James D. Tibbetts, Samuel L. Tibbetts w, S. C. Thomas, John W.
Waterhouse, Nathan W. Walker, William Wiley.
/rt,,f//,.._Philip C. Adams, C. H. Bacheldor, Osbert L. Basford,
Benjamin F. Bruce, Michael Buckley, Milton W. Burnham, Francis A.
Bryant, Arthur D. Chase, Lieut. Adolphus J. Chapman, Martin V. B.
Clark, Loren S. Clough, Charles L. Crane, Francis A. Crane, Mark F.
Ditson, John F. Dwyer, Isaac Emerson, Samuel H. Fifield w Dec. 13 62
d Dec. 29 63, William H. Fish, H. H. Folsum, Stephen H. French, Asst.
Surg. Albert G. French, Charles H. H. French, Clarence C. Frost, Ste-
phen Fellows, Lovell L. Gardner, Calvin S. Gordon, Lewis C. Gordon,
John C. Gurney, William Hasty, Edgar Hathaway, Charles Hunter,
William H. Irish, Charles L. Jones, Edwin C. Jones p Aug. 19 64,
Moses I. Jones, Sylvester H. Jones, Daniel Lennon, Henry Magan,
John Mangan, Elijah D. Marden, George L. Moore d of wounds May
20 64, Daniel W. Morrill, Timothy Nickoles, Tyler Newton, Albert A.
Palmer, Thomas Powers, William H. Richmond w May 19 64, E. P.
Sanborn, James Scott, Marcus M. Small, James W. Smith, Robert
MILITARY HISTORY. 145
Smith jun., Jnsiah H. Sturtevant, Lewis F. Sturtevant, John H.
Thurber, Edward M. True, Lieut. John H. True, Isaac Warren, Sam-
uel D. Weed, James M. Wiswell, Charles W. Wing.
Gardiner. — John E. Atkins. Capt. Eleazer W. Atwood, Col. George
AL Atwood, Adj. George E. Atwood, Peter Aliff, Lieut. Ellis W. Ayer
k Sept. 9 64, Lieut. Alfred G. Brann, Sanford Brann, Appleton Babb,
Edward Bird, James H. Booker, Mark G. Babb, George A. Bowie, Ros-
coe G. Buck, Daniel Brann d in rebel prison Nov. 1 64, Lieut. Cyrus
W. Brann, George H. Baker, William Brann d in hospital P'eb. 1 64,
James S. Benson, George H. Berry, Charles P. Brann, Lieut. Freder-
ick H. Beecher, Emery H. Brann, S. S. Bennett, Lieut. Thomas A.
Brann w at Fair Oaks, Lanson G. Brann d of disease May 11 64, Dan-
iel Booker, Edward Brush, John W. Bennett, John Burke, Michael
Burnes, Gideon Bowley jun., Edward Brown, Daniel Brooking, Daniel
Black, Emery M. Brann, David R. Campbell. Albert E. Clary, George
W. Church, Cornelius Card, George W. Cheney, John H. Crowell, John
P. Church, George W. Cross, Abiel Cowen, Pell Clason, George Clark,
John Coleman, Patrick H. Cummings, Pell Clason, Albert Dudley,
Charles W. Dill, Charles B. Dexter, Ambrose Dudley. Dorson M. Dale,
Aaron Dudley, John S. Dennis, Frank W. Dirgen, James Delaney,
John Ducott, Ambrose S. Douglass, Silas A. Dixon, Charles E. Deer-
ing, J. W. Douglass, Stephen W. Dana, Charles F. Davis, Robert
Davis w at Gettysburg July 1 63, Charles W. Dill, Thomas Douglass d
Mar. 3 64, Jcseph C. Dill, Albert Dudley, Ruel M. Dunlop, Augustus
Dudley, L C. Dalton, Howard Doyle, Randall Eldridge w Aug. 18 64,
John H. Emerson, Franklin Eastman, Amasa P. Elwell, B. F. Flan-
ders, E. B. Follett, Charles F. Garry, George W. Gardiner, O. M.
Franklin Glazier, Edward Gould, James A. Goodwin, Ichabod Gray,
Nathaniel P. Goodwin, Charles H. Godney, James Gallagham, Benja-
min F. Goodwin, William H. Gardiner, Rufus C. Gerry, Frank Gil-
bert, Fred E. Gowell d Sept. 15 64, William C. Gardiner d Nov. 16 64,
C. F. Gray, William Garland, John Grant, George. H. Hooker, David
Haines, A. M. C. Heath, Ora K. Hinkley, William H. Huntington w
at Gettysburg July 9 63, Israel W. Holbrook, Phineus B. Hammond,
Henry Harrison, Joseph S. Hill, Charles A. Hildreth, Surg. Thadeus
Hildreth, Silas N. Hinkley, James Horn, Warren Hooker, Lieut.
Melvin S. Hutchinson, Albion T. Hutchinson, Ora K. Hinkley, Seth
C. Hutchins, William W. Hutchinson, George H. Harrington, George
N. Houghton, Daniel R. Hodgdon w Feb. 6 64, William Hall, George
Holmes, Charles F. Hutchinson, P. B. Hammond, Charles E. Handy,
Joseph E. Hooker, William R. Hutchins, Andrew Hooker, C. A.
Hooker, Capt. Charles T. Hildreth, William H. Hodges w Feb. 6 64,
George Jackson, Eli.sha James jun., Abram Jordan, Thomas P. Jordon,
William Jordan d Nov. 21 64, Joseph A. Jordan, Stephen E. Johnson
10
146 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Freeman A. Johnson, Major Kelley, George W. Kelley, Edward Kel-
ley, Samuel W. Kimball jun., Henry Kimball, John P. Kirk, Capt.
George S. Kimball, Benjamin C. Kittridge, Alfred W. Knight, John
Lawson, Charles F. Lawrence, Lieut. Horatio S. Libby, William Libby
jun., Benjamin Lincoln, Ivory Littlefield, Frank Lord, William H.
Lunt, Nicholas Maker, Smith R. Morrill, John Montgomery, Amos
Muzzy, Augustus W. McCausland w July 1 63, Albert McFarland w
Dec. 13 62, Asa Moore, John C. Meader, Rufus S. McCurdy, Charles
H. Merrill, John A. Mann, William H. Merrill w June 12 64, Jesse A.
Meader, James S. Morang, James H. Morang, Nicholas Maher, George
Moore, Charles H. Martin w Feb. 6 64, Alfred A. Mann d of wounds
Apr. 22 65, Patrick Mulligan, Peter McCann, George E. Maker, John
Miller, Amasa R. Meader, Benjamin A. Merrill, Ansel L. Meader,
Thomas McNamara d Aug. 15 64, Clark D. Meader, James H. Morang,
Loring C. Marriner, John F. Merrill d Nov. 11 65 in Florida, Mitchell
R. Nobridge p June 25. Ingraham P. Nickerson, Gideon P. Noyes,
Alden Norton, Luther Oliver, Alfred Oliver, James R. Peacock,
Thomas Page, David Page, Charles H. Potter d of wounds June 2 64,
David Potter, Almon'j. Packard, Jacob Patterson, William S. Peacock,
George R. Parsons, Sidney Porter, Lieut. James A. Pray, k June 18 64,
Joseph J. Perry, Leander Potter, Samuel F. Pope, C. W. Price, Lorenzo
Quint, Joseph A. Ricker. Peter Reves, Benjamin F. Ring, Daniel W.
Robinson, James R. Rosignal, John F. Royal, Hiram H. Ricker,
George E. Rhodes, John Ray, William H. Robinson p July 63 w in
action 64, William J. Rowe, Charles M. Stevens, David H. vStevens,
William F. Sherman, Jacob M. Steward, Mandred O. Savage w May 6
64, Everett B. Small, Charles Senaque, William H. Simmons, Capt.
George W. Smith, William C. Stoddard, John Shea, H. W. Smith,
Leander Stanley, David S. Stevens, Calvin W. Smith, George B. Saf-
ford, Benjamin S. Smith, Horace Sturtevant, Martin C. Stephenson,
Merrill Savage, Harrison A. Sturtevant, William H. Stackpole, Charles
L. Swift, Eugeane A. Smith d Aug. 22 64 at New Orleans, James L.
Stoddard, Frank W. Sawyer d Oct. 9 64, Alex. Simpson w May 10 64,
Timothy W. Sheehan, Robert S. Starbird d Aug. 4 63, Benjamin C.
Smith, David S. Stevens, Thomas E. Smith w Apr. 1 65, Naham Spear,
George F. Strong, Charles D. Smith p in 64, William K. Savage,
Charles Sprague k Dec. 13 62, Aaron Stackpole, James O. Smith, Lieut.
Sanford W. Syphers, William F. Swift, Francis A. Taylor, William F.
Taylor, Simeon P. Taylor, George F. Taylor, Abijah W. Tripp, George
W. Taylor, Silas H. Taylor, George W. Tyler, Martin Tyler w June 3
64, Elbridge Thomas, Caleb Taylor p July 30 64, William F. Taylor,
Martin Taylor, John S. Towle, Peter Thorp, Alonzo F. Tinkham,
Charles H. Tabor d at Annapolis Sept. 17 63, Leonard L. Taylor,
Elijah Towsier, Edmund S. Towsier, Emerson Turner jun., David H.
Wakefield, William Wallace, William S. Ward, Charles M. Winslow,
MILITARY HISTOPV. 147
Charles A. Washburn, William B. Webber, Charles H. Welch, Charles
W. Webber, William H. Wilson, William White, Owen Woods, Wil-
liam H. H. Waterhouse, Cyrus K. Witham, Chester Whitney p Sept.
27 64, Thomas B. Whitney, George W. Wakefield, Franklin Williams,
Stephen D. Wakefield, Andrew Ware, William Wallace, George M.
Washburn, Winfield S. Witham, Moses S. Wadsworth, Phineas
Witham, James T. Williams, Wesley Webber, George M. Wentworth,
Warren E. Welch d Jan. 26 65, Joseph W. Welch, Charles O. Wads-
worth w June 24 64. William O. Wakefield, Warren C. Waterhouse,
George E. Webber, John M. Webber.
Hallowell.—CyrviS Allen, Eben P. Allen, Moses H. Arthur, John D.
Bailey, Asa E. Bates, Elijah H. Barter, William C. Bartlett, Josiah
Bean, Rufus Besse, George W. Booker, Albert Borner, Charles M. Bur-
ley, Hugh Burns, Charles A. Brown, Albert S. Buswell, Horace E.
Choate w Aug. 16 64, George L. Crummett, Alvah H. Davis, Winfield
S. Dearborn d of disease June 14 63, George F Douglass, Thad. H.
Fairbanks, Albert Flye, William Flye, William A Forrest, George A.
Francis, Samuel S. George, Owen Getchell, Eugene B. Getchell, Wil-
liam H. Oilman, Edward R. Gould, William C. Gray, Surg. John Q. A.
Hawes, William W. Heath, John R. Holt, Joseph E. Howe, James
H. Howard, George W. Hubbard, Col. Thomas H. Hubbard, Alvin
T. Huntington, Buzzella L. C. Hussey, Horace S. Jackson, Henry
A. Johnson, Lewis E. Kauffer, Morris Kennedy, Thomas Keenan
supposed prisoner, Waldo B. Keen,William H. Libby d in New Or-
leans June 28 64, Thomas C. Littlefield, Michael McCoUer, Edward
Minor, George O. Morrill, Capt. Charles E. Nash, Winslow Niles,
John O. Northy, Darius Nye, Simon C. Paine, Lieut. John A. A.
Packard, Silas Palmer, Thomas L. Palmer, Charles E. Pinkham, Sanford
L. Pinkham, Levi W. Pitts, Ashbury F. Pottle, Ellas N. Remick,
James K. Reynolds, George S. Ricker d Mar. 21 64, Levi Robinson,
John W. Rogers w, George S. Rowell, Lieut. Edwin W. Sanborn,
Lieut. John W. Sanborn w Sept. 19, George E. Shurborn, Augustus H.
Smith k May 5 64, Emery N. Smith, Thomas Smith d in hospital Oct.
12 64, Richard D. Smith, Michael T. Smith, William R. Stackpole,
Nahum R. Stone, Francis B. Swan, Joseph W. Swan, Jeremiah Sulli-
van, Charles H. Thing, William Thurston, Elijah C. Town, Elisha
Towns, Reuben A. Towns, Capt. Orville T. Tuck, Thomas E. Wagon-
er, John W. Welch, Reuben A. Wentworth, George Whitcom d of
wounds June 6 64, Charles H. S. White, George O. White w at Gettys-
burg, Robert A. Witherell, William P. Wood, Samuel Wynoskey,
Dunbar H. Young.
Litchfield.— ChRvl&s H. Adams d Oct. 20 62, Thomas B. Aderton p 64,
d in prison Dec. 12 64, Franklin A. Bailey, G. W. Baker, Lieut. William
C. Barrows, Allen G. Barrows, William Berry, William H. Bosworth,
George W. Brown, William O'Brien jun., Cyrus E. Burke, Morrill
148 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Burke, John S. Buker, James H. Buck, Lieut. Joseph W. Burke, Joseph
Cameron, John C. Chandler, Charles G. Clifford, William W. Cook d
of disease Apr. 1 63, Davis S. Curtis. John H. Davis, George P. Day,
George R. Douglass, Clement H. Douglass, John Dyer, Henry D. Earl,
Dennis Gatchell, Andrew J. Goodwin, Marcellus Goodwin, Amaziah E.
Googins, Levi Gordin, Nathaniel O'Gowell, John D. Gowell, Abiel W.
Hall, David Harmon, Augustus Hatch, Joseph S. Hatch,Wilson M. Hat-
tin, Charles M. Hattin, John Holland jun., Daniel G. Huntington, Fred
E. Hutchinson, Nelson G. Hutchinson d of disease Aug. 14 63, Benjamin
G. Hunter, Lieut. Amos M. Jackson, Joseph E. Jack, Samuel Jackson,
William L. Johnson, Thomas H. Lambert, Joseph E. Latham, Jo.seph
Sawyer, John Lewis, Napoleon D. O. Lord, Daniel McAlister, Josiah A.
Marston, Joseph Y. Maxwell, Joseph H. Maxwell w Apr. 24 64 d July 5
64, Isaac Meader p 64, George Meader, Joseph Meader, Augustus Mer-
rill, David Mitchell d Sept. 11 64, Alexander McNear, Elijah Nickerson,
Jonathan Newell, James O. Nickerson, Edward E. North, Charles E.
Parks, Daniel W. Perry, George S. Perry, Charles W. Potter, John
Potter, Alden H. Powers, James W. Powers, Corrector K. Richardson
k May 6 64, Lorenzo M. Richardson d Apr. 13 65, James Ricker, Daniel
W. Robinson, Andrew S. Robinson, Charles G. Runnells, George E.
Safford, John D. Smith w June 22 64, David G. Smith w May 17 64,
Charles A. Smith, Richard Spear, Col. Isaac W. Starbird, Charles D.
vStarbird w Aug. 14 64, William W. Stevens, James O. Stevens, Joseph
B. Stevens, George N. Thurlow, Orrin A. True, Daniel G. True, Anson
Turner, Jones M. Waire, George D. Wakefield, George S. Wedgewood,
Newton J. Wedgewood, Baptiste Willet jun., William C. Williams,
Henry Wilson, Tom Wolf, Daniel W. Woodbury, William Wyman.
Manchester.— K\or\zo C. Atkins w Oct. 2 64, John H. Avery, Brad-
ford S. Bodge, Elbridge Y. Brainard d June 21 64, Edward A. Bow-
man, James Brazor, William C. Blake, Heman B. Carter d in rebel
prison Jan. 20 64, Alonzo Campbell, Hiram W. Campbell, John B.
Campbell w at Gettysburg 63, Leonard' Dearborn, Joseph L. Dow d
Apr. 26 65, Nathaniel F. Dow, Lieut. Loring Farr, Frank S. Harriman
d Jan. 10 64, John H. Haskell, John Harlor, Joseph T. Hewin, Thomas
Hill, William H. Hock d at home Aug. 10 63, Elias Howard, John F.
Hutchinson, Charles F. King, Voramous Kimball, Charles W. Lincoln,
John P. Lowell d of disease Aug. 7 63, George A. Levering d July 20
63, Byron Lowell, Ira Mason, Thomas Mason, James F. Mears, William
F. Nickerson, Augustus Parsons, Charles W. Sinclair, James Smith,
Joseph A. Spencer, Marshall Thaxter, Jairus Towle, James Wade,
Daniel H. Wheaton, Alden Wright, Marcellus Wells.
Moninojith.—]&m.es H. Allen, Charles W. Ayer, Edwin F. Bailey,
Samuel W. Barker, David Bartlay, Mathias A. Benner, Samuel D.
Blake, Samuel T. Blake d of wounds June 5 64, Lieut. Ara C. Brooks
d Sept. 26 62, Horace Burrill, Michael Burke, John S. Chandler, Wil-
MILITARY HISTORY. 149
Ham B. Chick w May 20 64, James H. Chick, Leander L, Clark, Simon
Clongh, David H. Coburn, William Coburn, Con Collins, Charles H.
Crowell, C. F. Cummings, Alexander H. Day, Charles E. Day d in
Libby Prison Dec. 19 64, Silenus Decker, George E. De Witt d of dis-
ease Nov. 9 64, Almon B. Donnell, Edwin L. Donnell, James E. Dud-
ley, Edward Durgin, Nathaniel J. Emerson, Charles C. Ellis p June 30
64, Stone G. Emerson, Warren Farrar, James S. Field, Lemuel T.
Field d Apr. 23 64, Andrew J. Fogg, Daniel W. Folsom, Alpheus S.
Folsom, George D. Frost d Sept. 64, George W. H. Frost, Horace C.
Frost, Samuel A. Frost, William B. Frost, John Fuller, John F. Fur-
bush, David H. Gilman, William Gray, Joseph D. Greenlief, Alan-son
G. Hall, David S. Hall, George E. Hathane, Willard K. Hathorn, Wil-
liam C. Hannaford, Charles H. Hinklay k May 12 64, Joseph E. How-
ard, John F. Howard, George S. Hutchinson, James Jaquith d Dec. 1
63, John H. Johnson p .Sept. 16 64, Thompson S. Keenan p 64, George
J. Ketcham, Samuel J. King, Philip Kighrigan, George L. Landers,
Lewis Lane, Lyman E. Leach, Benjamin F. Leighton p June 29 64,
Cephas H. Leighton, Charles H. Leighton, George W. Marston, David
T. Moody, Frank G. Moody, Frank S. Mountfort, Charles E. Nason,
Charles A. Norcross, Constant F. Oakman, W^illiam Paddaux, John
Perry, James A. Pettingill d of disease Jan. 12 63, Andrew B. Pink-
ham, Joseph W. Pinkham, Charles E. Plummer w May 5 64, Charles
H. Prescott, James M. Prescott, Herald A. Price, Wilbur F. Priest,
George H. Putney p at Antietam, Edwin G. Randall, Charles A. Reed
d Feb. 17 64, William Regan, Carlton K. Richardson, Edward A. Rich-
ardson, Lieut. James D. Robie, Frank Ronco, James F. Rowe, William
Rowkes, Albert J. Sharp, William H. Shorey d July 4 63, Josiah
Smith, Jeremiah Spelman, Lucias C. Stockin, Lander C. Thompson,
Charles F. Thurston, Jerry E. Thornton, Nathaniel W. Titus, Howard
P. Todd, John F. Tolman, Samuel T. Torsey, Charles E. Towle, Wil-
liam A. Tozier, Francisco W^adsworth, Cyril N. Walker, Thomas
Ward, Peter Wedge, Philip Wedge, Edward P. White w Apr. 1 65,
Edward Wilkes, John A. Wilcox w at Antietam 64, David Wilson d of
disease Mar. 8 63, Samuel F. Wing, Samuel S. Wyman.
Mi. Vernon. — Charles A. Allen, James M. Allen, Jonathan Allen,
Orlando V. Andrews, John Bartlett k Apr. 1 65, Charles P. Bazin,
George W. Bean, Moses T. Bean, George Blake, John D. Blake, James
Bennett, D. C. Bagley, Josiah P. Bradbury, John Bubier, Alvin Butler,
Henry H. Cain, George A.Carson d Nov. 21 64, Almon B. Carr, Gilman
N. Carr, Stephen Carroll, Benjamin J. Cram, Stephen A. Cram, Charles
B. Creighton, Henry A. Davis d May 5 63, Samuel Davis, Heman N.
Dexter, Charles Dolloff, John Doe, Hiram T. Drew, George E. Dudley,
Calvin Dunn, Cornelius Dutton, Jo.seph W. Fogler, Frank M. Furber
d of disea.se Sept. 19 65, Charles H. Gordon, Emery H. Gordon w May
27 63, John H. Gordon, John S. Gordon, Henry S. Gordon, Samuel H.
3 50 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Gordon d of wounds June 30 63, Nelson Gould, Madison F. Glidden,
Benjamin Hamilton, William H. Hantoon, George W. Hanna d Dec.
14 64, Leroy D. Hopkins d Dec. 26 04, Thomas vS. Hopkins, Lieut.
Georg-e C. Hopkins, Frank Hubbard, Samuel G. Hutchinson, William
C. Jackson, William H. Jack.son, Charles N. King, Erastus O. Kelley,
Gancelo King d July 30 63, George E. Knox, John A. King w May 27
63, Edwin L. Ladd, Edson M. Lougee, Nicholas R. Lougee, Delano
Leighton w, Leander S. Leighton d July 18 63, Timothy Leighton,
James E. Linscott, William McGoud, Harthon Marston, William B.
Morse, Stephen Norton jun., Charles Oaks, Melvander Packard, Ben-
jamin F. Paul w 64, Fred B. Philbrick, Dudley O. Philbrick, Maurice
S. Philbrick, Milton P. Philbrick, Lemuel Porter, Orestes H. Porter d
Mar. 8 63, Orville Porter, George Prentice, John Ryan p Apr. 9 65,
George O. Reed, Joshua B. Smith, Henry G. Smith, John Smith, Ar-
thur Smith, Marcellus Smith w May 12 64, Ezra Smith w Sept. 4 64,
James Shaw, Leander Shaw, Richard Shorey, Lloyd H. Snell, Francis
C. Stewart, John M. Stockwell, Emulus D. Small, Hilton H. Sidelinger,
James M.Stevens, George A. Storer d Aug. 24 64, John Swatz, Charles
"h. Smith w May 12 64, Everett Thing, Charles Thompson, John R.
Teague, Walter Vail, Joseph AVard, James Wardwell, Elisha L. Wells,
George Whittier, James L. Whittier, Samuel Whitney, Albert L.Willis,
John Willitt, Charles B. Wyman, Lieut. George W. Woods.
Pittston. — William Allen, Charles Allen, Edmund Allen, Alvin G.
Bailey d June 22 63, Hiram Barker, John Berry, George L. Blair w
July 13 63, William Blair, Eli Blair, John F. Blodgett, George H.
Blodgett, Eben N. Brann, Edward Brown, Eben Brookings w Aug. 16
64, Samuel C. Brookings k July 2 63, John Brookings, Mark C. Cass w
Oct. 19 64, Elisha S. Chase, John L. Clark, William Connor, James S.
Colburn, Isaac Crocker, Benjamin F. Crocker, Llewellyn Crocker,
Roland H. Cutts, John Desmond, William Day d Apr. 19 64, Fred
Dobson, Michael Donovan, E. H. Doyle, Thomas Doyle, John G.
Drake, Edwin Dudley, Lewis H. Dudley, Lewis C. Dudley, William H.
Dudley, Charles E. Fillebrown, O. B. Frank, John Gallagher, Wilbert
H. Oilman, Frederick Goud, Humphrey Grant, John Grant, George
W. Goodwin, Albert Goodwin, Hamilton Goodwin, Joseph H. Good-
win, James A. Hall, William D. Hanover, George T. Haley, Benjamin
B. Hanson, Adj. Charles C. Hinds, Enoch Hollis jun. p Aug. 25 64,
Charles Hunt, Kingsbury Hunt, Lewis Hunt d Dec. 4 64, Reuben
Heseltine, Thomas Hunnewell, Charles A. James, James Jackson, Jo-
sephus James w July 3 63, George W. James jun., Hiram S. James,
Lewis W. James d of disease Apr. 9 63, Charles H. Jones, Albert Jor-
don d of disea.se Mar. 19 63, Joseph C. King, William King d of
wounds June 18 64, William Katon d in New Orleans Oct. 4 64, Howard
Lamson, Lieut. Eugene Leeman, Clarence Leeman, Elbridge Mames
d of disease Dec. 10 62, Alden Mar.son, Charles B. Mansir d at home
MILITARY HISTORY. 151
July 10 64, Alden Marson, Benjamin Marson d of wounds July 11 64,
George H. Martin, Sawyer McLaughlin, Charles W. Moody, Edwin
W. Moody, Leonard Moody, Lucius Moody, Edward Morton, Edward
Mosher d on transport May 23 64, John Moulton, Wesley Murphy d in
hospital Aug. 12 64, William H. Noyes, William W. Paris w June 4
63 p Dec. 18 64, P. W. Parker, William H. Paris, Melvine Parsons,
George W. Palmer, James H. Peacock, Hartley Peasley, Myrick Per-
ham p June 22 64, Ellery Pinkham, Thomas D. Pinkham, William
Pinkham d at Point of Rocks Aug. 13 64, Mellen Potter. David Pottle,
Moses Pottle, Hiram Pratt, Loren A. Pushard, Fred P. Pulsifer, Charles
E. Ramsdell w May 6 64. Sew. D. Ramsdell, Eben Richardson, Brad-
ford H. Reed, Jesse Reed, T. A. Richardson, Capt. Asbury C. Rich-
ards, Daniel W. Robinson, Patrick Ryan, David F. Shea, Lincoln L.
Sheldon, Joseph W. Stuart, Joseph F. Silver, O. A. Sibley, Joseph A.
vShea, James L. Small w May 18 64, David Small d of wounds May 13
64, Calvin C. Smith, John H. Sprague, John B. Stevens, George W.
Stevens w July 15 64, John Stewart, Harrison Stewart, A. M. Stilphen,
John W. Tarr, Henry Thompson, James F. Thompson, Jesse M.
Troop, Lieut. Melvin C. Wadsworth, Alphonso R. Warren, Charles
M. Warren, Charles N. Ware, Moses A. Ware, Warren Ware, Auguste
Wagner, Charles E. Webster, Frederick L. Wells, Joseph A. White,
David White, Pary R. Winslow, Albert O. Wood, John Wyman, Lieut.
George T. Yeaton, Benjamin Young w July 3 63.
RcadJicU.—\\\ H. H. Adams d Apr. 18 63, Freeland N. Albee w,
George L. Armstrong, Reuben Atwood, George R. Allen, James
Barnes, Milton A. Bean, Edward Beathan, Benjamin B. Brown, Charles
C. Brown w July 18 d at Hilton Head Dec. 5 61, Samuel E. Brown d
Mar. 18 63, Charles H. Bubier, George B. Bodwell, Walter C. Boying-
ton, Charles H. Chapman d Mar. 19 63, William Coakley, Charles B.
Cobb, Lewis E. Clark, Albanus Clough w June 3 64, Francis D. Clough,
John S. Craig, Edwin H. Cram, Charles S. Crowell, Robert M. Cun-
ningham, Capt. Hiram A. Dalton, Charles L. Davenport, Thomas
Devins, George Diplock, William H. Dunham, J. P. Dudley, Orrin C.
Estes, Elnathan S. Fairbanks d July 7 63, Dudley S. Fogg, Enos
Foster w d Sept. 4 63, Francis J. Folsom, Edwin Freeman, John Gal-
vin, Stillman P. Getchell, John W. Gilman w Sept. 30 64, Martin Cod-
ing, Robert Gordon, Daniel E. Gordon, Joel H. B. Goss, George W.
Graves d of wounds, Charles E. Hall, Charles W. Hamlin, Abba C.
Hicks, Henry Holmes, Jonathan Howe, William H. Hunt, Jefferson
D. Hunton, Emery L. Hunton, William H. Hutchins, George W.
Jackson, Noah Jewett 2d, Dennis B. Jewett, Joseph P. Johnson, Moses
king, Frederick S. Knowlton, James M. Ladd d Mar. 7 63, George M.
Lane, Frank Lancaster, William H. F. Libbey, Samuel Lisherness,
John Little, Daniel H. Lovejoy, Frank Manson, Levi Martin, F. R.
McKeen, William Morrill, Frank J. Norton, Charles E. Palmer
152 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Ansel B. Perkins, Nathan Peva, Charles H. Pbilbrick, Henrj^ Pooler,
John Putman, C. V. Putten, A. A. Robertson, William L. Robbins,
Joseph F. Rogers, Michael Russell, Lieut. George A. Russell, Nahum
Q. Sanborn, Thomas Sawtelle, Gustavus Smith, Lucias Smith, Nathan
Smith, Asa V. Starville, Daniel Sullivan, John B. Tarr, Dexter Taylor,
Silas C. Thomas, H. C. Thomas, Ferdinand Tinker jun., Charles H.
Torrey d Apr. 28 65, James Turner, George H. Waugh, Lewis Web-
ber, Nathan Wentworth, John M. Williams, George R. Williams,
Leonard L. Wing, Thomas J. Woodworth, Eben H. Wing, Horace G.
Yeaton.
Rome. — Benjamin Austin, Arthur E. Charles, Benjamin F. Charles
w at Gettysburg 63, William H. Cook, Lorenzo Cookson, George H.
Cunningham, Moses Cunningham, William Dinnon, Hartley Rasters,
Frederick Z. Eaton, Charles Edwards, James H. Erskine, George Fair-
banks, George E. Fifield, Ebenezer Foss d Jan. 1 63, William H. Foss,
Levi Gorden, John McGraw, Ira Hammon, Charles Hunnan, David
AL Kelley, Otis B. Kelley, John Loftus, Joseph P. Littlefield, Edward
L. Martin d Mar. 3 63, Mark McLaughlin, Abram L Meader, William
H. Merrow, William Meyor, Baxter C. Moshier, Charles R. Moshier,
George Mo.shier jun., Israel Moshier, William Moshier, Abram H.
Mundy, Albert Page, Andrew C. Perkins, Flezekiah S. Perkins, Rob-
ert Perkins, Robert A. Ripley, Edward A. Robbins, Emons Robinson,
John F. Robinson, Isaiah M. Sawtelle, Levi E. Stevens, Samuel I.
Stevens, Charles Taylor, William Thomas, Edward Thompson, Henry
Turner, William H. Ward jun., Moses Warren, Increase E. Watson.
Sidney. — Henry A. Annis, AVilliam A. Arnold, Charles E. Avery w
and p May 5 64, Artemus R. Bacon, Charles H. Bartlett, William H.
Bean w May 27 63, William Bennett, Thomas S. Benson, Hartson M.
Bragg, Austin Bragg, George B. Brown, William M. Burgess, Charles
Butler, Edward Butler, Frank Butler, Alfred L. Burgess d July 4 63,
Ephraim L. Chamberlain, Enoch S. Chase, Lieut. Martin V. B. Chase,
Lorenzo D. Clark d Oct. 8 63, George A. Clark, Franklin L. Connor,
Amasa L. Cook, Benjamin T. Curtis d Aug. 5 63, Jedediah Cronkhite,
Thomas J. Cunningham, Henry C. Davenport d May 6 63, Roscoe G.
Davenport d Feb. 27 63. Charles H. Davis, Andrew Denifer, John
Dexteeter, Benjamin F. Dow, Henry J. Dyer d on transport Oct. 12 64,
Sullivan Ellis, William Ellis, Patrick Falney, Eben M. Field, AlbusT.
Field, Jo.seph F. Field, Eben M. Field, Timothy R. French w June 3
64, Mark Frost, Joseph A. Gray, Horace Hall, Henry A. Hallett, Q. M.
John Ham, Enoch B. Hamlin, Albert H. Hallett, Simon C. Hasting."--,
H. W. D. Hayward, William W. Hersom, Melville Irish, John Kelley,
Harvey M. Leighton, Granville B. Libby, Joseph M. Lincoln, Samuel S.
Longley, Sewall Lovejoy w May 6 64, David Low, David A. Low, John
Mahon, Fred FI. Mann k June 3 64, James S. Marble p May 10 63, Darius
Meader, Daniel McLaughlin, John McLaughlin, John McRay, Winslow
MILITARY HISTORY 153
H. Mclntire d of wounds June 15 61, Charles H. Nason d Aug. 1 64,
Hiram B. Nichols, Thomas M. Packard, David O. Parks, Henry R.
Perkins, Mulford B. Reynolds p June 24 64, William H. Reynolds,
George M. Reynolds w, Asa Robbins d Sept. 22 64, Hiram Robinson,
George W. Rollins, Joseph Royal, Edward B. Sanderson, Charles W.
Sanderson d of wounds June IS 64, Charles E. Sawtelle, Justine A.
Sawtello, Samuel W. Scofield, Charles Sherman d Mar. 24 63, A. B.
Sibley, Augustine Smiley d at Stevensburgh Va. Jan. 5 64, Eben
Springer, George E. Staples, Jeremiah C. Stephens, Daniel Sughire,
Jethro H. Sweat w May 16 64, William H. Stewart, Leavitt Thayer,
James W. Vanwart, Silas N. Wait, George W^hitney, Alexander Wil-
son, Richard W. Withee, Alonzo Wixon d Aug. 27 63, Edward Wixon,
Vernal A. Woodcock, Adj. Joseph T. Woodward.
Unity Plantation. — Orison T. Brown, George W. Flagg, Sicard
Felix, George A. Hanson, Elisha Libby, Joseph McClure, William A.
Powers.
Vassalboro. — Benjamin Adams, Peter Aikin d in hospital Nov. 13
65, George J. Allen, George E. Allen, James U. Atwood, Charles L.
Austin, William A. Austin w Mar. 27 63, Stilman G. Bailey d Nov. 24
62, George Baker, George Baldwin, George W. Barnes, Lieut. Edwin
C. Barrows, Charles Baxter, Isaac F. Bourne, Oliver Brackett, Joseph
O. Bragg, Robert C. Bragg, Lewis Bragg, Jefferson D. Bragg, Robert
C. Brann, Hiram N. Brann, Frederick Bridge, Benjamin Bubier, C. D.
Bubier, Ambrose Burgess d Dec. 26 62, Antome Cady, Michael Cain,
Darius Cain, James R. Carney, Henry F. Chadwick, Samuel Chute,-
Edwin W. Clark, George W. Clififord, Robert Cole, Edmund G. Cole-
man, Charles E. Collins, William E. Cox, Charles S. Crowell, John
Dalton, Albert F. Day, H. G. Dickey, Samuel K. Doe, Lewis B. Doe
accidentally k Jan. 4 63, James R. Eaton, John Emerson, James S.
Emery, William English, Redford M. Estes, John H. Estes w July 2
63. Gustavus K. Estes k Oct. 27 63, William D. Ewes, H. A. Ewes w
July 1 64, George W. Fairfield, Orrin Farnham, Lorenzo Farrington,
Elbridge C. Fassettd July 12 63, Andrew Flanigan, Thomas Flanigan,
John H. Frazier, Charles A. Freeman, John M. Fogg, Willard O. Fogg,
Robert M. Fossett d Oct. 25 62,- Joseph E. Fossett, Norman H. Fossett,
James Footman, George H. Gardner, Henry W. Gardner, Joseph C.
Gardiner, Abraham Gorow, Eliheu Getchell, Van T. Gilbert, Charles
Gibson win action May 27 63, Joseph A. Glazier, E. R. GofT, Lawrence
Griffin, Rishworth Gray, Henry A. Hamilton, Charles L. Hamlin w at
Gettysburg 63, James H. Handy d Apr. 17 63, John Hart, iMichael Har-
mon, Edwin P. Hatch w, Michael J. Hanlin, William P. Hawes, G.
Hayford, Henry Heath, Charles H. Holt, Stephen A. Hoyt p July 1 63,
C. W. Hussey, Isaac Hussey, George H. Hussy k in action May 12 64,
Waterman T. Hutchins, John F. Irving d May 18 63, James W. Irv-
ing, Preston B. Jones, R. F. Jordan, William Keaton, William Keefe,
154 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Robert J. Kitchen d Sept. 30 64, L. R. Lambard, Samuel R. Latte.
Wardman Littlefield, Ezra B. Lord, Prescott M. Lord, George M. Luf-
kins, H. W. Lyon, Lieut. Thomas A. Maxfield, John McCormick w in
head at Manassa.s, William McCormick, Fred E. Mellen, Shepherd H.
Marrow, James McGuin, Horace S. Mills p Apr. 1 65, Albion B. Mills
d of wounds Aug. 7 63, Jacob N. McKay p May 2 63 w, Artemas Mc-
Kay, Robert McMahon, Peter McNalley, Simon Morrison, Charles A.
Morse w 63, Thomas Moody, Alexander Murrey, Daniel Nicholas,
James Nicholas, John Olson. Joseph P. Phillips, James Phillips,
Frank W. Pierce, Greenlief Pillsbury, John T. Pratt, Albert H.
Pratt, Orrin Prebble, H. F. Priest k at Gettysburg July 1 68, Edward
A. Priest d at New Orleans Mar. 7 65, James S. Priest, N. P. Randall,
William Reed, John Regan, F. T. Reynolds, Orson F. Richardson
d Oct. 62, Edward Rice, Reuben F. Robbins, Oliver P. Robbins,
Harlan P. Robbins, Lieut. Henry H. Robbins, Albert F. Roberts,
George W. Sabin, Isaiah C. Sabins, Varnum B. Saulsbury, Charles H.
Savage, Warren Sennett,Warren vSeward p from Aug. 18 64 to Mar. 65,
Charles F. Shaw, Edmund R. Shaw d of wounds Apr. 24 64, G. F.
Shaw, Eugene Shaw, George Shaw, Charles W. Shaw, Walter B. Shaw
w May 12 64, Melville B. Sherman d Apr. 9 63, Charles Simpson, Rob-
bert H. Sinclair, Lieut. Bradford W. Smart, Robert Smart, Sylvester
Smart, Wilbur F. Snow d of wounds June 1 64, W. M. Starkey d Mar.
13 63, AVilliam R. Starkey, Samuel J. Starkey, Alonzo Stillings, Charles
Sullivan, William Sweeney, Frank P. Taber d at Warrenton, William
• F. Taber, Charles F. Tarbell k in action May 27 68, C. W. Taylor, John
Tibbetts p Sept. 16 64, AVilliam W. Tibbetts, C. E. Tobey, Warren H.
Tobey, Jo.siah Totten, AVilliam LTowne, J. M. Underwood, George H.
AValdron d Apr. 15 68, George AA'. AVard, Henry AA'are, Edwin A.War-
ren, A. S. AA'ebber, Gustavus H. AA^ebber w in action 63, A^irgil H.AA^eb-
ber k at Gettysburg July 1 63, Charles E. Webber d Apr. 4 63, Ben-
jamin Weeks, William AVhite, James D. White, Hollis M. White,
Henry W. White, George C. Wentworth, Edwin A. Wentworth, Frank-
lin Wentworth d Feb. 6 64, AA^illiam AA'entworth, George H. AVilley,
Samuel W. Wood, Jacob H. Woodsum w May 27 63, Ed. E. Worth,
Francis Worth d at Washington Jan. 14 64, Benjamin F. Worth w
Aug. 18 64.
Fz>;/;/rt.— Robert Baldwin, George AA^ Barker, Isaac A. Bent, James
H. Bean, Leonard Bean, John Brown, Orlando Brown, Rice Brown,
George W. Briggs, Charles S. Bunker, Jonathan Burgess, Nahum Cole,
Jo.seph O. Colley, Valentine S. Cumner, Almon Cunningham, Edward
E. Davis, Henry E. Dexter p July 1 68, Lendall C. Davis, Emulus M.
Dearborn, Calvin H. C. Dearborn, Henry F. Dowst, John Alanson
Dowst w May 19 64, Selden M. Dowst, vSewall Dolloff, Samuel D. Eaton,
Frank Fairbanks, Josiah M. Fellows, Freeman C. Foss, Asst. Surg.
Stillman P.Getchell, Dennis Grover d Nov. 20 62, Noah Hoyt, Upham
MILITARY HISTORY. 155
A. Hoyt, Isaac M. Hutchins, George R. Ireland. John F.Johnson, Fred
A. H. Jones, Silas R. Kidder, Samuel W. Kimball, Charles W. Kim-
ball, Charles Ladd, Anthony W. Little, George Lord, Arno Little,
Ethan Little, Eugene E. Mooers, John Augustus Morrill, John Morrill,
Nathaniel B. Moulton, Charles L. Nichols, Charles E. Philbrick d in
prison Dec. 28 64, James A. Pettengall, Augustus F. Smart, George A.
Smith w May 6 64, Ephraim M. Tibbetts, Llewellyn Tozier, Daniel
Tozier, Marcellus Wells, Alvah Whittier. Emulus F. Whittier, Fred
M. Whittier, Henry Whittier, Howard Whittier, John Almon Whit-
tier, Perley Whittier, Reuben D. Whittier, Charles H. Wight, Martin
V. B. Williamson, Richard H. Wills, John R. Witham d in hospital
July 3 65.
IVaf^rviUf. —ChcLTles Abear, Manley Allen, George E. Alexander,
Leroy Atkinson, John Avery, Col. Isaac S. Bangs, Charles Bacon, An-
drew J. Basford, John H. Bacon, Alexander Bailey, John W. Barnes,
John H. Bates, William Bates k at Gettysburg July 1 63, Nelson G.
Bartlett, Portal M. Black, John Blair, Charles H. Blackstone, Daniel
Black.stone, Capt. William E. Brooks, George C. Blackstone, William
Blalentine w, Bennett Bickford, Cyrus Bickford, Hiram Billings, Asst.
Surg. Frank Bodfish, Warren Boothby, Henry H.Bowden, Lieut. Mar-
tin T. V. Bowman, Orrin Bracket, Elisha R. Branch, Milton H. Branch,
James Brown, William W. Brown, John Bubier p, Levi Bushy, George
H. Bryant, Charles M. Branch, John G. Calder, Joseph Cary, Henry A.
Chandler, George Chase, Isaac Check, Albert M. Clark, Charles H.
Clark, Selden I. CliiTord, Augustus Campbell, Moses W. Cook w at
Gettysburg July 1 63, Andrew Cookran, Alonzo Copp, Lieut. William
H. Copp, John H. Caruth, Prentice M. Cousins, Levi Coyonette, Carl-
ton Cress, Charles E. Cross, Joseph Cross, Francis M. Cunningham,
Walter L. Cummings, Arba S. Davis, Daniel B. Davis, Octavus A. Davis
p Sept. 16 64 d in prison Nov. 14 64, George H. Dearborn, Thomas
Dearborn, George Delaware, William H. Dewolfe, Henry A. Dore,
Levi A. Dow, George H. Downs, Nelson Drake, Frank Dusty w May
12 64, Hadley P. Dyer w May 27 63, James A. Dyer, Luther Ellis w
June 6 64, Paul Enwan w Apr. 23 64, Stephen Ellis, Sullivan Ellis,
Francis H. Emery, Leander H. Evans, Nathaniel S. Emery, William
H. Farnham, Lieut. C. A. Farrington d of wounds June 27 64, Dennis
M. Foster, Dudley C. Frazier, George B. Frezzille, Henry W. Frost,
Franklin Q. Fuller, Moses H. Gallefer p Sept. 16 64, John Garland w
May 17 63, George Garney, Ezekiel Gerald, Lieut. George C. Getchell,
J. F. Gibbs, George R. Gleason, Russell Gleason, Albert J. Gray, Jo-
seph Greene, Lieut. Alonzo Goff, Daniel F. Goodwin, John F. Good-
win, Lieut. Foster D. Goodrich, George Cormier, Charles W. Mc-
Guyer. William H. Ham d Nov. 25 64, Fred C. Hatch, Joseph H.
Hatch, Wilson Hawes, Thomas G. Herbert, Milford Hersom, Samuel
T. Hersom, William H. Hersom, Albert H. Higgins, George Hill,
156 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Frank E. Hitchings, Hiram Horn w Oct. 10 64, Llewellyn Horn, David
F. Houghton, Lieut. John H. Hubbard w in action May 27 63, Lieut
George W. Hubbard, Henry C. James, Frank Jilcott, George J. Jones
Sidney Keith, John King, John J. Kirby, Sylvanus Knox, William
Knox, Chap. Henry C. Leonard, Capt. Addison W. Lewis, Lieut. Ed
ward C. Leon 2d, David J. Lewis, Henry H. Libby, Charles W
Louden, William Love, Charles W. Low w, William H. Low
Frank B. Lowe, A. M. Lowell, Charles F. Lyford d Dec. 14 62
James M. Lyford p July 1 63, William Henry Macartney, Joseph
Marshall, Daniel E. Martin. Hugh McDonald, Deugald McDonald
Harrison Merchant, Charles W. Merrill, Daniel McNeal, John McGil
vey, Timothy McLaughlin w Feb. 6 64, Daniel Magrath, John Morri
son. Earnest Morton, Francis B. Mosher, Madison Mosher, George
Mayers jun., Charles D. Murphy, Joseph Murrey, Lewis Murrey, George
E. Muzzey, George E. Muzzey, William H. Newland, Frank H. Oliver,
Ezekiel Page, Benjamin Parker, John H. Parker w July 27 64, Orlando
I. Pattee, John M. Peave}', Charles H. Penney, Everett A. Penney, Ira
D. Penney d in rebel prison Jan. 10 65, Williain H. Penney d at New
Orleans Mar. 5 64, James L. Perkins, Howard Perkins, Richard Par-
ley, Charles Perry, George Perry, George Pierce, Lieut. Andrew Pink-
ham, Edwin Plummer, John H. Plummer, Ephraim Pooler, Joseph
Pooler d July 14 64, Andrew H. Porter, John Porter, Edmon E. Pres-
cott, Peter Preo, Alexander W. Pulcifer, Clement Ouimby, George
Ranco, William Rankins, Lorenzo D. Ray, Robert Rey, Joseph Rich-
ards, Moses Ring, John Roderick, David Rowan, Ervin J. Rogers, Ad-
dison H. Rowe, Joseph Sands, Capt. George S. Scammon, Stephen D.
Savage w May 6 64, James A. Sawyer, Edgar Scates w Sept. 30 64 d
June 3 65, William J. Sharp, Resolve Shaw, Alfred .Shepherd, Elbridge
Shepherd, Richard A. Shepherd k at battle of the Wilderness May 6
64, Lieut. Charles R. Shorey, Albert R. Smiley, Charles N. Smiley,
Allen Smith, James T. Smith d Nov. 29 62, John M. Smart, Martin B.
Soule w, Josiah Scule d June 6 65, Cyrus Southards, Nathan F. Spauldin,
Edwin C. Stevens k Aug. 18 64, George E. Stevens, William H. Stev-
ens, William D. Stevens, Capt. William A. Stevens, Charles H. Stew-
art, Nathan M. Sturtevant, Reward A. Sturtevant, Martin Tallows k
Oct. 8 64, Vedar Tashus, Got Teatlip, George Teatlip, Adin B. Thayer
p 64, George S. Thing, David T. Thomas, John P. H. Thomas, James
Thompson, James H. Thorn, Samuel J. Thayer, Albert F. Tozier,
Henry M. Tozier, Capt. Henry E. Tozier k Dec. 10 64, Walter N.
Tozier w Apr. 9 64 d in hands of enemy Apr. 14 64, George C. Tracy,
Alexander Trask, Elbridge Trask, Thomas E. Treson, Levi Vique,
James Wade, N. A. Ware, Andrew P. Watson, James H. Webb, James
B. Welch, Moses A. Welch, David Woodbury, James O. West w May
12 64 d May 23 64, Howard W. Wells w at Fredericksburg, John C,
Willey, George A. Wilson, Henry Wingate, Hiram C. Winslow, An-
MILITARY HISTORY. 157
drew J. Williams, Albert B. Witham, William W. Wyman d of wounds
June 1 63, Hiram Wyman, Hiram R. Wyman, Increase Wyman,
Eugene H. Young.
Wajnie.— Samuel W. Adams, Paschal B. Allen, Thomas J. Bartlett,
Benjamin F. Berry, Square F. Bishop, Josiah M. Bishop d Nov. 2 64,
James Boutin, David L. Boyle, Orison S. Brown, Freeman W. Bun-
nell, James H. Carson, Martin Cassey, James Colkins, Thomas Clark,
Charles M. Connor, Othna Crosby, Francis M. Cumner, Edmund F.
Davis, James Davis, Patrick McDermott, Edward G. Dexter, George
M. Dexter, Henry A. Dexter, Nathan P. Downing, Sidney F. Down-
ing, Lieut. Henry N. Fairbanks w Apr. 28 64, 0. M. O. A. Fillebrown,
John Forrester, Levi F. Foss d Jan. 12 65, William H. H. Foss, Albion
B. Frost, Lieut. Clarence C. Frost, David G. Fro.st, Charles Hall, Lieut.
George W. Hall, Edwin W. Harrington, Michael Hart, Chauncy Hig-
gins, William H. House, F. A. Hutchinson d Dec. 24 64, Seth W. Jen-
nings, William H. Johnson, William Jones, Cyrus Keller, James Kel-
ley, Elijah Knapp, Davis E. Lane, Daniel Lothrop. Charles M. Love-
joy w 64, George G. Luce, John Maguire, Andrew J. Maxim d Nov. 18
62, Benjamin F. Maxim, Daniel H. Maxim, Charles H. McNear, James
Murphy, Solomon A. Nelke, Capt. Grafton Norris, George O. Norris,
Augustus Parlin, Joseph A. Penley, Sewell Pettingill, Adelbert Pratt,
William W. Pratt, Elias H. Raymond, John S. Raymond, John R.
Raymond, Russell F. Reynolds, Charles V. Richards, E. K. Richard-
son, Abington H. Ridley, John P. R. Sleeper, Elhanan Smith, Lieut.
Joseph O. Smith, Orrin A. SnoM% John L. Spear d Dec. 29 64, James B.
Stetson, George S^ Sturtevant, Valmore Sturtevant, William V. Sturte-
vant, Cleveland Swift, Millard F. Thing, Henry W^ Towns, James O.
Trask, John E. Welch, William Wilson, Charles E. Wing, Leonard L.
Wing d in hospital at New Orleans, Llewellyn T. Wing, Lewis H.
Wing k before Petersburg Sept. 11 64, William A. Young w June 2 64.
IVfst Gardu/t-r.—Anhuv B. Andrews, Hiram Babb, Jonathan C.
Bartlett, Charles H. Bailey, John Blanchard jun., Lieut. Alfred G.
Brann, Calvin N. Brann, John E. Brann w May 6 64, David Campbell,
F. A. Chesley, Daniel M. Cole d July 30 63, Charles O. Crosby d Aug.
12 64 at New Orleans, Allen T. C. Crowell, William H. Crosby, R.
Cunningham, James A. Cunningham. Oliver L. Dennison, Charles E.
Dillingham, Charles H. Dill, John Edgecomb, A. K. P. Edwards, Wil-
liam W. Eslar, Benjamin F. Fairbanks, Edwin Fairbanks, William H.
Fairbanks, George S. Fogg, W. Forrest, George W. Fuller, Gustavus
Fuller, Gardiner H. Fuller, George W. Garland, Hannibal George,
Alfred Grover w June 2 63, George E. Grover, Lester Guilford k Feb.
64, Charles E. Howard, David H. Haines, Hiram Haines, William F.
Haines, Robert G. Hildreth d 63, John T. Hatch, William H. Jewett,
Charles O. Knox, August Kuehew, James Marston, George E. McCaus-
land d July 28 63, Charles H. Merrill, F. L. Merrill w 64, M. A. Morse,,
158 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
James A. Mosher, Joseph H. Neal, George W. Newell, George
Newell, vSimon Nudd, William Parker, Dexter W. Page, Jacob Page w
at Antietam, Charles W. Patterson, Solomon E. Peach w 64, Edward
Peacock jun., Solomon Peacock, Thomas A. Pinkham, Augustus B.
Plummer, Ansel L. Potter, Emerald M. Potter, Simeon Potter, John
A. Potter, Rosco H. Potter, George F. Reed, James W. Robinson,
James Robinson, Gardiner Roberts jun., George A. W. Rooker, George
Ross, Alonzo Sampson, Elisha P. Seavey, Hubbard C. Smith, Charles
Small, Lieut. Oliver R. Small, Alvin Spear, Charles A. Spear, Franklin
Spear d Feb. 4 63, John A. Spear, John Spear 2d, John A. Spear,
Joseph M. Spear, Joseph F. Spear w Feb. 6 64, Justin F. Spear, Milton
C. Spear, Richard H. Spear k June 23 64, Gardiner Todd, Joseph Traf-
ton, Edward W. Wakefield d of disease, Tene Wendenburg, A. W.
Whittier, Elbridge E. Whittier, Nickolas Williams.
Wmdsor.— Charles H. Ashford, Homer P. Barton, Charles H. Bar-
ton, Eloin C. Barker d of disease at Alexandria Va., Reuben W.
Brown, Abram Bryant, Frank U. Butler, Charles J. Carroll d July 10
63, Freeman Casey, Abram Choat, Henry B. Coombs, Warren H.
Colby, Decator S. Chapman d May 28 63, Elbridge B. F. Colby, Joseph
Carver, Thomas M. Clark, George G. Colby, George W. Craige, Albert
N. Craige, George W. Chapman k May 6 64, A. C. Davis, William H.
Dearborn d May 8 63, Moses J. Donnell, George F. Doe d of wounds
received Aug. 25 64, Yeaton Dunton, James W. Dackendoff, Laforest
Dunton d Feb. 26 63, George Duval, James M. Evens, Charles E. For-
saith, Stephen L. French, Charles F. French, George H. French,
James Garrity, Maddison T. Glidden, Granville Coding, John W. S.
Gould, Alonzo E. Gove, Elias Gove, Elijah S. Grant, Nathaniel N.
Gray, Capt. John Goldthwait, Daniel Hallowell, John Hallowell jun.,
William Hallowell, David D. Hanson, William H. Harriman w Aug.
23 64, William H. Hilton, Charles A. Hilton, John Hutcherson, Daniel
W. Hutcherson, John B. Hunt, Ira B. Hyson, John F. Hyson, Jeremy
D. Hyson, Daniel L. Jackson, John Johnson, Daniel H. Jones, Benja-
min R. Jones, William G. Keen, James W. Kendall, William Laskey,
Edward H. Leach, Franklin P. Lewis, Marcelous C. Lynn, John Lynch
d Mar. 17 63„ Andrew K. Maguire, Erastus Marr, George L. Marson,
John Martin, Charles H. Maxwell w May 20 64, George W. McDonnel,
Leonard H. Merrill, Melvin A. Merrill, Enoch Merrill, George W.
Merrill k in action May 6 64, Abram Merrill, James F. Merrill, Isaac
N. Marsh, George R. Mitchell, Benjamin H. Moody, Appleton Mer-
rill, John McPherson, Daniel McDickens, Andrew J. Murch, John B.
Murray, James O'Brien, James O'Donnell, William H. Peva w Aug. 16
64, Nathan R. Peavey, Fred C. Perkins, Lieut. Warren H. Pierce, Al-
phonzo Pierce d Nov. 64, Isaiah H. Pierce d of wounds received May
18 64, Everts P. Plummer, David Potter, William F. Proctor, Sumner
B. Proctor, Samuel Reeves, Charles A. Reynolds, Timothy W. Rey-
MILITARY HISTORY. 159
nolds, Roswell Richardson, Jasper Robinson, William Russell, David
O. Sawtell, John Simmons, Rockwell Scribner, William H. Seekins k
May 27 63, Frank Smith, John Smith, James Stanley. Nathaniel W.
Stetson jun., Levi W. Sterns, Joseph A. Stewart, Samuel S. Thompson,
James B. Tobin, Stephen Trask d Sept. 25 63, Ruel W. Trask, John
Tye, Marcelous Vining, Granville B. Warren d Aug. 3 63, Charles
Watson d Oct. 64, Charles O. Watson, L. H. Whitehouse, John Q.
Wentworth, Andrew F. White, James S. Wingate, Lieut. Frederick
D. Wight, Luther Witham, George P. Wyman, Reuben Vining.
U'iHs/ou'.— Ashman Abbott d Apr. 16 63, Edward S. Abbott d Apr.
17 63, Stephen H. iVbbott, Daniel B. Abbott, Albert A. Abbott, Mel-
ville C. Blackwell, Samuel M. Bragg, Joseph Brown, William Brown,
Lemuel Bubier, Eben A. Brook, Daniel Burgess, Charles M. Bryant,
Orin Burgess, Alfred H. Buchard, William Cohoon, Charles A. Cole-
man, George W. Cushman, J. S. Dodge, Alfred T. Dunbar, Benjamin
F. Dunbar d of wounds June 14 63, Capt. Joseph Eaton jun., Albert
Ellis, Henry Ellis, Henry W. Ellis, John R. Flagg.William H. Flagg, D.
French, Lieut. Charles P. Garland, Capt. Joseph P. Garland, Henry W.
Getchell, Adelbert M. Gray, Leonard Goodrich, George E. Gullifer, Wil-
liam Gullifer, Henry A. Hamlin, John Harris, Charles Hollis, Ira D.
Hodges, George W. Hodges d May 3 63, Francis D. Hodges, Josiah D.
Houston. William A. Keag, Albert S. Kelley, Frederick King, Edward
Lynch, Charles E. Low, Sumner Merrill, James Moony, George P.
Morrill, Albert A. Morrill, Isaac Morrill, Addi.son Morrill, Frank E.
Nelson, Oscar W. Nichols d in pri.son, L. W. Packard, Ambro.se H.
Palmer jun., John Palmer k Feb. 4 65, William T. Patridge, George
W. Pillsbury, Hiram S. Pollard, Charles Pillsbury, Albert Plummer,
John R. Pollard, Charles Pollard, George A. Pollard p Oct. 19 64, John
R. Pollard, Homer Proctor, David O. Preast, William T. Preble, John
T. Preble, Albert Plummer, Hanes C. Quimby, Ansel P. Rankin,
Thomas G. Rice, Elmerin W. Richards, Seth M. Richard.son, Alex. A.
Richardson, Edward B. Richardson, Francis E. Robinson d Sept. 16 64,
Zenas M. vShaw, Winthrop Shurland w June 18 64. Winthrop Shurland,
Hollis Simpson, Albert R. Smiley, Ellis Smiley, Charles E. Smiley,
Isaac Sanborn, Albert Southard, Theodore M. Southard, George L.
Spaulding. Henry Spaulding. John W. Storkey. Howard H. Taylor,
AVilliam Taylor k at Gettysburg 63, Richard W. Underwood. John F.
Walker, Charles E. Washborn, John B. Wheeler, Howard R. Wilson,
John S. Wilson d of wounds Nov. 13 64, Albert Withee, Bradley B.
Withee. John Withee. William F. Wood k May 6 64, John P. Wyman.
lVi/i//{ro/>.— Ruel D. Allen, John L. Armstrong w May 6 64, Willard
S. Axtelle w May 5 64, George A. Batchelder d July 20 65, Roswell D.
Bates, Asst. Surg. John F. Bates, William H. Bates, Frank Beal, George
W.Beal, Watson C. Beals. William H. Beny, Samuel D. Besse, William
Bird, Darius Blanchard, Benjamin A. Bragdon, William Breckler,
160 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV.
Henry F. Bridgham, Franklin S. Briggs d Aug. 3 63 in hospital, James
M. Brown, Sewall M. Bubier, Andrew J. Burgess, Benjamin F. Bur-
gess, Roswell Burgess, Jacob T. Byron, Josiah B. Byron, Joseph H.
Caulfield, Solomon B. Gates, Albert Chandler d of wounds July 1 64,
Charles H. Chandler, Charles W. Chandler, Charles A. Chandler d of
wounds July 2 64, Enoch S. Chase, Samuel G. Chandler w July 2 63,
Edgar U. Churchill, Isaiah M. Cookson, Samuel B. Coombs, Eli N.
Cookson, Josiah L. Cobb, Thomas Connor, Charles E. Cottle, Reuben
H. Crosby w, John F. Cummings d of disease Aug. 4 63, Thomas M.
Daniels, Calvin Dearborn, Charles H. Dearborn, Thomas Dealy,
Harry Dickey, Frank S. Dwyer, John Dyer, Josiah N. Eastman, Lieut.
William Elder, William H. Emery, Joseph W. Esty, David Farr, Mel-
ville N. Freeman, William F. Frost, David P. Freeman, Lieut. John
F. Gaslin, Bethuel P. Gould, Rufus H. Gould, John C. Gaslin, Samuel
M. Gilley, Apollos Hammon d Sept. 29 64 at New Orleans, Samuel
Hanson, William H. House, Joseph A. Hall, Stephen P. Hart, Charles
W. Heaton, AVillard C. Hopkins. George Howard, Henry A. Howard,
John L. Hutch, Samuel Jackson, David D. Jones, John A.Jones, John
W. Jones, Lennan F. Jones, William H. Jones d of disease Apr. 1 64,
Shepherd H. Joy, William DeForest Kelley, John O. Lawrence d,
Henry S. Lane, Edward N. Leavitt, George W. Leavitt, James W.
Leighton, Lewis R. Litchfield, S. W. Lovell, Edwin Ladd, Charles H..
Longfellow. Augustine R. Lord, John E. Lowell, Lieut. Daniel
Lothrop, Nelson H. Martin, Albert Moore jun., George H. Morton,
Alden F. Murch, Roy P. Moody, George W. Nash, Henry O. Nicker-
son, James Nickerson, Owen St. C. O'Brien, Thomas A. Osborn, Ho-
ratio M. Packard, Isaac N. Packard, Thomas M. Packard, Andrew P.
Perkins, Benjamin C. Powers, George Perkins, William H. Pettengill
w May 12 64, John Pettengill, Winfield S. Philbrick, Silas Perry d July
24 64, Elias Pullen, George F. Rankin, James M. Robinson, John Rob-
bins, Jacob Savage, John Shea, Enoch H. Skillings, Benjamin B.
Smith, George L. Smith d at Annapolis Oct. 28 64, Harrison N. Smith
d July 16 65, Frank W. Stanley, Henry H.Stevens, J. Wesley Stevens,
Lorenzo D. Stevens d July 26 6o, Daniel W. Stevens, Capt. E. Lewis
Sturtevant, Hiram H. Stilkey, Newell Sturtevant, Josiah Snell, Aaron
S. Thurston, Stephen A. Thurston, Charles A. Thompson, Gustavus
A. Thompson, Frank B. Towle, Henry F. Tilton, Joseph A. Toby,
Joel W. Toothaker, Charles L. Towle jun. d in service, Edwin F.
Towns, William P. Varney, Isaac W. Wardwell, Dura Weston, Isaac
Watts d Oct. 20 65, Sullivan R. Whitney, Edward P. Whiting, George
W.Williams, George W. Wing, Henry O. Wing, Hubbard R. Wing d
Sept. 1 64, Thomas F. Wing, Henry D. Winter. Elias Wood, Franklin
Wood, George W.Wood, Amaziah Young d Aug. 14 64, John F. Young.
Records had been kept showing the bounties paid by the respective
towns to promote these later enlistments, to employ substitutes and.
MILITARY HISTORY. 1 Cil
to relieve their citizens who were drafted. The total disbursements
for these purposes, and the amounts refunded to the several munici-
palities from the state bonds were as follows:
Albion paid, $21,265.00 received, $8,033.33
Augusta " 100,456.00 " 44,466.07
Belgrade " 43,080.00 " 9,041 .67
Benton " 26,575.72 " 5,775.00
Chelsea " 11,266.05 " 4,441.67
China " 47,735.34 " 12,708.33
Clinton " 40,625.00 " 10,175.00
Farmingdale " 14,966.19 " 3,641.67
Fayette " 16,920.00 " 4,966.67
Gardiner " 65,070.53 " 23,108.33
Hallowell " 16,421 .00 " 7,808.33
Litchfield " 24,860.00 '• 9,158.33
Manchester " 12,330.00 " 3,408.33
Monmouth " 32,950.00 " 9,216.67
Mt. Vernon " 27,650.00 " 9,258.33
Oakland " "
Pittston " 33,939.14 " 11,208.33
Randolph " "
Readfield " 40,003.00 " 8,008.33
Rome " 25,675.00 " 3,666.67
Sidney " 30,039.00 " 8,183.33
Vassalboro " 73,100.00 " 14,750.00
Vienna " 15,557.44 " 4,213.33
Waterville " 68,016.00 " 19,888.33
Wayne " 22,280.00 " 6,091.66
West Gardiner " 22,374.00 " 6,291.67
Windsor " 35,044.00 " 7,925.00
Winslow '• 25,658.00 " 7,375.00
Winthrop " 50,430.00 " 12,350.00
Unity Plantation " 1,850.00 " 291.67
From other sources than Captain Clark's preceding lists we find
some records of soldiers claiming residence in Kennebec county. The
brief record is appended:
A ii^nsta.— Daniel D. Anderson July 18 63, Alden S. Baker w Oct. 19
64, William H. Berry d Aug. 28 64, John F. Brett d July 3 64. Jason
R. Bartlett d in prison 64, Charles F. Bennett k Oct. 19 64, George W.
Bemis d Aug. 63, Brad S. Bodge d of wounds May 8 64, John Bradley
w, Thomas J. Bragg d May 28 64, Joseph Bushea k July 63. Phillips
N. Byron k at Cedar Mt. 62, Henry C. Chandler d Mar. 1 65, Benjamin
F. Colby p Aug. 19 64, Daniel C. Cunningham d Feb. 5 63, Elisha
162 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Cooley w Aug. 18 64, John Curtis d in prison, Lewis E. Clark w
May 20 64, Eugene Cate d Oct. 9 64, William Dewall w June 17 64,
Benjamin Douglas w July 63, Charles A. Davis w Apr. 4 65, Lieut.
James Davidson, Leroy Farrar w June 64, Albert V. French w May 12
64, Seth B. Goodwin p 62, Charles Gannett p July 63, Artemas K. Gil-
ley d July 64, Col. Thomas Hight, Antoine Harrogot w Sept. 64, Rod-
ney C. Harriman d Sept. 64, William H. Hayward k May 16 64, James
A. Jones p 62, Augustus Kachner p, Hiram Kincaid w Sept. 64, Sam-
uel Lisherness d June 64, Virgil G. Lanelle d in pri.son 64, William H.
Lowell d Feb. 65, Thomas B, Lambert p July 63, George ]\IcGraw w
May 10 64, Henry Mullen d Apr. 65, George G. Mills d Nov. 64, Hiram
B. Nichols w Aug. 64, William O. Nichols w Apr. 8 64, John B. Parker
d of wounds May 64, Levi A. Philbrook w May 64, Charles K. Powers
d of wounds July 64, Asa Plummer k May 64, Franklin Perry k May
64, Glenwood C. Pray d Apr. 65, Ezekiel Page w, Lieut. Nathaniel H.
Ricker, William D. Randall w Sept. 64, John Riley k May 64, Charles
W. Richards d Feb. 64, Morrill Rose w May 64, Charles F. Shaw d
Jan. 65, Samuel Stevens w Oct. 64, Edward A. Stewart d May 63,
Henry G. Smith w May 64, Henry Smith p 62, James Shortwell w May
64, William B. Small w June 64, Joseph H.vSpencer d at Andersonville
64, Thomas B. Tolman dof wounds July 64, Henry W. Towns w June
64, Warren D. Trask d 64, Joseph Weaver d Jan. 64, Charles H. War-
ren w, Alonzo S. Weed d in Richmond prison Oct. 63, vStephen Wing
k May 64, Baptiste Willett jun. w 64, Frank Williams w May 64, Capt.
James M. Williams d of wounds June 64.
Albion.— Yr&nV Brown d July 15 63, Chandler Drake d Mar. 62,
Charles Gage w May 64, Lieut. Maxey Hamlin, Warren G. Johnson d
Mar. 62, Edward L. Pray d Mar. 62, Oscar Rollins d Sept. 62, Allen
Shorey d Mar. 63.
Belgrade.— "^Ahridige Bickford w 62, Asa J. Cummings d Mar. 62,
Thomas W. Damon d 64, Elias Freeman d Mar. 24 63, Owen Getchell
d July 64, James A. Lombard w 62, Hiram A. Mills d Oct. 64, Lyman
Maxwell d Nov. 64, William L. Rollins w Oct. 64.
Be?!ton.^A\^)ionzo C. Brown d in hospital 62, Jefferson W. Brown
d Sept. 62, Alvin Gibson p 63, Royale B. Rideout d Oct. 62, James M.
Rideout d Nov. 62, Albert M. Spaulding d Mar. 62.
Chelsea.— y[\\\s O. Chase d Dec. 22 63, Lieut. William O. Tibbetts.
<:/«■««.— Charles W. Allen d Oct. 13 64, Asst. Surg. D. P. Bolster,
Joseph Babin w May 64, John W. Chisam d June 64, William Doe
w 65, Henry A. Hamlin d in prison Aug. 64, William Holmes d Dec.
6], Israel D. Jones d June 63, William F. Priest d Feb. 63, Benjamin
C. Studley p 62, Charles E. Washburn w 64.
Clinton. — George W. Emery d May 65, John Marco k at Fredericks-
burg, John H. Stevens w July 63, Herman P. Sullivan mortally
w Aug. 64, George A. Weymouth k near Richmond Mar. 64, Thomas
MILITARY HISTORY. 163
E. Whitney w d in prison June 04, David H. Whitten d Feb. 65, Elisha
Whitten w 64.
Fartningdalc. — Byron Lowell \v Malvern Hill, William H. Mayo p
Sep:. 64.
Fayette.— ?xa.nQ.\s. J. Folsom w Oct. 64, Charles W. Judkins w 65,
Charles F. Palmer d of wounds May 64.
Gardiner. — George W. Austin w at Gettysburg 63, Arrington Brann
d June 64, Calvin W. Brann d Sept. 64, Lieut. Calvin Boston d July 64
of wounds, George Clough d May 62, Charles A. Douglas w 64, Daniel
Fitzpatrick k June 64, C. W. Gilpatrick d in prison 64, Frank Johnson
w Aug. 64, Charles A. Jordan p 64, Danforth M. Maxcy d Aug. 63,
Barney McGraw p 61, George H. Nason d Aug. 64, Joseph M. Ring d
Dec. 63, Capt. George W. Smith, Capt. Oliver R. Smith, Franklin W.
Swift w 64, John Smith w May 64, James W. Taylor k June 64, George
F. Tyler w 64.
/i^rt/^wr//.— Joseph L. Bailey w Oct. 64, Charles F. Campbell w 64,
James S.Emerson k June 64, Edwin R.Gould k May 63, Lieut. Charles
Glazier, Capt. Samuel L. Gilman, Henry D. Otis d Sept. 64, Joseph
Pinkham d Aug. 64, Lieut. John A. A. Packard, John W. Rodgers d
Jan. 65, Frank Sweetland d 65, George S. Sherborn w July 63,William
F. Sherman d in prison 64.
Litchfield.— Cc^^t. George W. Bartlett, Merton Maxwell d at Alex-
andria Sept. 62, Asst. Surg. Silas C. Thomas.
Manchester. — Josiah H. Mears w 64.
Monmouth. — Loring P. Donnell d Oct. 62, Corp. Lot Sturtevant d of
wounds Apr. 65, Thomas Keenan p Oct. 64.
Mt. Vernon.— Krno Little w Oct. 64, David G. Morrell k May 64.
Pittston.— George H. Blair d July 63, George F. Bliss d July 64, Jo-
seph S. Call k May 64, Lorenzo Cookson w May 64, Reuel M. Heath d
of wounds May 64, Xenophen Heath d Oct. 62, Moses King w May 64,
Warren Maines d of wounds June 64, Warren H. Moores w 64, Lieut.
James G. Rundlette w June 64, Aaron Tucker d April 64.
Readfie/d.— Chap. George C. Crawford, Lewis E. Davis d May 62,
Albert L. Deering w 63, Henry C. Kennison d June 62, Asst. Surg.
Joseph D. Mitchell, Charles H. Robie w May 62, George W. Smith d
Aug. 64.
Rome. — Capt. Hiram AL Campbell, Russell Clement w 62, Frank
Fairbanks d Nov. 62, Lieut. Stephen H. Mosher, Joseph Meader k
Oct. 64.
Sidnej'.—Asst. Surg. John S. Gushing, William H. Farnham Mar.
63, Thomas R. Holt mortally w July 64, William H. Hoxie p May 63.
Vienna. — Joseph O. Colley w, Nathaniel F. Dow d July 62, Ben-
jamin F. GrifSn w Aug. 64.
Vassalboro. — Josiah S. Arey d Aug. 64, A.ndrew J. Burgess d Mar.
65, Jeremiah Estes k Sept. 63, Charles H. Gibson k Sept. 64, Edwin
ibi HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
W. Gould w June (14, Joseph H. Header d of wounds July 64, Timothy
Nicholas w May 64, George E. Pishon d 63, Benjamin Weeks k May
64, Osa C. Wyman p 64.
IVtrvj/c. — Rufus Bessee d June 64, Edward P. Bussey d June 64,
Valentine S. Cumner k June 64, Lieut. Clarence E. Frost, Robinson
Sturtevant w and p 64, Thomas B. Wing d July 64.
WaUrviV/c— Davis P. Arba w Sept. 64, Bickford Bennett d May 64,
William Chapman k in battle 64, Hiram Cochrane d Dec. 63, John G.
Gay d Dec. 64, Lieut. Daniel F. Goodrich, Joseph Jerow d in prison 64,
Moses King p 64. Charles Love w 63, Lieut. Frederick Mason w Apr.
65, Euarde Paulette d of wounds July 64, James B. PoUon w and p '64,
Henry Porter d July 64, Albert Quimby d 64, George Robinson k July
64, William A. Stevens k June 64, Joseph D. Simpson k July 68, Ellis
Stephens k May 63.
IVest Gardiner.— GsLTdiner H. Fuller d Sept. 64, George M. Garland
d Sept. 64, Sanford L. Pinkham d June 64, James H. Peacock d Apr.
64, Michael T. Smith d June 63, George W. Tyler d May 63.
Windsor.— Sylvenus T. Hatch p 64, Elias T. Libby w 64, John
Scales p 64.
PVins/ou'.— William F. Good d at Gettysburg 63, Christopher C.
Sanborn d July 62, Hiram Wixon w Mar. 62, George L. Webber d Dec.
63.
/r'V«///r<?/.— Lieut. Charles B. Fillebrown, Franklin M. La Croix d
Jan. 63, John W. Leavett d Mar. 64, Orrin Perkins d June 6 64, Wil-
liam H. Pettingill w May 64, Capt. Albert H. Packard d of wounds
June 64.
It would not be possible, at the present time, to secure a complete
record, nor, probably, a complete list of the sons of Kennebec who
performed their faithful, honest duty in the days of the nation's need.
Many are known to have served in the navy, in the regular army and
in the regiments of other states. The remaining list in this chapter
includes the names of many of these, whose homes had been in the
towns named.
Albion. — Reuben C. Jaquith, William H. Kidder, Augustus Drake,
Alphonso Crosby, George W. Plummer, Crowell Robinson, Horatio
Robinson, George Stratton.
Augusta. — Edward Boston, Ward Burns, Edwin T. Brick, Charles
Goldthwaite, Benjamin A. Swan, Albert E. Snow, Fred O. Fales,
Charles H. Gowen, J. A. Snow, William H. Davenport, Dana Estes,
Henry T. Hall, George Albee, Henry W. Hersom, Lieut. Horace P.
Pike, George Hamlin, Thomas Jones, Charles F. Moore, David Mc-
Farland, Benjamin F. Rust, Jesse Stover, Charles C. Hartwell, William
Place, William W. Lord, James Newman, David Young, A. A. Whit-
temore, Paymaster Augustus H. Gilman, James McGrath, Henry Pond,
MILITARY HISTORY 165
William E. Tobey, Andrew Williamson, Brig. Gen. Seth Williams,
Joseph Wedge, Charles Savage.
Belgrade. — Frank Abbott, George O. Austin, Charles Knox, Lendall
Yeaton, Cyrus Q. Pray, Calvin Weaver, Robert Damon, James H. Dun-
lap, David Titcomb.
Benton. — Hiram Robinson, Charles Preston, Edward Preston, Abi-
jah Brown,
Chelsea. — John F. Camiston, vSamuel Chase, George Booker, Jerome
Cosben.
China. — Dana H. Maxfield, Daniel Norton, Hiram Robinson, Fran-
cis A. Starkey, Edwin Ward, Frank Ward, Francis P. Ward, Jedediah
F. Trask, Sandford Cotton, Wilder W. Mitchell.
Clinton. — Charles Hobbs, Richard Richardson, Roswell Welch.
Farnmigdale . — James T. Hatch, W^illiam R. Hatch, William H.
Higgins, Timothy Higgins. John E. Lombard, Alonzo M. Neal.
Fayette. — James W. Smith, Isaac M. Wentworth.
Gardiner. — Sewall Mitchell, George Merrill, Benjamin Rollins, Au-
gustus Carleton, George E. Donnell, Mason G. Whiting, Charles E.
McDonald, Charles F. Palmer, Charles R. Lowell, Charles W. Rich-
ardson, George W. Richardson, Nathan Willard, Michael Burns, Oliver
Colburn, Hiram E. Davis, Augustus Dixon, Benjamin Lawrence jun.,
Joseph A. Sturtevant, Horace E. Neal.
Hallowell. — John Edson, Dwight Miner jun.
Litchfield.— YldaX-woW Keyes, John H. Keyes, Sylvanus D. Water-
man, Melville A. Cochrane, Arthur L. Allard, Joseph G. Allard, Wil-
liam Henry Baker, Horace L. Smith, James Woodbury.
Manchester. — Henry Winslow, Charles B. Goldthwaite.
Monmouth. — Henry C. Thurston, Jonathan V. Gove, James R. Nor-
ris. Charles H. Ballou.
Mt. Vernon. — Horace O. Blake, Eugene A. Gilman, Orlando V. An-
drews.
/'///i-/w^.— Alfred G. Hanly, Henry Allen, Franklin H. Cole, William
H. Gray, Samuel Gray jun., George W. Stevens, Albion Still, John
Still, Henry V. Thomas, William Warren, L. A. Albee, David B.
Brookings, John P. Hale, John Handren, David McDonald, Sewell
Ramsdell, Isaac D. Seyburn.
Readfield. — Augustus Hutchinson, Roscoe Luce, Horace A. Ma-
comber, George D. Norton.
Rome. — Henry Perkins, Benjamin Tracy 3d.
Sidney. — Anson B. Barton, Henry Kenney, George Sawtelle, Allen
H. Smith, Charles H. Brown, William L. Kelly, Henry W. Brown,
Thomas F. Sanborn.
Vassalboro. — Amory Webber, George A. Emery, James S. Emery,
Frederick A. Hopkins, Walter Phillips, John B. Elliott, Simon B. El-
ibb HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
liott, John B. Stowe, Henry R. Calder, Zachariah B. vStewart, Eugene-
Whitehouse, Henry W. Worth, Harlow D. Weeks.
Watcrville. — Alonzo Copp, John F. Gibbs, .Samuel Haines, Albert
W. Percival, Henry W. Percival, Benjamin C. Allen, Samuel H. Black-
well, John AV. Emery, Samuel D. Emery, John W. Soule.
fFrtj/w.— Lloyd Clark, Charles A. Hall, William H. Holman, Dan-
iel W. True, Williston Jennings.
West Gardiner. — James Whitney.
Windsor. — George W. Jackson, James Noon jun.
Winslow. — Horatio Morse, Edward Shurtleff.
Wintlirop. — Lennan F. Jones, Charles E. Parlin, George W. Parlin,
Lewis K. Littlefield, Moses B. Sears.
General Seth Williams.— Prominent among the many able offi-
cers who rendered valuable service in the war of the late rebellion,
was Brevet Major General Seth Williams, of Augusta.' He was born
at Augusta March 22, 1822; received a military education at West
Point and graduated July 1, 1842; was made second lieutenant of the
First Artillery in 1844 and first lieutenant of the same regiment in
1847. His first service was in the war with Mexico, where he served
with credit as aid-de-camp on the staff of General Patterson and was
brevetted captain April 18, 1847, " for gallant and meritorious con-
duct at the battle of Cerro Gordo." He was appointed adjutant at
West Point in September, 1850, and served three years, having re-
ceived in August, 1853, the appointment of assistant adjutant general,
with the rank of captain, in the Adjutant General's Department at
Washington, and served in that capacity until the breaking out of
the rebellion. In the West Virginia campaign of General McClellan,
in the early part of the war, Captain Williams served as adjutant gen-
eral on his staff. He returned to Washington in July, 1861, and in
Augu.st following was promoted to the rank of major in the regular
army.
In 1861, when General McClellan succeeded General McDowell,
Major Williams was appointed to the position of adjutant general of
the Army of the Potomac, and on September 23, 1861, was commis-
sioned as brigadier general of volunteers. The duties devolving on
him were arduous, calling for .severe application, yet he filled the
position to the entire satisfaction of the several commanders of that
army through the many eventful battles and campaigns until January
12, 1865, when from failing health, though naturally of a vigorous
constitution, he was relieved from this position and assigned to duty
on the staff of General Grant, as acting inspector general of the armies
operating against Petersburg and Richmond. He was ordered to
Savannah and other places in the South on a tour of inspection, but
returned in season to participate in the closing campaign of the war.
MILITARY HISTORY. 167
and had the honor of conducting in part the negotiations for the sur-
render of General Lee's army.
In recognition of the very able services rendered he received the
following promotion.s in the regular service during the war: Lieuten-
ant colonel, July 17, 1862: brevet brigadier and brevet major general,
both bearing date March 13, 1865. His last special service was upon
the commission which convened in Boston in Januar)', 1866, to inves-
tigate the charges made by the Prussian government in relation to
the enlistment of some of its subjects into our army. His last assign-
ment to duty was on the staff of General Meade, as assistant adjutant
general of the Military Division of the Atlantic. Soon after, indica-
tions of a serious disease became manifest and he was conveyed to
Boston for skillful medical treatment, where he died March 23, 1866,
from inflamation of the brain, after an illness of about four weeks.
The distinguished merits of General Williams as an officer, and
his unblemished private character as a man, are already parts of the
warp and woof of our nation's history. It may be truly said of him:
" A braver soldier never couched lance,
A greater heart did never sway in court."
Though unflinching in the discharge of his official duties — how-
ever disagreeable they might prove to others — in his private charac-
ter, when the cares of the camp were laid aside. General Williams was
one of the most lovable of men. He was possessed of a rare charm of
manner, a delicate and discriminating tact, and a never failing court-
esy that drew all hearts to him, and made him as beloved as he was
respected and admired. There is probably not a Union soldier alive
to-day to whom the name of General Seth Williams is unfamiliar, and
certainly there is not one of his intimates whom death has spared, in
whose memory there is not a dear and sacred niche for the noble
spirit who virtually laid down his life in his country's service.
G. A. R. Posts.— Nineteen Grand Army Posts have been organized
in the county during the last quarter of a century. Nearly all of them
are in a fiourLshing condition, if the ravages made by death in the
ranks of the gallant defenders of our country are taken into consid-
eration. The Posts are mentioned here in their numerical order.
Heath Post, No. 6, of Gardiner, dates from November 15, 1867.
They purchased a vacant church in Gardiner and transformed it into
one of the finest Post buildings in the county. The first commander
was Captain Eben D. Haley. His successors have been: Gustavus
Moore, P. H. Cummings, A. B.Andrews, Giles O. Bailey, S. W.Siphers,
Levi Goodwin, M. C. Wadsworth, John S. Towle, Frank B. Williams,
Edwin A. Libby, William Wiley, A. J. Packard, A. J. Hooker, Charles
O. Wadsworth, George H. Harrington, Edwin C. Teague, Edwin E.
Lewis, James Walker, J. R. Peacock, J. W. P. Johnson and A. W. Mc-
Causland.
168 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Seth Williams Post, No. IS,--" was organized July 20, 1872, in the
armory of the Capital Guards in Augusta, with ihe following named
charter members: Selden Connor, Henry Boyuton, B. B. Murray, jun.,
A. L. Smith, S. J. Gallagher, H. M. Pishon, W. B. Lapham, Charles E.
Nash, George E. Nason, F. M. Drew and John D. Myrick. The name
it adopted was in honor of General Seth Williams, of the United
States army. During the early life of the Post its growth was quite
slow, caused doubtless by the unfortunate ending of the O. O. Howard
Post, which had previously had an organization here; but as the real
principles upon which the order rested became more generally under-
stood the increase became much more rapid, and at the present time
from the small beginning it stands among the largest in membership
of any in the state. John D. Myrick was the first commander, and
the following named comrades have also held the position m succes-
sion: William B. Lapham, Selden Connor, Charles E. Nash, Samuel J.
Gallagher, Arthur L. Brown, R. C. Clement, Henry F. Blanchard, John
E. Fossett, Samuel W. Lane, Lorenzo B. Hill, George Doughty, Wil-
liam A. Swan, John O. Webster, Henry G. Staples, Edmund McMurdie,
Lewis Selbing, William McDavid and Prentiss M. Fogler.
W. S. Heath Post, No. 14, of Waterville, was organized December
29, 1874, with twenty-six charter members. The following is a chron-
ological list of the commanders: F. E. Heath, I. S. Bangs, Atwood
Crosby, G. M. Matthews, Charles Bridges, A. O. Libby, J. G. Stover,
D. P. Stowell, N. S. Emery, George W. Reynolds, S. S. Vose, George
A. Wilson, P. S. Heald and J. L. Merrick.
John B. Hubbard Post, No. 20, of Hallowell, organized October 24,
1877, with fourteen charter members, was named in honor of Captain
Hubbard, who fell at Port Hudson while serving on the staff of Gen-
eral Weitzel. The meetings have been held at Fraternity Hall, Hallo-
well, which was fitted up expressly for its use. Its present member-
ship is fifty-three. The commanders of the Post have been: George
S. Fuller, D. E. Shea, Major E. Rowell, J. W. Bussell, C. A. Brown, J.
L. Chamberlain, D. B. Lowe, W. R. Stackpole, H. O. Hawes and J. D.
Foss.
The Albert H. Frost Post. No. 21, named after a private who was
killed at Gettysburg, was organized at Winthrop June 5, 1879, and
now has seventy-seven members living mostly in the towns of Win-
throp and Wayne. Meetings are held twice each month in the village
of Winthrop. L. T. Carlton, the first commander, has been succeeded
by Alexander G. H. Wood, Franklin Wood, Sewall Pettingill, E. O.
Kelley, F.J. Davis, L. K. Litchfield, Charles E. Wing, George R. Smith
and Thomas Dealy.
The North Vassalboro Post, No. 33, was organized with eighteen
charter members, and named in honor of Richard W. Mullen. The
*Sketch by Major P. M. Fogler.
MILITARY HISTORY. 169
successive commanders have been: Nathan Stanley, Reuel C. Burgess,
John Withee, George H. Ramsdell, E. C. Coombs, Isaac Hussey and
R. C. Burgess. This Post has a membership of forty-two.
Hildreth Post, No. 56, was organized at South Gardiner May 19,
1882, with sixteen charter members. E. E. Lewis was first com-
mander, and has been succeeded by J. A. Ripley, J. H. Lowell, C. L.
Austin and Joseph Burgess. With less than one hundred dollars in
their treasury, the Post built a commodious hall in 1887, that cost over
$2,000. The present membership is twenty.
Billings Post, No. 88, was organized October 9, 1883, at Clinton,
with nineteen charter members. The commanders have been: Alpheus
Rowell, 1883-5 and 1888; James Thurston, 1886: Daniel B. Abbott,
1887: H. F. Waldron, 1889-91. The Post musters at Clinton village
in Centennial Hall. The present membership is twenty-two.
Libby Post, No. 93, was instituted at Litchfield in 1884, with
twenty-four charter members. Captain E. D. Percy was the first com-
mander, and has been succeeded by Alfred T. Jenkins, Herbert M.
Starbird, Joseph S. Hatch. Amaziah E. Googins and A. C. True.
Since its organization sixteen members have been admitted by mus-
ter and two by transfer. The Post has lost one comrade by death,
three by transfer, and two have been dropped from the roll. There
has always existed a spirit of fraternity and harmony among its
worthy members.
Sergeant Wyman Post, No. 97, was instituted at Oakland in Decem-
ber, 1883, with twenty-five charter members. J. Wesley Gilman was
commander two years, and was followed successively by J. M. Rock-
wood, W. H. Macartney, Hiram Wyman, C. W. Shepherd, C. W.
Heney, D. E. Parsons and Abram Bachelder. Twenty of the members
are incorporated by special act of the legislature as " Trustees of Ser-
geant Wyman Post Corporation," who own Memorial Hall, erected by
the citizens in 1870.
James P. Jones Po.st, No. 106, was organized at South China April
23, 1884, with twenty-five charter members. Charles B. Stuart was the
commander for several years, succeeded by Samuel Starrett, Franklin
Goodspeed, Augustus Webber, Sylvanus Haskell and Alvah Austin.
The Post met in the A.O. U. W. Hall until their present commodious
hall was erected. Their building is complete in itself, containing a
large hall, offices, rooms for Sons of Veterans and a Woman's Relief
Corps, and suitable banquet hall.
Vming Post, No. 107, of Windsor, was organized June 2, 1884, and
named in honor of Lieutenant Marcellus Vining. The first commander
was H. A.N. Dutton, who was succeeded by Francisco Colburn, George
E. Stickney, G. L. Marson, Cyrus S. Noyes and Luther B. Jennings.
Amos J. Billings Post, No. 112, is located at China village. It was
■chartered June 17, 1884, with twenty members. The successive com-
1'" HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
manders have been: Llewellyn Libbey, John Motley, B. P. Tilton, J..
W. Brown, Henry C. Rice, Robert C. Brann, A. B. Fletcher and John
Motley.
Joseph W. Lincoln Post, No. 113, of Sidney, was mustered May 24,
1884. with eleven charter members. The commanders have been:
Nathan A. Benson, A. M. Sawtell, Thomas S. Benson, John B. Saw-
tell, Simon C. Hastings, James H. Bean, Silas N. Waite and Gorham
K. Hastings. The Post meets in the Grange Hall, in the building of
which its members contributed considerable labor. The present mem-
bership is twenty-six.
G. K. Norris Post, No. 127, was organized January 6, 1885, with fif-
teen charter members, although more than thirty had signed the ap-
plication for a charter. The commanders have been: Simon Clough,
Henry O. Pierce, Horace C. Frost, Edwin A. Richardson, Sylvanus R.
Simpson, Adelbert C. Sherman, Athan Little. The Post, with a pres-
ent membership of thirty-six, occupies a hall at Monmouth Center,
elegantly fitted for its use by Comrade Simon Clough.
R. H. Spear Post, No. 140, was organized in December, 1885, at
West Gardiner. Its very comfortable hall used to be the old academy
building, and stands near Spear's Corner. The Post has a member-
ship of eighteen veterans, of whom the following have been com-
manders: John A. vSpear, Leander Spear, Edwin Small, Hiram Babb,
Joseph E. Babb and George W. Pelton, who now holds that position.
The Post was named for Sergeant Richard Henry Spear.
Cyrus M. Williams Post, No. 141, was organized at Mt. Vernon
May 27, 1885, with twenty-four charter members. The first com-
mander was Alvin Butler and his successors have been: John Carson,
F. M. Gilman, Levi W. French and F. C. Foss. This Post comprises
the towns of Mt. Vernon, Vienna and Fayette, and has at present
about thirty members, who meet each month in Masonic Hall.
Daniel Brooking Post, No. 142, of Randolph, was organized June 18^
1885, with seventeen charter members, and now numbers forty-six,
who meet at G. A. R. Hall, over Kelly's store. The commanders have
been: Robert vS. Watson, George W. Marston, Eben Brooking, Charles
H. Dunton, A. P. Thompson and William H. Dudley. C. H. Dunton
is adjutant. This Post has an appropriation from the town at the
March town meetings to defray the expenses of Memorial Dav, and
the graves of veterans of Randolph and Pittston receive a tribute of
flowers. The Post decorates 126 graves in the two towns yearly,,
which number includes the soldiers of 1776, 1812 and 1861.
Monuments. — With the surrender of Lee's army, the rebellion
practically closed. The events which intervened between this and
the capture of Jefferson Davis were but the dying struggles of the
confederacy. The return of the boys in blue, the tattered flags, the
MILITARY HISTORY. 171
glad welcome, the tears of joy — these for the poet's pen, not the his-
torian's !
Old Kennebec had borne well her part in the sanguinary struggle,
and of all the regiments from Maine, none returned more heavily
loaded with honors than hers. But, alas ! there were tears that were
not of joy. All along the line of march, on the battle-field and in the
depths of the surging ocean, were scattered the heroes who welded
with their blood the parting bonds of the Union. To their memory,
in many of our larger towns, monuments have been erected by a
grateful people, on which are inscribed the names of these honored
patriots.
Of all these monuments, perhaps the most beautiful is the memo-
rial tablet which has been erected in Memorial Hall, at Waterville, to
immortalize the alumni of Colby University who dropped their books
and grasped the sabre at the nation's first appeal. Surmounting this
tablet of richly veined porphyry is a well executed copy, in pure Car-
rara marble, of Thorwaldsen's " Lion of Lucerne." This beautiful
stone edifice cost $8,000 and is the first structure of its kind dedicated
to the memory of the soldiers of 1861-5. The tablet bears 151 names,
of which 101 were commissioned officers and 23 were privates.
Next to this in point of beauty, and far more imposing, is the
soldiers' monument of Augusta. Its base is triangular. The three
faces are suitably inscribed. The southeast side records that —
IN HONOR
OF HER HEROIC SONS WHO DIED
IN THE
WAR FOR THE UNION
AND TO COMMEND THEIR EXAMPLE
TO SUCCEEDING GENERATIONS
THIS MONUMENT IS ERECTED
BY THE
CITY OF AUGU.STA
A. D. 1881.
The west side bears the names of the following officers: Lieut.
Col. Seth Williams U. S. A. and Brevet Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols.; Lieut.
Col. Edwin Burt; Lieut. Col. Harry M. Stinson, aid to Gen. Howard;
Capts. Charles K. Hutchins, Albert H. Packard, James M. Williams;
Chaplain George W. Bartlett; Lieuts. Warren Cox, James L. Thomp-
son, William O. Tibbetts, William Campbell; Quartermasters Ivory J.
Robinson, David S. Stinson; Sergts. Niles A. Hanson, James M. Has-
kell, William F. Locke, Daniel B. Morey, Asa C. Rowe, Alonzo P.
Stinson, Albert N. Williams, John P. Wells, Orison Woods; Corps.
Charles S. Avery, Edward S. Baker, Jason R. Bartlett, William H.
Brock, Daniel Chad wick, George L. Fellows, Daniel W. Hume, George
A. Lovering, George S. Mills, Charles R. Powers, Greenwood C. Pray,
Charles C. Rideout, Samuel E. Remick and William E. Smith.
The names of 120 privates are also inscribed: George Allen, George
W. Andrews, Homer S. Bean, George W. Bemis, William H. Berry,
172 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Isaac D. Billington, James Boyce. John S. Brown, Thomas j. Bragg,
Byron Branch, George F. Burgess, Francis M. Caswell, Miles O. Chase,
G. E. Chamberlain, Theodore Clark, John Code, George Cunningham,
Rodger Connelly, Edward H. Austin, Josiah L, Bennett, Charles F.
Beal, Eli A. Black, Charles F, Bennett, Darius Brooks, Bradford vS.
Bodge, Calvin H. Burden, John E. Britt, Eugene Gate, Jo.seph Bushea,
Rowland S. Clark, John Curtis, Henrv A. Chandler James Davis,
Jesse M, Clark, D, Cunningham, William H, DeWolf, George Dill,
Benjamin Douglass, Danforth Dunton, Gustavus A. Farrington, Ed-
mund Fay, Elisha S. Fargo, Edward Flood, Samuel H. Gage, Charles
H.Gordon, Artemus K. Gilley, Rodney Harriman, Henry W. Hawes,
Elijah L. Horn, John C. Holbrook, Cieorge A. Kimball, Henry G. Kim-
ball, Thomas Lilly, John Leavitt, Ira B. Lvon, William H. Lowell,
Howard W. Merrill, James W. McGregor. William C. Moore, James
W. Miller, William N. Murry, Henry Mullen, John B. Parker,' John
O'Connor, Frank W. Peaslee, Alonzo L. Page, Charles E. Philbrick,
Fred B. Philbrick, S. H. Prescott, Charles M, Phillips, Enoch vSampson,
John Riley, Greenlief Smart, George H. Smith, Alonson G. Taylor, Ed-
ward A. Stewart, Alfred Trask, Warren P. Trask, John O. Wentworth,
Thomas H. Welch, Stephen Wing, Atwell M. Wixon, George H, Gor-
don, William A. Hayward, Leonard J. Grant, Alonzo Iri.sh, James A.
Henderson, Virgil G. Lanelle, John "W. Jones, Samuel Lishness, Na-
thaniel Lane, Alfred J. Marston, Ruel W". Littlefield, AVilliam G. Mer-
rill, William E. Marriner, John M. Mosher, Edward :\Iiner, Thomas
Murphy, Jeremiah Murphy, Eben Packard, William Nason jun.,
Franklin A, Perry, Henry E. Patterson, Noel Byron Phillips, James
Perkins, Samuel Remick, Asa Plummer, John N. vScott, Charles W.
Richards, Joseph H, Spencer, Charles F. Shaw, Fred A. Tiffany,
George W. Stone, Aaron C. Varney, Moses B, Tolman, Alonzo S.
Weed, Joshua R. Webber, William D. Wills, Joseph Weaver and Wil-
liam C. Young.
The monum.ent at Waterville bears the plain, modest inscriptions —
ERECTED BY THE
CITIZENS OF WATERVILLE— 1876.
TO THE MEMORY OF THE
SOLDIERS AND SAILORS OF WATERVILLE
WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES
FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE REPUBLIC.
The Hallowell monument is a fine, square shaft of granite. Its
west face is inscribed—
IN MEMORY OF THE
SOLDIERS FROM HALLOWELL
WHO LOST THEIR LIVES IN THE WAR OF 1861-.5.
1868,
The other faces preserve the names of the patriot dead, with the
company and regiment in which each served: Capt. John B. Hubbard,
Capt. George O. Getchell, Capt. George A. Nye, Lieut. Charles M.
Bursley, Ensign Walter S. Titcomb, Sergt. Henry A. Albee, Sergt.
George L. Chamberlain, Charles Bancroft, Samuel D. Besse, William
H. Booker, Sumner Bryant, Joseph Bushea, William H. Burge.ss,
Western Burgess, Joseph D, Carr, Edwin C. Miner, Charles E. Mor-
MILITARY HISTORY. 173
rill, Alonzo D. Pottle, William F. Richards, George W, Ricker, Charles
B, Rogers, John W. Rogers, Sanford Runnells, Frank B. Runnells,
William F. Sherman, Emerv N. Smith, Augustus Smith, Thomas
Smith, George Whitcomb, Robert A. Witherell, Heman B. Carter,
W^infield S. Dearborn. Sewall Douglass, Hazen H. Emerson, John C.
Edson, Nathaniel Ellery, Sherburn E. George. Charles C. Gilman,
Edward R. Gould, Edwin Goodwin. Thomas Keenan, John Leavitt,
William K. Libbey, Edwin McKenney, and William Matthews.
The Gardiner monument is of Hallowell granite and stands within
an octagonal enclosure of iron, in the city park. Its north face is in
scribed —
IN MEMORY
OF THE
MEN OF GARDINER,
WHO DIED
IN THE WAR OF 1861
THAT THEIR COUNTRY
MIGHT LIVE.
ERECTED BY THE CITY
A, D, 1875.
The other faces bear these 71 names: T. A. Pray, J. M. Ring, G. F.
Spear, C. H. Tabor, G. W. Tyler, J. W. Taylor, G. R. Parsons, F. W.
Sawyer, H. B. Stevens, R. S. Starbird. Denola Whitman, E. M. Reed,
A. O. Wood. G. W. Weeks, W. E. Welch. G. E. Webber, N. W. Walker,
A. F. Tinkham, C. A. Whitney, T. B. Whitnev, James Siphers, Hiram
Wakefield, C. W. Richardson, C. C. Card, H. W. Dale, G. R. Moore,
D. N. Maxcy, William Jordon. A. M. Jordon, A. L. Meader, C. D.
Meader, G. S. Kimball, j. F. Merrill, H. W. Huntington, Oscar Hil-
dreth, J. A. Foye. A. A. Mann, G. H. Smith, C. D. Smith, W. H. Noyes,
C. H. Potter, J. H. Peacock, W. H. Peacock, Charles Sprague, James
McNamara, Thomas McNamara, E. A. Smith. E. W. Ayer, B. A. Babb,
M. G. Babb, G. H. Berry, C. N. Brann, C. W. Brann, Daniel Brann,
G. H. Clough, S. S. Bennett, E. T. Chapman, Calvin Boston, Westbrook
Dean, J. G. Card, William Brann. E. O. Blair, L. G. Brann, F. E. Gow-
ell, H. N. Jarvis, G. E. Donnell, L. C. Hinkley, A. M. C. Heath,
Thomas Douglas, W. W. Hutchinson, and Arrington Brann.
At Oakland a Memorial Hall, valued at $10,000, was erected by
private subscription, and dedicated to the memory of the fallen sol-
diers, by the Memorial Association of that town. Subsequently, by
an act of the legislature, tlie property was conveyed to Sergeant Wy-
man Post, No. 97, G. A. R.
The Winslow monument was authorized by town vote in 1887.
The Lockwood Company donated a site and the town appropriated
$1,000 for the stone. It was furnished by I. S. Bangs, of Waterville,
who cut the statue which surmounts it. In 1892, having been removed
to its present site, it was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies. Its
inscriptions show that it was ''Erected by the town of Winsloiv in mem-
ory of her dead soldiers, 1889."
174 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
The thirty-one names recorded on it are: Ashman Abbott. Edward
Abbott, Joseph Brann, George H. Bassett, Eben Brooks, Charles L.
Crowell, Benjamin F. Dunbar, Capt. Joseph Eaton, Andrew W. Fuller,
Henry W. Getchell, George W. Hodges, Frederick C. Jackins, A. Lit-
tlefield, Asa Pallard, Charles Pollard, William Pollard, John S. Preble,
William T. Preble, John Palmer. Winthrop Shirland, Christopher C.
Sanborn, Henry Spaulding, William Taylor, Howard H. Taylor, Al-
bert E. Withee, William F. Wood, John S. Wilson, D. W. Wilson, H.
C. Webber, George L. Webber, and Lieut. Thomas Green Rice.
CHAPTER VII.
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES.
Early Trading.— The Beginning of the Lumber Trade.— Kennebec Log Driving
Company.— Steam Towage Company.— The Fish Supply.— Manufacturing.-
Shipbuilding.— The Ice Business.— Captain Eben D. Haley.— The Granite
Industry. — Governor Joseph R. Bodwell.
THE law of compensation is never-failing in its exact adjustment
of natural conditions that, at first sight, are apparently anti-
thetical. Thus, while the early settlers of Kennebec county
doubtless complained of the rigors of its climate, and the harsh, un-
promising aspect of the landscape, seamed as it was with rock and
covered with trackless forests, the great law of compensation was, in
the course of time, to turn these seeming disadvantages into sources
of wealth, prosperity and happiness, and literally to make "the wilder-
ness blossom as the rose." The severe winters produced the ice that
was afterward destined to find a profitable market in states and coun-
tries far removed ; its granite ledges were to furnish inexhaustible
material for the purposes of art and architecture; and its spreading
forests were to supply the timber for thousands of homes, and scores
of vessels, whose flags were to be seen on every sea; while the clear-
ings thus made and constantly increasing with the flight of years
were afterward to become the scenes of varied agricultural pursuits,
noticed in the following chapter.
The first small beginning of the vast and varied commercial rela-
tions of the county with the outer world were laid in the trade in furs,
along the river, with members of the Plymouth colony, soon after 1629.
The first settlers and the Indians purchased the neces.saries of life
with the skins of the otter, beaver and moose. James Howard was
licensed to sell tea and coffee at the Fort in 1763, and Samuel, his
brother, sailed a sloop; and cord-wood, skins, furs, staves, shingles,
salmon and alewives were taken for merchandise, and in turn ex-
changed at a profit for goods to fill the store. The Indians exchanged
their furs with the white man for powder, shot and rum.
The first industry of the settlers was to erect saw mills, and the
lumber business was one of profit. As the lands were cleared the
product of the mills found ready sale, being sent out in large rafts as
^oats, or in vessels; while the many tanneries, of which every town of
176 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
the county had two or more, made market for the hemlock bark, which
was also an article of export.
. The first period of the lumber business began with the operations
of the pioneers, wh'ose chief aim seems often to have been the clear-
ing of the land and the destruction of the forest. Better facilities for
manufacturing and marketing the product checked these wasteful
tendencies and large revenues were derived as the forests disappeared.
The great lumbering interests in this county at the present day belong
to an entirely distinct period and are strictly manufacturing enter-
prises, dealing not with the product of the county, but, at the great
mills along the river, fitting for the markets of the seaboard the prod-
ucts of the vast timber lands around the sources of the Kennebec.
On March 27, 1835, at Sager's Inn, in Gardiner, was organized the
Kennebec Log Driving Company, now the oldest existing transporta-
tion company in the county — simply a cooperative association of lum-
ber dealers to hire their logs run down the river in the best manner,
the actual expense to be paid by pro rata assessment. The estimated
amount of lumber in the logs handled during the year 1891 was
140,846,000 feet, which cost about thirty-five cents per thousand feet
for driving. The company owns a number of booms and dams. D. C.
Palmer, of Gardiner, has held the office of clerk since 1863, his prede-
cessor, Daniel Nutting, having filled that office from the organization
of the company. From twenty-five to one hundred men are employed
by the company during the busy season.
The Steam Towage Company was organized at Gardiner, May 21,
1881, by twenty gentlemen. Abraham Rich, W. H. Ring and Celon
L. E. B. Gooden have been the presidents. The duties of secretary,
treasurer and agent were performed by F. B. Dingley till 1889, and
by W. H. Ring since that time. The company owns the tugboats
Cliarles Laivrcucc and the Stella.
Prior to 180(), the principal products of the county — in addition to
those of lumber and fur — were potash and pitch, though the abundant
supply of fish in the inland ponds, as well as in the Kennebec, was a
reliable food supply for the early settlers, and ultimately became the
basis of one of their important industries. Sturgeon were so plentiful
before the white man came that the Indians had named the vicinity
of Gardiner " Cobbosseecontee " — the place of many sturgeon. Ken-
nebec salmon, always so excellent, and once so plentiful, have now
disappeared; and where thousands of barrels of herring were seined,
as late as 1825, they are now practically extinct.
The various manufacturing enterprises throughout the county have
been so generally the principal interests of the cities and the little
hamlets in which they are found, and their origin is so closely
related to the settlement or growth of those localities, that they have
been regarded and treated as proper branches of the succeeding town
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 177
histories. It may, however, be stated here that the leading enter-
prises in 1820 included 81 saw mills running 91 saws, 63 grist mills
with 107 run of stones, 43 tanneries, 42 carding machines, 29 fulling
mills, 15 spinning machines, 3 distilleries, and 2 cotton and woolen
factories. The combined capital invested in these industries was
§147,000.
The manufacture of paper is an industry of considerable import-
ance, the location of the pulp and paper mills, and their daily capacity
of production being as follows: Augusta Pulp Company, 20,000 lbs.;
Cushnoc Fibre Company, Augusta, 20,000; Hollingsworth & Whitney
Company, Gardiner, 26,000: S. D. Warren & Co., Gardiner, 26,000:
Richards Paper Company, Gardiner, 16,000; Richards Paper Com-
pany, South Gardiner, 20,000; Kennebec Fibre Company, Benton,
16,000 lbs. The Hollingsworth & Whitney Company are erecting a
very large plant at Winslow. From a hint given by Dr. H. H. Hill
to the old paper mill men at Vassalboro that, as wasps made paper from
wood, so might man, grew experiments in that direction which have
led to the present large manufacture of wood pulp.
Shipbuilding was once a great industry of the county. Captain
vSamuel Grant came from Berwick, Me., to Benton, at the close of the
revolution, and furnished the first masts for the frigate Constitiition,
then building at Boston. With his son, Peter, as partner, he estab-
lished, in 1792, a ship-yard at Bowman's point. Farmingdale, and built
a number of vessels. Peter, jun., and his brother, Samuel C, succeeded
to the business at the death of their father, in 1836. Peter, jun.,
retired from the firm some years later, and Samuel C. continued the
business until his death about 1858, when his son, William S., suc-
ceeded him. The latter built his last vessel in 1858. Peter Bradstreet
then became the owner of the Grant ship-yard, and, with his brother
William, built several vessels there.
A once very conspicuous name in the annals of shipbuilding, but
which has now vanished from the county, was that of the Agry family.
Thomas Agry removed from Dresden to Agry's point, in Pittston, in
1774, where he built some of the first vessels constructed above Bath.
His sons, Thomas, John and Divid, also entered the business, and in
the long list of vessels built at Gardiner, Pittston and Hallowell,
from 1784 to 1826, their names, as owners and masters, appear with
surprising frequency. David's name ceases to be seen after 1806, he
having died at sea shortly after.
About 1811 Major AVilliam Livermore, of Augusta, built in front
of the Old South Church, Hallowell, the sloop Primrose, afterward
altered to a schooner. Near this spot. Page & Getchell built the
brig Neptune's Barge about 1817. She sailed from New Orleans to
England with a cargo of cotton. Captain Joseph Atkins, another well-
178 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
known Hallowell shipbuilder, constructed vessels for Isaac Smith;
Simeon Norris built the schooner William //>«rj/ about 1816; and Rob-
inson & Page, about 1823, built the ship Marshal Ney, 3.1 Pierce's yard,
on the Chelsea side of the river.
About 1811 Judge Dummer built the ship Halloi^'cll on the east
side of the river. She was captured by the British, and her bones now
lie at Bermuda. From 1816 to 1825, Captain Isaac Smith built a num-
ber of coasters at Loudon hill, launching his vessels directly off the
shore; and during the same period Abner Lowell, at his wharf in the
lower end of Hallowell (then called Joppa), built a number of vessels
for the West India trade. Prior to this. Captain Shubael West built
two sloops, just south of Lowell's yard; and anterior even to that date.
Captain Larson Butler built, in this neighborhood, a sloop for the
Boston trade.
In 1845, Mason Damon built a schooner at a point north of the
Grant yard, in Farraingdale; and south of Grant's yard, Elbridge G.
Pierce built several whalers and other vessels for New Bedford parties.
At the Grant yard, between 1851 and 1858, clipper barks and ships
were built for the Boston and Galveston line; and also two large ves-
sels, of 1,090 and 1,190 tons, for the Calcutta trade. This yard, the
largest in the county, ran two blacksmith shops for ship-fitting, and
employed from twenty-five to seventy-five men the year round.
Ice. — A staple export of the county is ice, the purity of the Kennebec
being such that its ice has long been established as the standard of
quality. Years before the opening of this now vast industry in Maine
the consumption of ice was small. The first authoritative account of
ice being shipped from the county as an article of merchandise was
previous to 1826, when the brig Orion, of Gardiner, was loaded with
floating ice during the spring, and sailed for Baltimore at the opening
of navigation. This cargo was sold for $700. It is said that several
cargoes were thus put on the market years previous to any attempt
at housing for summer shipment. The Tudors, of Boston, who had
had exclusive control of the ice trade with the British West Indies,
built about that year, on Gardiner's wharf, Gardiner, the first ice
house on the Kennebec.
In 1826 Rufus K. Page, in company with a Mr. Getchell, of Hallo-
well, erected, in Gardiner, a building of 1,500 tons capacity on Trott's
point, now occupied by Captain Eben D. Haley. This house they
filled during the winter, and in the following summer loaded it in
vessels, on account of the Tudors. The speculation proved unprofit-
able, however, and the business was abandoned. In 1831 the Tudors
acquired the building and filled it. At the same time they erected a
house on Long wharf, in Gardiner, which was then just where the
bridge now stands, and in it some 3,000 tons of ice were stored. No
other attempt at housing is recorded until 1848-9, when the Tudors
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 179
again began operations on the river; and W. A. Lawrence, Dr. C. \V.
Wliitmore and Cliarles A. Wiiite, of Gardiner, cut and housed 2,000
tons at South Gardiner, and 2,000 tons at Pittston. Another house
was also filled at Pittston, and one each at Bowman's point. Farming-
dale, and Hallowell. In the aggregate some 10.,000 tons were cut here
that year. The following summer it was loaded, fifty tons being consid-
ered a good day's work. The largest cargo was three hundred tons.
Consignments were made to New Bedford, New York, Washington
and Baltimore, $2.50 per ton being received, but the cost of labor and
slow progress in handling made the profits small.
In 1860 the industry entered upon a new era and grew into a more
permanent form. James L. Cheesman, a New York retailer, began
stacking at Farmingdale, and the following year entered upon exten-
sive operations. Until 1865 he flourished wonderfully. In 1868, how-
ever, reverses compelled him to sell out the Farmingdale plant, and
later, in 1872, the Pittston plant, to the Knickerbocker Ice Company
of Philadelphia, which now exceeds all other companies here in the
quantity of ice handled yearly.
In 1867 the Kennebec Land & Lumber Company built the first
modern ice house at Pittston; and in 1872 such solid corporations as
the Great Falls and Independent Ice Companies, of Washington, D.
C, located in Pittston. Under the firm name of Haynes & De Witt,
J. Manchester Haynes, of Augusta — who has been prominently identi-
fied with the ice industry since 1871— together with Henry A. De
Witt and the late Ira D. Sturges, controlled a large business on the
river; and in 1889, with others, formed a corporation known as the
Haynes & De Witt Ice Company. Improvements in tools and ma-
chinery had taken place gradually since the early beginning of ice
harvesting, and in 1890 Messrs. Shepard and Ballard, of the Knicker-
bocker Ice Company, added to the list an important invention — an
automatic vessel-loading machine— which is now in general use.
The following list, corrected to date, shows the location and storage
capacity of the ice houses on the Kennebec and within the county.
Those on the west side of the river are: Coney & White, 8,000 tons,
Augusta; Kennebec Ice Company (two houses), 25,000 tons, and Knick-
erbocker Ice Company, 12,000 tons, Hallowell; A. Rich Ice Company,
70,000 tons, and Knickerbocker Ice Company, 30,000 tons. Farming-
dale; Morse & Haley, 5,000 tons. Great Falls Ice Company, 30,000, and
Eben D. Haley, 32,000, Gardiner. The houses on the east side of the
river are: Old Orchard (Knickerbocker), 20 000 tons, and Chelsea
houses, 30,000 tons, Chelsea; Randolph (Knickerbocker), 25.000 tons,
Haynes & Lawrence, 13,000, and Centennial Ice Company, 15,000, Ran-
dolph; Morse & Haley, 20,000 tons, Smithtown (Knickerbocker), 65,-
000, Great Falls Ice Company, 30,000, Independent Ice Company, 60,-
•000, Haynes & De Witt Ice Company, 12,000, Consumers' Ice Company
180 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
of New York, 35,000, and Clark & Chaplin Ice Company of Portland'
40,000, Pittston. The total capacity of the above houses is 567,000
tons.
In the development of this great industry here, as well as on the
Hudson river and Booth bay, Captain Eben D. Haley, of Gardiner, has
borne a prominent part. His grandfather, Moses Haley, was a house
carpenter of Bath, where he raised a family of four boys and two girls.
Woodbridge, his oldest child, born in 1806, grew up in the same occu-
pation as his father, and married in 1833, Jane Button, of Gray, Me.,
■where, in 1833, their first child, Eben D., was born. The next year
they came to Pittston, where four more children were born to them:
Joseph M., who died when four years old; George T.; Thomas H., now
in the dry goods business in Chicago; and William D.
Shipbuilding was then very active on the Kennebec, at which
Woodbridge Haley worked for several years, mostly on large vessels
for Boston parties, some of them at Sheepscott Bridge. He died at
his home in Pittston in 1863. where his wife still survives him in what
is now Randolph. Here Eben D. passed his boyhood days to the age
of fourteen, when he left home for school, first at Bath, and then at
Gardiner Lyceum. When sixteen years old his school days were ex-
changed for the beginning of a career of business and adventure that
is still at its maximum activity. He first entered the dry goods store
of Field & Reed at Bath, leaving there at the end of one year for a
clerkship in the store of N. K. Chadwick in Gardiner, from whence he
went to Rockland and worked in Wilson & Case's store till he was
twenty-one. Resolved to see something of the great West, he went
to Keokuk, Iowa, where, in 1857, the firm of Ricker & Haley engaged
in the produce and commission business, which extended over a wide
extent of country.
Mr. Haley happened to be in Memphis when Fort Sumter was fired
on, from whence he hastened to St. Louis to meet his partner, arriving
there the night of the riot. They immediately dissolved partnership,
settled their business, and Mr. Haley came home. The day after the
battle of Bull Run he went to Augusta and tendered his services to
his country. In conjunction with John B. Hubbard, son of ex-Gov-
ernor Hubbard, he was active in raising the 1st Maine Battery of
light artillery, which was mustered into service in December, with
Edward W. Thompson captain, John B. Hubbard 1st lieutenant, and
Eben D. Haley 2d lieutenant, with 151 men, five officers and six pieces
of artillery. The first active work of the battery was under General
Butler at New Orleans, where they did patrol service from Alarch till
September, 1862. The 1st Maine then joined General Weitzel's brig-
ade, and was in several sharp fights, one of which was an attack on
the gunboat Cotton, where, by the bursting of a shell. Lieutenant
Haley was severely injured. The battery was made very efficient,
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 181
and at the siege of Fort Hudson it had occasion to show its metal. It
was the first to open fire on the right of the line, Maj' 27, 1863. Lieu-
tenant Haley was in command, and held his advanced position during
the siege with heavy losses of men and horses. The battery was next
at Donaldsonville, where the fire became so hot that Lieutenant Haley
had at one time but one man left out of thirteen, and himself helped to
load and fire the guns. For this heroic conduct he was complimented
by General Weitzel, also for difficult services rendered at the fight of
May 27.
The battery went on the second Red River expedition, but Lieu-
tenant Haley was not with it again till after it had been ordered to
the Shenandoah, where he was promoted to its captaincy. Here he
was in the famous Cedar Creek fight, October 19, 1864, in which the
confederates were victors in the morning, and the Union forces, after
being rallied by General Sheridan, were victors in the afternoon. Cap-
tain Haley was in command of his battery from shortly after three in
the morning till about six, when he received a bullet in his left thigh
that he carries yet. After lying on the field till three o'clock in the
afternoon, he was taken to a room in a house in the corner of which
Colonel, afterward President, Hayes was lying on a wood box, suffer-'
ing from a wound. During the grand review in Shenandoah valley
General Hancock complimented the 1st Maine on its fine appearance
and splendid records. When General Sheridan was in Maine he said
to Governor Cony at Augusta, in the presence of General Chamberlin,
that he remembered with pride the services of the 1st Maine Battery
under its gallant commander. Captain Haley.
In September, 1865, two months after being mustered out of the
service, Captain Haley formed a partnership with Alonzo P. Parsons
and bought the dry goods business of N. K. Chadwick in Gardiner —
the same store he had entered as a clerk in 1852. In 1870 he took the
business alone, and in 1878 he sold it to his brother, George T. Haley.
The same year, in company with Peter Grant and Daniel Glidden, he
put up on Stevens' wharf 2,500 tons of ice — his first move in the busi-
ness that has since taken his entire attention. In 1873 he put up ice
with Johnson Brothers and Captain John Landerkin at South Gardiner.
In 1876 he bought his partners' interest and joined with the Great
Falls Ice Company, of Washington, he owning a half interest. He
also located for them their houses at Green's ledges, two miles from
Gardiner. For some years he had attended to the local business on
the Kennebec of the Independent Ice Company of Washington. In
1879 John Van Raiswick, president of the Great Falls Company, J. H.
Johnson of Washington, C. B. Church, and the Independent Ice Com-
pany, joined with Captain Haley and formed the Maine Ice Company.
The growing necessity for a water shipment, where vessels could load
from the ice houses at any time of the year, demanded immediate at-
182 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
tention. Captain Haley had long foreseen this want, and to meet it
had matured a design which he carried at once to a triumphant com-
pletion.
It was no less a plan than to cut off an arm of the sea with a dam,
and then compel the salt water to leave the cove and return to the sea.
By act of the legislature of 1879 permission was given to build a dam
across Campbell's cove in Booth Bay harbor. To make this separat-
ing wall impervious to water, he built two complete dams of timber
cribs filled with stone, one sloping toward the ocean, the other toward
the cove. The faces of each were made of spruce plank fitted water
tight, with their ends driven to the i-ock bottom. When this was
done these dams presented two parallel partition walls of plank eleven
feet apart, and from ten to thirty feet high, according to the depth of
water. Into this sort of water tight compartment gravel was dumped
till the water was all forced out, making a perfect road bed, for the
use of which the town has paid §200 each year for ten years. We have
now arrived at the point where Captain Haley's genius beguiled the
law of gravitation into the pleasing task of compelling the salt water
in the cove to return to its old home.
Near the point of low tide he had put a spout twenty-eight inches
square through both dams and the road way, with an elbow on the
cove side, can-ying that end to the bottom of the cove pond. By the
mere device of opening a gate in the spout at low tide the water from
the pond sought its level on the sea side of the dam, and it could enter
the pipe only at its opening at the bottom of the deepest water. The
result surprised the captain himself, for in fifty-four days the pipe was
discharging only fresh water, with which the streams from the land
had entirely replaced the ocean brine. For original conception and
effectual accomplishment of a work of such intrinsic value, hitherto
unattempted. Captain Haley has exhibited the same kind of masterful
ability by which Captain Eads, in the construction of the. wonderful
jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi river, removed a constant inter-
ruption to navigation. Ice was cut in Campbell's cove in the winter
of 1881-2 and every winter since, the quality being next to river ice.
In 1886 Captain Haley and the Independent Ice Company became the
exclusive owners of the Maine Ice Company. In 1885 he sold his half
interest in the South Gardiner ice houses to the Great Falls Company
and erected new ones there, known as the Haley houses, of which he
is sole owner. He has been for years extending the area of the ice
trade. In 1883 he established a retail trade in Richmond, Va., still
very prosperous. In 1892 Morse & Co., of New York, joined him in
the purchase of large interests in the retail ice trade of New York
city and of storage capacity on the Hudson river, and in the erection
of more .storage room in Pittston, so that they are now able to supply
any shortage of ice in any of the great ice markets.
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 183
Captain Haley has always been an active republican in politics, go.
ing twice as a delegate to presidential conventions. He is one of the
directors of the Gardiner National Bank and of the Kennebec Steam
Towage Company. In 1870 he married Sophie J., daughter of Daniel
Johnson, of South Gardiner. The names of their four children are:
Marion W., Ethel A., Eben R. and John H. This family group make
an unusually happy home, the hospitalities of which are enjoyed by
a large circle of friends.
Granite. — Just when or how the utilization of the granite ledges in
the county was begun cannot be definitely ascertained, for it is a sin-
gular fact that there is no industry of any importance that has re-
ceived so little attention from historical and statistical experts as the
granite industry. It is quite certain, however, that it was not until
the beginning of the present century that an attempt was made to
quarry the mineral that was afterward destined to figure so promi-
ently in the industrial resources of the county. When, in 1797, the
Kennebec bridge was built, stones split from boulders were used for
the piers and abutments; and when, in 1801. Captain William Robin-
son, of Augusta, erected his house, he procured the underpinning in
Massachusetts at great expense.
The first recorded attempt to quarry granite in the county was that
made in 1808 at the Rowell ledge, in Augusta. The venture met with
indifferent success. Some of the top strata were broken off with
" rising wedges " driven under the edge of the sheet until it parted;
but this was a slow and laborious process. The first successful effort
to open and work a ledge in the township was made by Jonathan
Matthews, on the Thwing ledge, in 1825, when he laid the cellar walls
of Arch Row; but he also worked with rising wedges. Powder was
not used for blasting upon ledges until the erection of the state house
was begun, in 1829, and then, at first, with but one hole, by which
large irregular masses were blown out. Afterward two holes, a short
distance apart, were charged, and fired simultaneously, thus opening
long, straight seams, sometimes to the depth of six feet.
Since the introduction of dynamite as a partitive agent in quarry-
ing, better results have been obtained, with less exposure of the men
to accident. With this exception, however, but little improvement
has been made upon the early methods of obtaining granite. Ma-
chinery has been tried in all forms, but, aside from the steam drill, a
valuable time and labor saving invention, nothing has been found
that will adequately perform the work now done by hand. It is true
that, used as a lathe, machinery works somewhat satisfactorily in turn-
ing out columns, but even this does not finish the surface, except
when it is to be polished. In this connection it may be noted that the
first derrick used at any stone works m Augusta was erected east of
Church hill at a quarry then operated by William B. Pierce.
184 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
In 1836 three granite companies were incorporated at Augusta.
One, called the Augusta & New York Granite Company, worked the
Hamlen ledge, situated about two miles from the river b}' way of
Western avenue; another, named the Augusta & Philadelphia Granite
Company, owned the Ballard ledge, a mile and a half from Kennebec
bridge by way of Northern avenue, and of which the Rowell and
Thwing ledges are a continuation; and the third, known as the Au-
gusta Blue Ledge Company, purchased Hall's ledge, two and a half
miles from the bridge, over the North Belfast road.
In 1871 the Hallowell Granite Company was organized, with its
chief stockholder, Governor Joseph Bodwell, as president. The busi-
ness gradually assumed huge proportions, and in 1885 the Hallowell
Granite Works, another stock company, was formed, its executive
being also Governor Bodwell. It is not known how long before these
periods granite was taken from the ledges owned by the companies
mentioned, but it is said that the New Orleans custom house was
built, seventy years ago, of stone quarried from the ledge now oper-
ated by the Hallowell Granite Works. The extensive quarries of the
latter company are two and a half miles from the city of Hallowell,
near the Manchester line. The granite is white, free working and
soft, and can be almost as delicately chiselled as marble. It is said
to be the finest grade of white granite in the state. Aside from their
extensive building operations, the Hallowell Granite Works is the
largest producer of monumental, statuary and ornamental work in
Maine. In almost every city of the country can be seen the handi-
work of its artisans. The New York state capitol at Albany; Equit-
able Life Insurance Building, New York; the monument at Plymouth,
Mass.; soldiers' monument, Boston Common; memorial monuments at
Getty.sburg; and the Augusta soldiers' monument, etc., are from their
works. The works employ, in its numerous departments, from 300 to
400 men; the annual shipment of stone averages 100,000 cubic feet,
and the gross product annually averages over $250,000.
Intellectually, the granite cutters of Kennebec county are on a
level with any other class of mechanics. Instead of the saloon, they
patronize the public library, and they take an active interest in state
and national affairs. The foreign element among the granite cutters
consists chiefly of vScotch, Italian and English. Ninety per cent, of
the other labor is American born.
In 1884 Joseph Archie opened a granite quarry near the Hallowell
works, but just over the Manchester line. He took a partner for a
brief period, the firm being known as the Central Granite Company.
In 1891 Mr. Archie bought out his partner, and since that time has
successfully continued the business alone, employing forty men. The
stone produced is very fine, and is mostly used for statuary and monu-
mental work. The granite is furnished to dealers on order, and is
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES. 185
shipped to St. Louis, Omaha and many other distant points. The ex-
tension of the .state house at Augusta, in 1891-2, was built of stone from
this quarry.
Ample supplies of granite for building purposes occur in many of
the towns. Ledges have been worked in Fayette and Wayne for
■other purpo-ses. S. B. Norris operated a quarry in Wayne twenty
years ago, which had been formerly worked for building material,
and from which J. Frank Gorden is now obtaining monument ma-
terial.
The name of Governor Joseph Robinson Bod well is indissolubly
linked with the history of Kennebec county as that of the " granite
man " — the man who had larger individual interests in granite quar-
ries than any other man in the L'''nited States, and whose foresight,
energy and shrewd business instinct were the means of building up
the granite business at Hallowell. He was born at Methuen, Mass.,
in 1818 — the tenth in a family of eleven children. He was a lineal
descendant of Henry Bodwell, his first known American ancestor,
who bore a brave and con.spicuous part in the war with the Indian
chief, King Philip. The governor's father, Joseph Bodwell, was
among the most worthy and respected citizens in his community, and
his mother, Mary (How) Bodwell, came of the best New England
stock, and was a superior and cultured woman. His father having,
through unavoidable misfortune, lost his property, Joseph R., to re-
lieve the family of some of its burden, was sent when eight years old
to live with his brother-in-law, Patrick Fleming. When he had at-
tained his sixteenth year his brother-in-law died and Joseph R. was to
a certain degree thrown upon his own resources.
The school of manual labor (farming) in which he had pas.sed the
formative years of his life was precisely the one best calculated to
qualify him for the peculiar successes in business he afterward
achieved. In 1835 he began to learn the shoemaker's trade, and for
three years followed this calling, attending school during the day and
spending the evening and early morning in the making of shoes. In
1838 he purchased jointly with his father a farm in West Methuen,
and aided in its cultivation until the death of the elder Bodwell, in
1848.
In October of this year he married his first wife, Eunice Fox, of
Dracut, Mass. She died December 14, 1857, leaving one daughter,
Persis Mary, born August 26, 1849. On July 25, 1859, Governor Bod-
well married Hannah C, sister of Eunice, the fruit of this union being
Joseph Fox Bodwell, born July 11, 1862.
While cultivating his farm in West Methuen, Governor Bodwell
took the first steps in that special career in which he afterward be-
came so proficient, for while hauling granite from Pelham, N. H., to
Lawrence, Mass., while the Lawrence mills were in course of con
183 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
struction, he became acquainted with all the processes involved in-
quarrying and working granite. In 1852, in company with Hon.
Moses Webster, Governor Bodwell came to Maine and began to work
the granite quarries on Fox island, at the mouth of Penobscot bay.
He began operations with one yoke of oxen, which he drove himself
and shod with his own hands. From this humble beginning sprang:
results of such magnitude that a company was formed, known as the
Bodwell Granite Company, with the hardy pioneer as its president.
In 1866 Governor Bodwell removed his family from Methuen to Hal-
lowell, and from that period to his death, December 15, 1887, the main
record of his business career was the history of the Hallowell Granite
Works.
He never altogether lost his early love for agricultural pursuits,
and soon after he came to Hallowell he purchased in the neighbor-
hood two farms, which he successfully cultivated, one of them, indeed,
becoming one of the best stock farms in New England. He also car-
ried on lumber operations at the head of the Kennebec, was president
of the Bodwell Water Power Company, at Oldtown, Me., and was a
stockholder in several important railroad enterprises.
Governor Bodwell was not a politician in the ordinary meaning of
the term, but he always took a deep interest in public affairs. He
never sought official distinction, but office was sometimes thrust upon
him. Twice he represented his adopted city in the lower branch of
the legislature; for two terms he served as mayor of Hallowell, and
after twice refusing the governorship of Maine he was prevailed upon
in 1886 to take the nomination, and was elected by a very large ma-
jority. His administration, which he did not live to complete, was
honest and efficient.
Governor Bodwell, however, was best known as a business man of
great force of character, unquestioned integrity and untiring industry^
He was possessed of fine social gifts, and endeared himself to all wha
had dealings with him. He was a philanthropist in the true sense of
the word. His heart went out toward his fellow-men, and melted at
the sight of suffering. He was always giving something for the
needy, his Christianity knew no creed, he was every inch a man. The
highest tribute to his worth was the grief at his death, of the men
who knew him best — the men in his employ, who so often profited by
his kindness, and whose fortunes he was always ready and often eager
to advance.
CHAPTER VIII.
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK.
Bv Samuel L. Bo.\rdm.\x.
Pre-historic Agriculture. — Primitive Farming. — Natural Advantages.— Soil. —
General Farm Methods.— Historic Agriculture.— Early Leaders.— Associa-
tions.—Farm Machinery.— Agricultural Schools.— Cattle Breeding.— Short-
horns. — Heref ords. —Jerseys. —Dairying. —Sheep. —Horses. —Stock Farms.
—Driving Associations.— Race Tracks.— Trotters. — Orchards.— Retrospect.
THE agricultural hi,story of the county of Kennebec is one of inci-
dent, importance and influence. Of incident, because of that
romance which attaches to the occupation of a new country by
sturdy pioneers who hew out farms and build homes in the primitive
wilderness; importance, when viewed in the light of modern achieve-
ments and the position of its agriculture to day in one of the best ag-
ricultural states in the Union; and influence, when is taken into ac-
count the part which the historic agriculture of Kennebec has had in
the larger history of the agricultural development and progress of the
nation.
There has been a pre-historic agriculture in the county as there has
been a pre-historic age in htiman achievement of all kinds — a time
before events of marked importance had been established, and before
anything of interest or significance had taken place in its agricultural
development. This was when farms were being made from the for-
ests, the first rude homes established in the openings upon the hills,
when wild animals roamed in their native woods, when fish of the
lakes and rivers contributed to support, when saw mills were being
established, and the occupations of the people had reference mainly
to the support of existence. It was a time of self-dependence: when
the farmers were obliged to look to their farms and the labor of their
hands for everything that contributed to material welfare. The land
supplied everything, and the farm was a small empire. Little was
had by the rural people that the farm did not furnish; oxen for work,
cows for the dairy, sheep for clothing. The first settlers needed a
hardy race of cattle to endure the rugged winters: used to work, for
the labor of clearing land was heavy; and that would also give a fair
amount of milk. The maple furnished molasses and sugar. Butter
188 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
and cheese for the family were produced at the farm. The wool
which the sheep furnished for clothing was supplemented by the tow
and linen from the cultivated flax — and the domestic manufacture of
cloth was an art understood in every farm hou.se. Beef, pork, lambs,
and hens were kept as the standard supplies of the family for the long,
cold winters.
As the farms became more improved the orchard formed a part
of all the hill farms and its fruit contributed to the luxury of living:
while the cider mill was soon established in every neighborhood.
The large, framed house, of which there are many fine examples yet
standing, .superseded the log dwelling, and the domestic life of the
early farmers, although books were few and there were no news-
papers, was full of a quiet contentment, a high self-independence,
little idleness and a large amount of dornestic thrift.
As the years sped on changes came. Carding mills and power
looms took the place of hand carding and home weaving. More sup-
plies were purchased for the farms as the market became better fur-
nished. Improved tools and implements made finer and more pro-
ductive culture possible. Farm stock was improved. The conven-
iences and even luxuries of living reached out to all farm homes of
any pretension. The mowing machine upon the farm, the sewing
machine and organ in the house, the diffusion of special intelligence
for farmers through the agricultural press, wrought a complete revo-
lution. Roads were improved; the impetus of visiting and receiving
visits from distant points had its influence upon the farm life. Edu-
cation was esteemed a thing of chief importance. The culture of the
farm, the embellishment of the farm home, the higher social position
of the farmer's family, marked a new era. Old things had passed
away; all things had become new. This picture of the transitions of
the agricultural life from the earliest period of settlement to the pres-
ent, is a mere outline, the shadings and details of which must be filled
in as the more historic structure is completed.
Too far from the sea to have its vegetation retarded by the saline
winds and fogs of an ocean atmosphere, and sufficiently distant from
the mountain ranges to prevent suffering from their cold summits,
this county, most favorably situated in an agricultural point of view,
is one of the best watered sections of Maine. Its beautiful and diver-
sified water surfaces assist in furnishing moisture to the soil and
purity to the atmosphere, while they contribute in no small degree to
the wealth of the county by adding to the charm and beauty of the
landscape — the latter a consideration of no small weight with those
who are attached to the country and have a love for the beauties of
nature.
The'soils of the county present a considerable diversity of char-
acteristics. In the main they may be regarded as of granitic origin,
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 189
Strong rather than deep, productive, retentive of fertilizing elements,
in many sections ledgy, in some very rocky, in a few light or porous.
The county as a whole is a rich grazing section, excellent for the pro-
duction of grass, the hill farms among the best orchard lands in the
state, the lands in the river valleys and in the lower portions between
the hills and ridges, splendid for cultivation.
The towns of Rome, Vienna, Fayette and Mt. Vernon are broken,
their strong, rocky soils comprising excellent grazing lands. In
Winslow the lands near the Kennebec and Sebasticook are of fine,
deep, rich, productive loam. Eastward, part of the town is ledgy.
Wayne, West Gardiner and Litchfield have tracts of light plains, the
former having hundreds of acres of wind-shifted surface. There are,
however, some fine farms, and agricirlture is constantly improving.
Clinton, Benton, Albion, Windsor and Pittston are excellent grazing
towns. China and Vassalboro, east of the Kennebec, and vSidney,
Manchester, Winthrop, Readfield and Monmouth, west of the Kenne-
bec, are without question the garden towns of the county. The
county has less waste, unproductive and unimproved land than any
other section of equal extent in the state. Upon almost every farm
of the usual extent of 150 to 200 acres there is much diversity of soil.
Orcharding has reached a high degree of perfection and is conducted
on a good business system. The pastures are unstirpassed in Maine;
herbage is choice, abundant and nutritious, and cool springs and pure
brooks conduce to the healthfulness of farm animals. The county is
abundantly wooded with large tracts of old forest growth, while in
localities where the original growth has long since been cut off, young
trees have taken their place and have become the most valuable land
in the county. Nearly every farm has its quota of wood land, trees
crown many of our highest hills, fringe the river banks and clothe
the rough and waste places of the farm, affording a beautiful object
in the landscape, furnishing .shelter and protection from cold winds
to stock, growing crops and homesteads, adding wealth to the county,
materially lessening the rigors of winter and contributing to the uni-
formity and healthfulness of the climate.
While in general the agricultural methods of the county may be
regarded as a mixed sy.stem of husbandry, they are less so at the
present time than formerly. In the earlier days each farmer raised
some of all the farm crops and kept all kinds of stock, as each made it
a point to be independent of every other. Now the tendency is
toward the more perfect growing of crops best adapted fur particular
locations, or the raising of certain special lines of stock. Farmers who
have large orchards, or make dairying a specialty, or having a good
grass farm sell hay and purchase commercial fertilizers, or breed a
particular kind of cattle, or fine colts of a fashionable family— give
special effort and attention to these branches. The orchard farmer
190 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
lets another make his butter, and the dairyman purchases his apples
and often his hay of his neighbor. In many locations raising " truck
crops" for our growing cities is becoming a specialty, changing the
character of much of the farming. A farmer obtains more ready cash
now for a few acres of early potatoes put into our manufacturing
towns on the first of July than he obtained twenty years ago from the
marketed crops of his entire farm. Thus the manufacturing towns
and cities have done much to develop the present farm methods of
the county and bring about those specialties in farming which have
everywhere and always been the source of the highest profits and
most successful conditions.
In no section of Maine, and in but few portions of the Eastern
states, has agriculture reached a higher general condition than in
Kennebec county. The farm houses are commodious, often large,
frequently elegant; while the barns are well and properly built, in
many cases clapboarded and painted. The best and most approved
implements and machines are employed; in every town are model
farms of the highest rank, while neatness about the farm houses, the
presence of flowers, shade trees and cultural beadty characterize the
rural districts. There is a larger proportion of thoroughbred and
Jiigh grade stock on our farms than in any other county in Maine,
while in the best bred horses Kennebec county leads all New Eng-
land.
Historic agriculture in Maine had its commencement in the county
of Kennebec. The records of all first things pertaining to its im-
proved agriculture, the importation of thoroughbred stock, improve-
ment of seeds and fruits, organization of agricultural societies, diffu-
sion of information by means of books and journals, invention and
manufacture of improved farm tools and implements, plans for the
industrial and agricultural education of the people — all had their
origin in this county. The early farmers of Kennebec — themselves
from the best families of the Old Colony — were men of intelligence,
anxious for improvement. The soil and natural advantages of the
county were of the best, and the settlers took up their farms that they
might make homes for themselves. They came into the new terri-
tory of the District of Maine for this purpose; they came to stay;
hence whatever promised development of agriculture was eagerly
sought. But in agriculture as in everything else it was the few lead-
ers who, carrying forward plans for improvement, stimulated others
to higher endeavors and organized forces for the development of the
county's resources.
Early Leadek.s. — Foremost among those to whom the agriculture
of Kennebec county owes so much for its early improvement were
Benjamin Vaughan, M.D., LL.D.; his brother, Charles Vaughan; Dr.
. Ezekiel Holmes, Sanford Howard, and the brothers Samuel and Eli-
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 191
jah Wood. Doctor Vaughan was born in England April 30, 1751,
studied at Cambridge and received his medical degree at Edinburgh.
During the American revolution he was a member of parliament, but
on account of his friendship for the American colonies he left his
■country and resided in France. In 1796 he settled in Hallowell upon
a family property derived from his maternal grandfather, Benjamin
Hallowell. His brother, Charles Vaughan, followed him to America
in a few years and also settled upon the same tract of land, which ex-
tended along the river one mile and westward to Cobbosseecontee
■lake — a distance of five miles. This land they improved and kept in
a high state of cultivation, employing a large number of workmen
upon it throughout the year. They had extensive gardens, estab-
lished nurseries, planted orchards, imported stock, seeds, plants, cut-
tings and implements from England, and carried on model farming
on a large scale. They built miles of faced and bank wall upon their
farms, laid out and built roads for the public use, and while they sold
trees and plants from their nurseries, often to the value of a thousand
dollars in a single year, they also freely gave to all who were unable
to buy; sent stock, plants and seeds to leading farmers in the several
new towns for them to propagate or test, and carried on correspond-
-ence with prominent farmers. The apple was not then so highly
esteemed for fruit as it is now, but cider was made in large quanti-
ties. The Vaughans built the largest and most perfect cider mill and
press in New England, employing a skilled mechanic from England
to set up the machinery. In their gardens and orchards were apples,
pears, peaches, cherries, and many kinds of nut-bearing trees. Doctor
Vaughan passed much of his time in studies and investigations, while
his brother Charles had the more immediate care of their large farms,
which, later, were managed by Colonel William O. Vaughan, the doc-
tor's eldest son. Doctor Vaughan was one of the most distinguished
members of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, es-
tablished in 1792— the second society of its kind formed in the United
States. He wrote extensively and learnedly upon all agricultural sub-
jects, many of his treatises being published in the transactions of this
society, usually with the signature, " A Kennebec Farmer."
Charles Vaughan was born in London June 30, 1759. He was one
of the original corporators and for several years a trustee of the
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. He was more
practical, .so to speak, than his distinguished brother, taking the
immediate care of their large estates and the carrying out of their
experiments and farming operations. These were very extensive,
were performed at great cost of care and money, and had for their
object the improvement of the agriculture of the state as much as
they did the business of their owners. No breed of stock or variety
of fruit, vegetable or seed was disseminated until it had been care-
192 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
fully tested and found to be valuable and well adapted to this country.
Benjamin Vaughan died in Hallowell December 8, 1885, and Charles,
on May 15, 1839.
Succeeding the Vaughans, the name of Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, of
Winthrop, must ever occupy a high position. He was born in Kings-
ton, Ma.ss., in 1801, graduated from Brown University in 1821, and
from the Maine Medical School in 1824. His health being inadequate
to the hard service of a country physician's life, he became a teacher
for the next five years in the Gardiner Lyceum. In 1828 he edited for
a single year the Neiv England Farmers and Mechanics Journal. He
was professor of natural science in Waterville College from 1838 to
1837. From its establishment, in 1833, Doctor Holmes ably edited ilie
Maine Fanner until his death — a period of thirty-two years. Before
1840 he advocated the establishment of a board of agriculture, which
was finally done in 1852, he being its first .secretary for three years.
A State Agricultural Society was also incorporated by the legislature
in 1855, largely through the efforts of Doctor Holmes, who drafted its
constitution and was its secretary until his death. In 1838 he made a
survey of Aroostook county for the state board of internal improve-
ment; and in 1861-2 was chief and naturalist of the scientific survey
of Maine, authorized by the legislature. These leading dates in the
active and useful life of Doctor Holmes give but a very imperfect idea
of the great work he accomplished for the agriculture of Maine — the
influence of which is still potent and fruitful. As editor of the Maine
Farmer for more than thirty years, the work of Doctor Holmes was such
that had he done nothing more for Maine agriculture his memory would
forever be held in grateful remembrance. Doctor Holmes was the fir.st
person in Maine to introduce Shorthorns into the state: the first
Southdown and Cotswold sheep, and the first of the Jersey breed of
cattle. The last public act of his life was that of securing from the
legislature in February, 1865 — but a week before his death — an ac
which established the State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic
Arts. The Holmes' Cabinet of Natural History in that college but
inadequately expresses the debt of gratitude which it owes to its illus-
trious benefactor.
Samuel and Elijah Wood, sons of Henry Wood, of Middleboro,
Mass., were among the first settlers of Winthrop— vSamuel settling in
1784, and Elijah a few years afterward. They were among the founders
and incorporators of the Winthrop Agricultural Society — Samuel being
elected its first president. Fie was among the first contributors to the
Maine Farmer, and his articles — always practical, suggestive and use-
ful— were continued for many years. When he first came to Win-
throp Elijah Wood engaged in the manufacture of nails, but afterward
was largely and profitably engaged in farming. He was "chairman
and principal agent " of a committee chosen in 1831-2 by the Win-
A(^.RICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 193
throp Agricultural Society to petition the legislature for funds in car-
rying on its work. He established himself in Augusta during that
winter and entered upon the work of his mission among the legisla-
tors with a zeal becoming the importance of the end sought. The re-
sult was the passage of an act, one provision of which was "the
payment by the treasurer of state to the treasurer of any agricultural
or horticultural society, whenever the treasurer shall apply for the
same, a sum equal to that which said society may have raised and
actually received by subscription or otherwise within the next preced-
ing year" — which, with slight modification, is the substance of the
present statute under which all the agricultural societies in Maine are
beneficiaries of the state.
Sanford Howard came to Hallowell as superintendent of the
Vaughan farms in 1830. He was born in Easton, Mass., in 1805, and,
having been acquainted in Massachusetts with Colonel Samuel Jaques
and the Hon. John Welles — two of the most noted breeders of their
times — he brought with him several individuals of the Shorthorn breed
of cattle from their herds. Having seen, in Massachusetts, the benefits
of agricultural societies to a farming community, Mr. Howard became
anxious that Kennebec county should enjoy like advantages; and he
at once joined efforts with other progressive farmers in the establish-
ment of the Kennebec Agricultural Society, and after removing from
the county in 1837 had an honorable and useful career until his death,
in 1871. For the good he exerted upon the agriculture of Kennebec
county by his residence and work here for a period of seven years, he
will ever be regarded as one of the noble worthies in our earlier agri-
cultural period.
Dr. Sylvester Gardiner has not been mentioned before because his
distinguished efforts in the settlement and development of the Ken-
nebec valley embraced other interests than that of agriculture, which
in a new country must always be given attention, like the building of
mills and bridges, the making of roads and the establishment of
trading houses. He was one of the proprietors of the Kennebec Pur-
chase, and was largely instrumental in shaping its policy and promot-
ing its prosperity. Obtaining thus large tracts of land in Gardiner,
Pittston, Winslow, Pownalborough and other places, he built houses,
cleared farms, erected dams and mills, introduced settlers and often ad-
vanced them means for stocking their farms and becoming established.
In these ways he greatly aided the early farmers and general agri-
culture of the county, and deserves to be regarded as one of its most
eminent benefactors.
Other prominent names are connected with the early agricultural
annals of the county. One of the most distinguished is that of Henry
Dearborn, who was born in North Hampton, N. H., February 23, 1751,
13
194 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
and died at Roxbury, Mass., June 6, 1829. General Dearborn was a
representative to the Third and Fourth congresses in 1801-1808, major
general of Maine in 1795, and secretary of war under President Jef-
ferson, 1801-1809. He had extensive farms in Monmouth, where he
lived between 1784 and 1797, and was deeply interested in the im-
provement of agriculture. After he removed to Roxbury, Mass., in
1824, he continued to make annual visits to his farm in this county as
long as health permitted. R. H. Greene, of Winslow; Jesse Robin-
son, of Waterville; Payne Wingate, of Hallowell; Robert Page, of
Readfield; Rev. W. A. P. Dillingham, of Sidney; Nathan Foster, of
Gardiner; Joseph A. Metcalf, of Monmouth, and Steward Foster, Ne-
hemia Pierce, Peleg Benson, David Foster, Samuel Benjamin, Colum-
bus Fairbanks, Samuel P. Benson and John May, of Winthrop, are
names that deserve honorable mention in the agricultural annals of
Kennebec county for their eminent services in the earlier years of its
development.
Associations.— One of the first agencies for carrying on the work
of agricultural improvement which the educated and progressive
farmers of this county made use of, was that of association and organi-
zation. The few leading minds who were foremost in this work de-
sired to extend it, that the benefits resulting from investigation, study
and experiments might be shared by others. To accomplish this it
was necessary to organize and cooperate. The Pennsylvania Society
for Promoting Agriculture was the first agricultural society estab-
lished in the United States; while the first in New England and the
second in all North America, was the Kennebec Agricultural Society,
established through the efforts of the Messrs. Vaughan and other pro-
gressive farmers in 1787, five years previous to the incorporation of
the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture. The objects
of this society were " mutual improvement in agricultural knowledge,
and mutual aid, by the importation of trees, seeds, tools, books, etc."
It was incorporated in 1807, and although it held no exhibitions, it had
frequent meetings for the reading of papers contributed by members,
and for consultation and discussion. This society subsequently dis-
banded, as on February 21, 1818, the Maine Agricultural Society was
incorporated. In 1820 and 1821 the society held cattle shows at Hal-
lowell—the former the first cattle show ever held in the county or
state. This society must also have disbanded, as on February 28, 1829,
the Winthrop Agricultural Society was incorporated, which was reor-
ganized so as to embrace the whole county, April 23, 1832, from which
the present Kennebec County Agricultural Society dates its legal 'ex-
istence.
These early societies at once put themselves into correspondence
with similar organizations in other states, offered prizes for crops, as-
signed " tasks " to its members, and in a variety of ways worked " to
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 195
improve the art of husbandry and to elevate the calling of the hus-
bandman." Some idea of what was accomplished may be obtained by
a few extracts from their records and votes: In 1818 — " that the trus-
tees inquire into the utility of Hotchkins' threshing; machine and pur-
chase one for the use of the society if they think expedient; 1819—
that members make a written statement at the annual meetings re-
specting- the manner of managing their favorite source of profit and
the net gain received from it; that a committee ascertain the number
of barrels of whole and watered cider made m Winthrop the present
year (the first recorded instance of the collection of agricultural sta-
tistics); 1821 — that premiums be given to the farmer raising the most
and best quality of • high red-top ' grass seed; 1822— that $30 be sent
to Malaga or Gibraltar in Spain, to purchase the best quality of
bearded summer wheat for .seed, one peck only to be allowed each
member; that the society subscribe for two copies of the 'publick
paper," published in Boston, called the Nau England Farmer; that the
necessary expense be incurred of a committee in procuring informa-
tion on the relative advantage of Maine compared with other states
and countries in raising fine wool; 1825 — that the secretary obtain in-
formation respecting the quality and usefulness of a kind of sheep
■called ' Smith Island Sheep,' and if deemed expedient that the society
purchase a pair; that .some person make experiments on raising hemp
•on a small scale at the expense of the society; 1830 — that the society
obtain one barrel of winter wheat for seed, from Virginia; that a pre-
mium be offered for the farmer raising the best and largest crop of
•corn, wheat or potatoes at the smallest expense; 1832— that a com-
mittee collect information upon the diseases of sheep in this climate,
with the preventive and cure, the best breeds of sheep and the mode
•of improving them, with such other matter as would be useful in a
treatise on sheep generally; 1834— that a committee report upon the
merits of the Pitts' horse power, just invented; that a premium be
offered to the farmer who may bring into the county twenty of the
best Merino sheep; that ten volumes of the Maine Farmer be offered
in premiums; that this society decidedly disapprove the sale of ardent
spirits on the grounds on the days of their cattle show; 1835 — that
■copies of Davy's Agricultural Chemistry and Farmer's Register be
procured for the use of the society; 1837— that the secretary obtain
information relative to the Gordon drill plow."
When it is remembered that at the early period at which many of
these votes were passed the Kennebec Agricultural Society was the
only one of its kind in Maine, and that there were but very few in the
United States, it shows the far-seeing character and progressive spirit
•of its members in a most favorable and worthy light. Its modern
history is as interesting and full of commendable deeds as the earlier
period. The society has encouraged by liberal premiums the best
kind of farming and the judicious improvement of the live stock of
the county. Early devoted to the large beef breeds of cattle, it was
persistent in its opposition to the Jerseys when first introduced, and
for some years refused to place the breed in its premium schedule.
At its fair in 1863 the report of the committee on this breed said:
196 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
" Your committee deem it a source of gratification to find the exhibi-
tion of Jerseys the present year made up of more individual speci-
mens of high excellence than of any other kind of farm stock upon
the ground." Having held cattle shows in different towns in the
county, frequently to much inconvenience on account of the want of
proper buildings, the society leased grounds at Readfield Corner in
1856, where its fairs have ever since been held. It has good buildings,
including a new grand stand, a half mile track, and maintains the
best county agricultural fairs of any society in Maine. It .still keeps
up the old custom of having an annual address delivered at each fair
and has numbered among its orators some of the most distinguished
men in the state.
The North Kennebec Agricultural Society was incorporated July
31, 1847, and its first exhibition was held in Waterville in October of
that year, its limits extending into Somerset and Waldo counties. The
society purchased fair grounds in 1854, located about a mile below
the city of Waterville, upon which it built a good half mile track.
Between 1855 and 1875 the fairs of this society were largely attended
and among the best of their class in the state. Some of the best cat-
tle and horses in Maine have been owned within its limits, and at
many of its exhibitions the stock upon its show ground has ranked
among the best in New England, notably the J'erseys shown by the
late Dr. N. R. Boutelle, of Waterville, the Holsteins. by Thomas S.
Lang, the Shorthorns of the late Warren Percival and Levi A. Dow,
and the Herefords of Burleigh & Shores. Among other noted breed-
ers and farmers who have contributed largely to the success of the
fairs of this society have been: John D. Lang, Moses Taber, Hall C.
Burleigh, H. G. Abbott, W. H. Pearson, Moses A. Getchell and J. S.
Hawes, of Vassalboro; George E. Shores, H. Percival, R. R. Drum-
mond, Joseph Percival, Samuel Doolittle, Henry Taylor, N. R. Bou-
telle, Ephraim Maxham and J. F. Hallett, Waterville; Rev. W. A. P.
Dillingham, Sidney; A. J. Libby and W. P. Blake, Oakland; B. C.
Paine, Clark Drummond and Ira E. Getchell, Winslow; G. G. Hans-
comb, Albion; and Joseph Taylor, Belgrade. Annual exhibitions are
still held by the society.
On March 26, 1853, an act of incorporation was granted the South
Kennebec Agricultural Society, with headquarters at Gardiner, the
late Nathan Foster being its first president. Fairs were held by this
society for seven years, when its charter was surrendered, and on
March 17, 1860, an act of incorporation was given the Kennebec Union
Agricultural and Horticultural Society, which embraced the same ter-
ritory as that of the former society. Having held its fairs at Oakland
Park, Gardiner, and Meadow Park, West Gardiner, with varying suc-
cess till the year 1877, its active career as a society ceased. ' In its
earlier years among its most staunch supporters and largest exhibi-
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 197
tors were: Daniel Lancaster, William S. Grant and Alden Rice, Farm-
ingdale; J. M. Carpenter, Pittston; S. G. Otis and Samuel Currier,
Hallowell; Joseph Wharff, Litchfield; and Nathan Foster, R. H. Gar-
diner and Henry Butman, Gardiner.
The Eastern Kennebec Agricultural Society was incorporated
March 24 and organized April 4, 1868. The society at once purchased
a lot of sixteen acres of land in China, upon which a half mile track
was built, and its first exhibition was held October 20-22 of that year.
In 1869 the society built an exhibition hall, 40 by 60 feet, upon its
park: one exhibitor showed twenty head of cattle, there were forty
horses on the grounds, and an address was delivered by Thomas S.
Lang. In 1873 the secretary reported a great improvement in the
stock and general farming in the towns of China, Windsor, Vassal-
boro and Albion, through the influence of its fairs. The society held
seven fairs, the last in 1874, when in consequence of insufficient re-
ceipts, due to unfavorable weather at the date of its fairs, the pre-
miums could not be paid in full, and unpaid expenses accumulating,
it was deemed prudent to close up its affairs. The final meeting was
held December 27, 1877, and the real estate and other property of the
society were sold. Its largest exhibitors were: W^arren Percival, J. S.
Hawes and Thomas S. Lang, Vassalboro; C. B. Wellington, Albion;
Horace Colburn, Windsor, and J. R. Grossman and Alfred H. Jones,
China. Its successive presidents were Isaac Hamilton, Ambrose H.
Abbott and H. B. Williams.
The South Kennebec Agricultural Association, consisting of the
towns of Chelsea, Windsor, Pittston and Whitefield, was organized
March 24, 1888. In June of that year, having leased land for exhibi-
tion grounds and raised money for the purpose by subscription, it
built a half mile track at South Windsor Corner. Its first fair was
held October 3-4, 1888. Officers and friends of this society secured
the incorporation of the South Kennebec Agricultural Society by the
legislature February 15, 1889, and the society was organized April
20, 1889, George Brown being the first president. Its limits, as de-
fined by the act of incorporation, were: " The southern part of Ken-
nebec county and the towns of Whitefield, Jefferson and Somerville
in Lincoln county." On the day of the organization of this society
the local, unincorporated society transferred to the new society all its
leases and property. An exhibition hall was built upon the grounds
in the summer of 1889, and its annual fairs have been successful in
the highest degree.
Other societies which have been more than local in their influence
and usefulness are the Kennebec Farmers' and Stockbreeders' Asso-
ciation, which has held fairs at Meadow Park, West Gardiner, organ-
ized in 1889; and the Pittston Agricultural and Trotting Park Associa-
tion, which was also organized in 1889. The former holds its fairs at
198 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Meadow Park (MerriU's), and the latter owns a park of 17i acres at
East Pittston, in the beautiful valley of Eastern river. Upon both are
good half mile tracks. The exhibitions of these societies have been
well supported.
The Pittston and Chelsea Farmers' Union was organized Decem-
ber 2, 1882, and held annual fairs at Chelsea Grange Hall till merged
into the South Kennebec Agricultural Society, March 2, 1889. It also
held meetings for the discussion of farm subjects.
In many towns local agricultural societies holding town fairs have
existed for many years. One of the oldest of these town societies is
that at Litchfield, which was organized in 1859, and held its first fair
in that year. About 1870 Harvey Springer built a half mile track on
his land at Litchfield Plains, and offered the use of track and adjoin-
ing grounds for fair purposes to the society, free, on condition that
they erect an exhibition hall on the grounds for fair purposes. By
special act of the legislature the town appropriated $500 for this pur-
pose, and fairs have been held there uninterruptedly from 1859 to
1890, inclusive. For a few years after occupying the new grounds
there were races in connection with the fairs, but for several years
past there has been no trotting at the exhibition. The Litchfield town
fairs have been among the most celebrated local fairs in the state.
One of the next oldest local organizations is the Monmouth Farmers'
and Mechahics' Club, organized in the winter of 1871-2, which has
held annual fairs that have been among the best in the state. Other
towns that have maintained annual fairs are: Sidney, Belgrade, Pitts-
ton, Chelsea, Albion, China and Vassalboro. The following named
Granges have also held excellent Grange fairs: Capital, Augusta;
Cushnoc, Riverside; Oak Grove, Vassalboro. All these societies have
exerted an important influence upon the improvement and develop-
ment of the agricultural operations and practices of the Kennebec
valley.
The State Agricultural Society, incorporated in 1855, was in reality
a product of Kennebec county, and held fairs at Gardiner in 1855, and
in Augusta in 1858, 1859 and 1872. The state board of agriculture,
organized in 1852, has always held its annual meetings at Augusta;
and in recent years farmers' institutes have been held at leading points
in the county two or three times each year. From the meetings of the
Maine Pomological and Horticultural Society, organized in 1847, the
farmers and orchardists of Kennebec county derived great benefit; as
well as from the meetings for discussion and annual exhibitions of the
State Pomological Society, organized at Winthrop, in 1873. The Maine
Dairymen's Association, organized in Augusta in 1874, had for its
earliest and most earnest advocates the leading dairymen in the
county, and its headquarters were here for many years. Farmers of
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 199
Kennebec county have had a great share in the organization and
management of these bodies.
In 1869 the state board of agriculture recommended to the county
societies that a portion of the state bounty be expended in the work
of forming farmers' clubs in the several towns within their jurisdic-
tion. Under this recommendation many such clubs were organized
in the rural communities throughout the county, which held meetings
for discussion, local fairs and farmers' festivals. They were produc-
tive of great good, but have given place to the Granges of Patrons of
Husbandry. This order was introduced into the county in 1874, Mon-
mouth Grange, the thirty-ninth Grange formed in the state, having
been organized October 3, 1874, with eighteen charter members, as
the first Grange instituted in the county; Mark Getchell, master; M. H.
Butler, secretary. This Grange now has a membership of fifty. There
are now twenty Granges in the county, with a total membership in
1891 of 1,492. Eight of these Granges own their own halls. The
Pomona Grange of Kennebec County was organized at Winthrop,
January, 1879, and holds monthly meetings at the halls of the different
subordinate Granges in the county. This order, admitting women to
all the privileges of membership, has been productive of a good work
in elevating the social position of the farmer's family, and carrying
to a higher standard the practical, educational and business methods
of the farmers themselves.
Farm Machinery. — The spirit of inquiry, investigation and desire
for improvement manifested by the early farmers of the county in
those lines of farm work relating to stock, grains, fruits and better
methods of husbandry, led equally to early efforts for obtaining better
tools and machines with which to perform the work of the farm in a
more rapid and less laborious manner.
Threshing grain by the hand flail being one of the hardest parts
of farm work, the threshing machine was one of the first things to
be studied out. Mr. Jacob Pope, of Hallowell. was the first person to
introduce such a machine to the notice of farmers, his efforts in the
way of invention having been commenced in 1826. The Pope ma-
chine went by hand, and by turning a crank a series of mallets or
swingles came over upon a table on which the heads of the grain had
been placed by the man tending it, and thus the grain was pounded
out. It threshed the grain well, but it was found to be harder work
to turn the crank than to swing the flail. Mr. Balon, of Livermore,
soon after the Pope machine was made, got up an improvement upon
it, which consisted of a cylinder, operated by horse power, which was
attached to an old cider mill sweep, the gearing being very simple
and the horse going round in a circle. This was abandoned, and
Samuel Lane, of Leeds, probably acting upon Mr. Balon's idea, set
about making an endless chain one-horse power with a cylinder hav-
200 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV.
ing high gearing. This was regarded as verv successful when com-
pleted, in 1833. The Lane machine had no sooner become successful
than the brothers, Hiram and John A. Pitts, of Winthrop, conceived
the idea of making a wider endless chain of wood and mounting two
horses upon it, thus doubling the power and the speed. At the same
time that the Messrs. Pitts were at work upon their machine, Mr.
Luther Whitman, of Winthrop, was also experimenting in the same
direction. Each of these parties got several patents, and much litiga-
tion followed as to the priority of their inventions. Mr.Whitman com-
menced working upon his idea of a thresher in 1832, and completed it
in 1834, essentially similar to the Pitts machine. The brothers Pitts and
Mr. Whitman also worked upon the idea of combining the horse power
thresher with the separator and winnower, and both accomplished the
results sought. While it has been generally conceded that the Pitts
combined machine was the original machine, it has also been admitted
that Mr. Whitman was the first to use the uninterrupted rod as in use
at the present day, with slight changes, and Mr. Whitman also in-
vented in 1838 the reversible tooth for threshing machines, the same
tooth that is in use to this day. It is also claimed that the first per-
fect thresher, with a straw-carrier attachment and winnowing machine
combined ever made in the world, was made by Luther Whitman, at
Winthrop, in the year 1834. Mr. Whitman was born in Bridgewater,
Mass., in 1802, and after his success in inventing the threshing ma-
chine established a factory for their construction at Winthrop, where
he was in business till his death, January 26, 1881. The horse power
thresher and separator of to-day is virtually the Pitts- Whitman ma-
chine, and from Kennebec county it has gone into almost every state
in the Union.
In 1827 Mr. Moses B. Bliss, of Pittston, invented a " movable hay
press," and in 1828 Mr. Samuel Lane, of Hallowell, invented a corn-
sheller, which consisted of a cog or spur-wheeled cylinder, from
which all the standard hand-power corn-shellers now in use have
descended.
Previous to 1840 the hand tools of the farm, of iron or steel, like
forks, scythes, sickles, axes and hoes, were made by hand by the vil-
lage blacksmith, but were heavy, bungling affairs. In 1841 Mr. Jacob
Pope, of Hallowell, commenced the manufacture of the first polished
spring steel hay and manure forks ever made in Maine, continuing
the busine.ss down to about 1870, his goods having a high reputation.
Elias Plimpton commenced the manufacture of hoes by machinery at
Litchfield in 1820, coming from Walpole, Mass., being the first person
to make hoes by machinery in this state. In 1845 Plimpton &
Sons began the manufacture of manure and hay forks in connection
with hoes, which his sons still continue. The manufacture of scythes
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 201
by machinery was first commenced in this county at North Wayne,
in 1840, by the late R. B. Dunn.
Agricultural Schools. — To Kennebec county belongs the honor
of having- established the first institution in North America devoted
to technical agricultural and industrial education, the personal honor
of which is due to the first Robert Hallowell Gardiner, of Gardiner.
In a petition to the legislature of Maine in 1821, asking for a grant of
one thousand dollars for aid in establishing an institution " to give
mechanics and farmers such a scientific education as would enable
them to become skilled in their professions," this distinguished and
far-seeing philanthropist said: " It is an object of very great impor-
tance to any state * * * that its artisans should possess an edu-
cation adapted to make them skillful and able to improve the ad-
vantages which nature has .so lavishly bestowed upon them. ■■ * *
The recent improvements in chemistry which give the knowledge of
the nature of fertile and barren soils and the best mode of improving
them, render the importance of a scientific education' to her farmers
much greater than at any other period." This, copied from the peti-
tion written by Mr. Gardiner, shows the idea which he had of the
class of college or school so much needed in his time for giving a
" liberal " education to farmers, and foreshadows exactly the colleges
of agriculture and the mechanic arts now existing in all the states,
under the endowment of the Morrill Land Grant bill of 1862; and Mr.
Gardiner in pleading with the state to establish such a school, was
actually a whole generation in advance of his time, as it was not till
more than forty years later that these colleges were established under
the patronage of the general government.
Mr. Gardiner succeeded in obtaining a yearly grant of $1,000 from
the state, and the " Gardiner Lyceum " was incorporated in 1821. A
stone building for its use was erected in 1822, and on January 1, 182B,
the Lyceum was formally opened to pupils. Rev. Benjamin Hale,
born in Newbury, Mass., November 23, 1797, and once a tutor in Bow-
doin College, being president of the Lyceum from 1823 to 1827. After
leaving Gardiner, Mr. Hale was professor of chemistry in Dartmouth
College from 1827 to 1835, and from 1836 to 1858 president of Geneva
College, New York. He died July 15, 1863. The course of study at
the Lyceum was arranged for two years, and there were twenty stu-
dents the first year. The courses may be generally described as a
chemical, and a mechanical one. The former comprised lectures on
the principles of chemical science, on agricultural chemistry, on dye-
ing, bleaching, pottery, porcelain, cements and tanning. The latter
■course embraced lectures on mechanical principles, dynamics, hydro-
statics, hydraulics and carpentry. Later a course in mineralogy was
included. In 1824 Dr. Ezekiel Holmes was engaged as " permanent
professor in agriculture," and in connection with this professorship
the trustees undertook the management of a practical farm in connec-
202 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
tion with the Lyceum, where experiments in agriculture were tried.
where the students were allowed to work to diminish the expense of
board, and "to give the future agriculturist the knowledge of those
principles of science upon which his future success depends, and an
opportunity to see them reduced to practice." In order to accommo-
date those students whose business during the summer months made
it impossible for them to join the regular cla.sses, winter classes were
established in surveying, navigation, chemistry, carpentry and civil
architecture. These "winter classes" corresponded to the "short
courses " in special branches now given at some of our agricultural
colleges.
This outline shows the general scope and character of the institu-
tion. After Mr. Hale's resignation of the office of president the Ly-
ceum was severally in charge of Edmund L. Gushing, Dr. Ezekiel
Holmes, Mr. Whitman and Jason Winnett, as presidents or principals.
Its classes were well kept up for many years, at one time the scholars
numbering fifty-three. The Lyceum had a good library and creditable
collections, and the students were encouraged to make collections of
specimens illustrating the geology and flora of the section, which were
deposited in the museum. Finally the .state withdrew its yearly ap-
propriations, and for two or three years subsequently it was main-
tained almost entirely at the expense of Mr. Gardiner himself. The
property of the Lyceum, after having remained unused in the hands
of the trustees for several years, was sold to the city of Gardiner in
1857, and the building occupied as a high school. The proceeds were
divided pro rata among the original stockholders, and the first agri-
cultural and industrial college in the United States ceased to exist.
Cattle.— As cattle are the real basis of successful agriculture, the
farmers of the province of Maine had their cows and oxen as soon as
they had homes. The so-called " natives " or " old red cattle of New
England "—about which so much has been written in agricultural lit-
erature— were a mixture of the Devons, brought over by the Pilgrims
of Plymouth; some "black cattle" brought by trading ship-masters
from the West Indies or the Spanish Main; the Danish cattle brought
to Piscataqua by Captain John Mason in 1631, " for the purpose of
furnishing milk to the fishermen," and the importation made by Dr.
Benjamin Vaughan and his brother, Charles, of Hallowell, in 1791-2.
This importation marks the commencement of improved stock breed-
ing in this county, and consisted of two bulls and two cows, which ar-
rived in Hallowell in November, 1791. These cattle were selected
with great care, the bulls — from the celebrated Smithfield market, were
of the Longhorn or Bakewell breed; the cows from the London dairies,,
which were supplied mostly from animals of the Holderness or York-
shire breed. The instructions given their London agent by the
Messrs. Vaughan are interesting, and show how particular they were-
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 203'
to obtain animals specially adapted to a new country. Points were
to be observed which would fit the draft stock for a hilly country, and
they were also to select animals well fitted for the dairy, and were " to-
look to the quality rather than the quantity of the milk." Great stress
was laid on their having full hindquarters for the ascent of hills, and
full forequarters and prominent briskets for the descent.
How well the breed proved for draft purposes was shown at the
first cattle show held in Hallowell in 1821, where their descendants
were on exhibition. A yoke of oxen, girting an inch or two over
seven feet, drew with ease a cart loaded with stone weighing 7,200
pounds; and a yoke of bulls, girting six feet and two inches, drew for
ten rods " with perfect ease " a drag loaded with stone which weighed
3,800 pounds. A calf of one of these cows was presented to Hon.
Christopher Gore, of Massachusetts, and became the progenitor of the
celebrated "Gore breed " of cattle so famous for years in that state..
These Longhorn and Holderness cattle of the Vaughan importation
were very long-lived, and their descendants were hardy and vigorous.
Many of the cows continued to breed till eighteen years old, and the
oxen proved great workers. The Vaughans used the males of their
herds in a way to benefit the early settlers in this county and the ad-
jacent territory as much as possible. Hence they were not only kept
on their extensive farms at Hallowell, but were sent to prominent
farmers in other Kennebec county towns, in the Sandy river valley
and other parts, and were frequently changed. By this course their
progeny soon became numerous. The Vaughans continued to breed
from descendants of their first importation until about 1820.
In Coggeshall's Americmi Privateers and Letters of Marque (page
47), it is said that the brig "Peter Waldo, irora. Newcastle, England,
for Halifax, with a full cargo of Briti.sh manufactures, clearing the
captors $100,000, was sent into Portland in August, 1812, by the Teaser
of New York." In this vessel was a Methodist minister and his fam-
ily bringing their effects to the British Provinces, and they had among
them a bull and cow of the Holderness breed. As all the goods cap-
tured were sold, these cattle were among them, and descendants of
them, known as the " Prize " stock, soon found their way to Sidney
and Va.ssalboro. The late John D. Lang, of Vassalboro, some years-
since, gave the writer a very interesting account of this breed, which,
may be found in the Agriculture of Maine for 1874, p. 247.
Durhams or Shorthorns. — The earlier importations of cattle into-
this country, after systematic efforts had been undertaken in their
breeding by leading farmers of Massachusetts, were of the Durham,
afterward more popularly called the Shorthorn breed. The first in-
dividual of this breed ever brought into Kennebec county was a bull
known as " Young Coelebs "—said to have been a half blood— bred by
Colonel Samuel Jaques, of Charlestown, Mass., and brought to Hal-
204 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
lowell in 1825 by General Jesse Robinson — a gentleman very active
in the promotion of Agriculture and the improvement of stock in his
day. After a few years this bull was sold to John Kezar, of Win-
throp, and acquired much celebrity in the western part of the county
as the " Kezar bull." Splendid stock descended from him, both in
oxen and cows, but as he was pure white many farmers objected, as
white has never been a popular color for cattle. In 1826 the white bull
•" Hercules," bred by Samuel Lee, of Massachusetts, was brought by
General Henry Dearborn to Pittston, where he was kept for several
years and afterward was taken to Winthrop. This same year a bull
called " Jupiter," also bred by Colonel Jaques, was brought to Hal-
lowell by John Davis. He was kept in that town, also in Readfield,
Winthrop and Wayne, and left choice stock in each, the good influ-
ence of which was apparent for nearly half a century.
What is believed to have been the first thoroughbred Durham
brought into the state was the imported bull " Denton," presented by
Stephen Williams, Esq., of Northboro, Alass., to the late Dr. Ezekiel
Holmes, then of Gardiner, where he arrived in November, 1827. The
animals introduced before " Denton " were half-bloods. He was im-
ported by Mr. Williams, through the agency of his brother, then
residing in London, and arrived in Boston November 5, 1817. Mr.
Williams kept " Denton " until the fall of 1827, when he was pre-
sented to his friend, Doctor Holmes, of Gardiner. He was kept in
1828 in Gardiner, and in 1829 was carried to Doctor Holmes' farm in
Starks, where he died from old age in 1830. The change made in the
character of the neat cattle of Kennebec county by the introduction of
this animal was remarkable. Writing of him in 1855, Doctor Holmes
said he might justly be regarded as one of the patriarchs of the New
England Shorthorns, and the chief source of this improved blood
found in so large a proportion in the early herds of Kennebec county,
and, in fact, of the whole state — for his calves were widely dissemi-
nated throughout Maine and have done a great deal to give this
county the high reputation it has had for its choice herds of Short-
horns.
In 1828 Colonel R. H. Greene, of Winslow, introduced into that
town two bulls known as " Tasso " and " Banquo," imported from
England by John Hare Powell, of Virginia. These finely bred ani-
mals were kept in Winslow three years, and subsequently one of
them in Winthrop one year, and one in Augusta one year, leaving
fine stock in each town. Colonel Greene, between 1828 and 1834, also
brought several animals of the Shorthorn breed from New York, some
of which were imported, among them the bull " Young Fitz Favorite,"
an animal of mttch good reputation; an imported animal having been
brought to New York by Robert B. Minturn from the herd of Mr.
Ashcroft, one of the leading cattle breeders of the West of England;
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 205
the bull " Young Comet." by the celebrated bull " Wye Comet," and
also the bull " Fairfield," purchased of E. P. Prentice, of Albany, N. Y.
Robert Cornforth and Thomas Pierce, of Readfield — farmers who were
foremost in Western Kennebec in the improvement of the breeds of
cattle— each introduced Shorthorns into that town in 1829 and 1830.
Mr. Cornforth introduced the bull " Turk." and Mr. Pierce kept the
bulls " Uranus '" and " Gold-finder," both by " Young Denton." Their
history is recorded in glowing language in our early agricultural an-
nals, and they deserve mention in any history of the live stock industry
of Kennebec county. They gave an impress to the high character of
the early herds of the county, traces of which are very plainly evi-
dent down to the present day.
" Denton," " Young Coelebs," " Fitz Favorite," " Banquo," " Comet,"
" Foljambe " and " Wye Comet " were all recorded in the early vol-
umes of the English Shorthorn Herd Book, establishing beyond all
question the purity of the thoroughblood of these early animals, the
progeny of which formed the basis of the neat cattle of Kennebec
county. Moreover, at this early date the cattle of this county had ac-
quired so high a reputation that animals had been sent to Massachu-
setts and even as far west as Ohio; nearly every town in this county pos-
sessed thoroughbred animals, and they had also been widely dissemi-
nated in Somerset, Waldo, Penobscot, Franklin and York counties.
With the breeding of Shorthorns, as well as others, there was a
period between 1835 and 1850 when interest seemed to lessen. The
earlier breeders had died or given up active efforts through advanc-
ing age, and the younger farmers had not then felt that impetus in
the business which was developed later. The character of the stock
had been kept up to a high standard, there were good cross-breeds all
over the county, and it was not till deterioration became evident in
the leading herds that younger farmers took up the responsibility of
obtaining high priced registered stock from abroad, or improving the
best of that which remained. Prominent farmers who gave much
effort to stock improvement between 1835 and 1853 were: Oakes How-
ard, Winthrop; R. H. Greene and Isaac W. Britton, Winslow; Sulli-
van Kilbreth and Samuel Currier, Hallowell; Allen Lambard, Au-
gusta; Joseph H. Underwood, Sewall N. Watson and Francis Hub-
bard, Fayette; Josiah N. Fogg, S. H. Richard.son and Colonel D. Craig,
Readfield; Amos Rollins, Belgrade; John F. Hunnewell, China; Har-
rison Jaquith, Albion; Josiah Morrill and Isaiah Marston, Waterville,
and Luther and Bradford Sawtell-, Sidney.
In 1859 Warren Percival of Cross' Hill, Vassalboro, commenced
the building up of a herd of thoroughbred Shorthorns by purchasing
animals of William S. Grant, of Farmingdale. Subsequently Mr. Per-
cival, at different dates, purchased animals of Paoli Lathrop, Augustus
Whitman'and other breeders in Massachusetts, George Butts, of Man-
■206 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
lius, N. Y., and others. In breeding he aimed at great perfection in
symmetry, hardy constitution 'and high milking qualities, and for
many years was the foremost breeder of this class of stock in Maine.
At one time his herd consisted of 125 animals, although sixty head
was about the average number kept while he was engaged in his
largest farming operations. His yearly sales extended throughout
New England and the Provinces. His first appearance in the Ameri-
can Shortliorn Herd Book as a registered breeder, was in volume V, for
1860, and for the next seventeen volumes Mr. Percival's name appears
among those of the great American breeders of this class of stock,
with the pedigrees of a large number of finely bred animals — in vol-
ume IX, for 1870, twenty-seven being recorded, his herd then being
at the height of its popularity. Mr. Percival was an important figure
in Maine agriculture for many years. His death occurred July 17,
1877, upon the homestead where he was born March 27, 1819.
John D. Lang, of Vassalboro, was one of the earlier breeders of
Shorthorns, having bred from the old stock. But in 1860, in connec-
tion with his son, Thomas S. Lang, they imported animals into that
town from the herds of Paoli Lathrop, of Massachusetts, and Samuel
Thorne, of New York, and bred with a good deal of spirit. In 1864
they exhibited a herd of thirty-two head of thoroughbred Shorthorns
at the fair of the North Kennebec Agricultural Society, but soon after
disposed of their animals to give attention to another class of stock.
Henry Taylor, a Boston business man, who established a stock farm
in Waterville in 1866, bred Shorthorns for five or six years, bringing
to that town animals from the celebrated herd of R. A. Alexander, of
Lexington, Ky. His operations were discontinued about 1870. Levi
A. Dow, of Waterville, commenced breeding Shorthorns in 1868, his
name appearing in nearly every volume of the American Herd Book
as a leading breeder of this stock from that year to the year 1882.
His first purchases were from the herds of Paoli Lathrop and H. G.
White, of Massachusetts, and later from those of home breeders.
Samuel G. Otis, of Hallowell, was quite extensively engaged in breed-
ing Shorthorns between the years 1872 and 1881. His foundation ani-
mals were obtained of Jonathan Talcott, Rome. N. Y., and others from
Warren Percival and breeders in Massachusetts. At one time Mr.
Otis' herd numbered fully twenty individuals. The great herds of
this breed formerly kept in the county have been greatly reduced or
entirely broken up— the Jerseys having superseded them as dairy
animals and the Herefords taken their places for work and beef.
Herefords. — One of the first animals of this breed introduced into
Kennebec county was the bull "Young Sir Isaac," brought to Hallo-
well in 1880 bv Sanford Howard, superintendent of the Vaughan
farms. He was by imported " Admiral," sent with other stock as a
pre.sent to the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, by
AGRICILTURF. AND LIVE STOCK. 207
Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the British Navy — his dam being by the
Hereford bull, "Sir Isaac." also presented to the same society by Ad-
miral Coffin. In 1844, J. Wingate Haines of Hallowell, brought into
that town the bull " Albany," purchased of Erastus Corning and Wil-
liam H. Sotham, of Albany, N. Y., from their noted importation of
English Herefords brought to this country in 1841. This beautiful
bull laid the foundation for the magnificent working oxen for which
the towns of Hallowell, Winthrop, Fayette and Wayne were formerly
noted.
Joseph H. Underwood, one of the most prominent farmers and
breeders this county has ever had, was born in Amherst, N. H., in
1783, and when he became of age settled in Fayette. He gave early
attention to the improvement of neat cattle, and obtained descendants
of the first Herefords brought into the county, but about 1852 pur-
chased of Captain E. Pendleton, an old shipmaster of Searsport, a bull
and cow of this breed brought over in one of his ships from England.
In 1859 he purchased the celebrated bull " Cronkhill 2d," of the
Messrs. Clarke, of Springfield, Mass., and in 1865 introduced into his
herd a celebrated bull, " Wellington Hero," from the herd of Freder-
ick William Stone, of Guelph, Ontario, and subsequently other ani-
mals were purchased of Mr. Stone. After the death of Mr. Under-
wood, November 8, 1867, his sons, G. & G. Underwood, continued to
carry on the farming and breeding operations of their father jointly
till 1875, when they dis.solved. During these years the herd was kept
up by purchases from Mr. vStone, Hall C. Burleigh of Vassalboro, H.
A. Holmes of Oxford, and Mr. Gibb of Compton, P. Q. When they
dissolved Gilbert Underwood retained the herd of cattle, and now has
a choice family of thirty fine animals. Another son of J. H. Under-
wood—Albert G. Underwood of Fayette— has a herd of fourteen thor-
oughbred and registered animals. The Underwood Herefords are
now the oldest herds of this breed in the county.
In 1869 G. E. Shores, of Waterville, and Hall C. Burleigh, then of
Fairfield, purchased the entire herd of thoroughbred Herefords be-
longing to Hon. M. H. Cochrane, of Hillhurst, Compton, P. 0., then
and for a long time previous regarded as the most famous herd of
Herefords on the continent. It was a bold purchase, and gave the
county high fame as the home of the best Herefords at that time in
the United States. The celebrated individuals of this purchase were
the bull " Compton Lad," and the Verbena family of cows and heifers.
After three years' breeding the herd bad so much increased that a di-
vision was made and for years formed two distinguished herds under
the separate management of each owner. Mr. Shores sold his entire
herd to William P. Blake of West Waterville, in 1875, who continued
:to breed for many years, finally disposing of his interest to his son,
208 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Fred E. Blake, of Fairview Farm, Sidney, who now has a small herd
of this breed.
Important as have been the importations of animals of this breed
into the county in the past, and valuable as they have been as indi-
viduals and as herds, all efforts of breeders are comparatively limited
beside the great operations in cattle importing by the firm of Burleigh
& Bod well, the members of which were Hall C. Burleigh of Vassalboro,
and Joseph R. Bodwell, of Hallowell. This partnership was formed
in 1879, and was dissolved by the death of ex-Governor Bodwell, De-
cember lii, 1887. During the continuance of this firm Mr. Burleigh
made five visits to England for the purpose of selecting breeding
animals, bringing home large consignments each time; in addition to
which he made eight different importations from Great Britain, aside
from importations made from Canada. In 1879 seventy-seven head
were imported: in 1880-81. eighty-five head; in 1882 two consignments
were made, one of eighty and one of fifty head; in 1883 Mr. Burleigh
chartered the steamship Texas and brought over for his firm the
largest lot of Hereford .stock ever brought to this country by one firm,
numbering two hundred head, and in 1884 another importation of sev-
enty animals was made. The total number brought to Maine by this
firm was over 800, and while a considerable number were retained in
their own home herds at Vassalboro and Hallowell, and some in other
towns in the county and state, by far the larger part were shipped
West and South.
In 1881 Mr. Burleigh made the tour of the grand Western circuit
of the great inter-state fairs, taking with him a herd of magnificent
animals from his Vassalboro farm, which won everywhere m all clas.ses
in which they were shown. Again, in 1883, Mr. Burleigh exhibited
at the great fairs at Kansas City, Chicago and New Orleans. At these
fairs Mr. Burleigh won first prizes and sweepstakes on animals of his
own breeding; and also the champion gold shield for the best animal
of any sex, breed or age, exhibited by the breeder, on the heifer
" Burleigh's Pride," a cross-bred Hereford and Polled Angus, two years
old, weighing 1,820 pounds.
The exhibition of these cattle at the great fairs of the West in
1881 and 1883 brought Maine into high prominence as a cattle raising
state, and gave this county a reputation which has been a great aid to
our agriculture. Mr. Burleigh's herd is still kept up to a high point,
both in numbers and excellence, and in 1891 he won fifteen first prizes,
eleven second prizes and one third prize at the Maine State Fair. His
son, Thomas G. Burleigh, is also interested in breeding on his own
account. About 1876 Mr. J. S. Hawes, of South Vassalboro, started in
the breeding of thoroughbred and grade Herefords and built up a large
herd, sending a considerable number of breeding animals West. His
operations were continued till 1879, when he removed to Kansas, tak-
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 209
ing many of his best animals with him, where he engaged in ranche
cattle breeding on a very large scale. Other leading breeders of this
class of stock in the county are: M. M. Bailey, Winthrop; Edgar E.
Robinson, Mt. Vernon; and G. W. Billings, E. H. Kent and the Me.ssrs.
Gile, Fayette. These gentlemen all have thoroughbred and registered
animals, while high grades and cross-breds are widely disseminated,
especially in towns in the western part of the county.
/erscjfs.— The date of the introduction and systematic breeding of
this breed of cattle in Kennebec county, marks the first step toward
special lines of farming and breeding, upon which all subsequent im-
provement has been based. Previous to this the agriculture of the
county was general. Farmers endeavored to make their farms self-
maintaining, grew those crops that were largely needed and consumed
upon the farm, and bred cattle adapted to general purposes. Work
was the one chief object m keeping cattle — hence to raise good work-
ing oxen was the first requisite. A cow that brought a good calf and
gave sufficient milk for family use was the one that was kept. There
had been little thought up to this date of breeding a special cow
adapted to dairy production, and making prime butter to sell. But
with the introduction of the Jersey breed of cattle a complete trans-
formation in Kennebec agriculture took place. It was the beginning
of specialties in farming, and specialties in farming mark the modern
from the old style methods, introduce new ideas, create diversity and
insure larger returns.
This date was the year 1855. In that year Dr. Ezekiel Holmes
brought the bull " Butter Boy," and in 1856 the cow " Pansy 3d," into
Winthrop. Both animals were purchased of Samuel Henshaw, of Bos-
ton— the latter imported by ^Ir. Henshaw, the former from imported
stock. It is probable that two or three years earlier than this William
S. Grant, of Farmingdale, had brought to that town the bull "Old
Duke," also obtained from Mr. Henshaw, but this animal acquired
nothing like the reputation accorded to those brought to the county
by Doctor Holmes. The amount of ridicule which this patient phi-
lanthropist endured for having brought these animals into this county
and for championing their merits through the columns of the Maine
Farmer, was something enormous. Believing in their adaptability to
the new agriculture of the county, he had the courage to bring these
small, delicate Jerseys into the very heart of that county which for
fifty years had prided itself upon its magnificent Durhams and Here-
fords, and farmers generally looked upon him as the visionary advo-
cate of a breed of cattle unsuited to the county and destined to ruin
its stock interests. But despite this opposition Doctor Holmes con-
stantly urged their merits and value to our farmers. Their recogni-
tion, however, was very slow, and it was several years after their first
14
210 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
introduction before the trustees of the State Agricultural Societj' could
be induced to otfer premiums for them, as it did for other breeds of
cattle. When this action had been taken their success appeared as-
sured, and they became rapidly disseminated.
The fame of many cows among the " foundation " animals of this
breed in the county was very great, among them being the celebrated
cows "Pansy 3d," "Jessie Pansy," "Buttercup," owned by W. H.
Chisam of Augusta, " Lilly," " Fancy 2d," " Victoria Pansy," owned
by the late C. S. Robbins of Winthrop, " Lucy," owned by P. H. Snell
of Winthrop, and many others. The famous cows made from 11 to
17^ pounds of butter per week, established the reputation of the Jer-
seys as the great butter yielding breed, opened a new' era for the agri-
culture of the county and state, and made their owners independent.
The celebrity of " AA'inthrop Jerseys " rapidly increased, and the
animals became widely disseminated. The Jersey breeders of Win-
throp organized the Winthrop Jersey Cattle Association, March 7,
1870, and the breed had attained such large numbers in Waterville
that a Jensey Stock Club was formed in that town in 1868, and at a
town show of this class exclusively, held that year, over forty splendid
cows were shown. In fifteen years after the first Jerseys were intro-
duced they had spread all over Maine, large numbers had been sent to
Massachusetts, Vermont and New Hampshire, and in 1872 a car load
of fifteen Winthrop Jerseys was sent to Denver, Colorado. The town
association of Winthrop breeders became the Maine vState Jersey Cat-
tle Association, and was incorporated by the legislature in 1875. Its
present membership is believed to be larger than that of any other
Jersey cattle association in the country. It has published five volumes
of its Herd i-W/-— 1876, 1880, 1883, 1886 and 1889. These volumes re-
cord a total of 724 bulls and 2,008 cows and heifers. Among the early
herds of the Winthrop or Maine State Jerseys were those of Lloyd H.
Snell, E. Holmes & Son, N. R. Pike & Son, and P. H. Snell, Winthrop;
Samuel Guild and W. H. Chisam, Augusta; and William Dyer and Jo-
seph Percival, Waterville.
Mr. Percival introduced the first Jerseys into Waterville in 1863,
and for many years his herd was the best in town and bred with great
purity. L. H. vSnell, of AVinthrop, owned at one time a famous but not
large herd of this breed, one of the foundation animals being the cel-
ebrated cow " Victoria Pansy" (No. 12, Maine Herd Book), which was
afterward sold to Mr. Cyrus S. Robbins, of Winthrop, who founded
the Robbinsdale herd in 1858, which, since Mr. Robbins' death. May 14,
1880, has been maintained by his widow, and is now one of the most
celebrated herds of this strain of Jerseys in Maine. It numbers four-
teen animals and has been a high prize winning herd at our state
fairs for many years. Silas T. Floyd, of Winthrop, has a choice herd
of ten Maine Jerseys, having a private butter dairy which has a high
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 211
reputation. He started with the Holmes stock, and his herd has at
different times embraced some of the best animals of that celebrated
importation. A. C. & E. P. True, Litchfield, have an old and fine herd,
which embraces both Maine State and American Cattle Club Jerseys.
The Trues have bred with care, and their animals have won high
prizes at our state fairs. Other breeders of Maine Jerseys are: Willis
Cobb, Samuel Greeley, F. M. Woodward and M. B. Hewett, Winthrop;
C. B. Preble, Litchfield; J. Henry Moore, West Winthrop, and E. H.
Leavitt, East Winthrop. Dr. J. W. North, Nordheim farm, Augusta,
formerly was largely engaged in breeding American Cattle Club
Jerseys.
While the Maine registered Jerseys have been more widely dis-
seminated throughout the county than those of the American Cattle
Club Registry, valuable and extensive herds of the last named have
been kept in the county. In 1SG5 the late Dr. N. R. Boutelle, of
Waterville, commenced to breed Jerseys of the Holmes-Henshaw im-
portation, but in 1867 changed to American registered animals. His
first purchases of this family were made of C. Wellington, Lexington,
Mass., in 1867. In 1869 he purchased breeding animals of Colonel G. E.
Waring, jun., of Newport, R. I., and F. E. Bowditch, of Framingham,
and in 1870 made a choice purchase from the noted herd of Thomas
Motley, of Jamacia Plains, Mass. In 1871 Doctor Boutelle purchased
a fine band of six breeding animals from the great herd of S. Sheldon
Stevens, of Montreal. From the foundation thus laid Doctor Boutelle
bred animals of great value and beauty, and by maintaining the in-
troduction of new blood in later years, from the best sources, built up
the finest herd of American registered Jerseys ever owned in the state
for their time. In 1872, the late General W. S. Tilton, then governor
of the National Soldiers' Home, started a herd of Jerseys of the Ameri-
can registry by the purchase of foundation animals from Benjamin E.
Bates and Thomas Motley, of Massachusetts, subsequently purchasing
a reinforcement of new blood from such noted herds as those of R. L.
Maitland and John S. Barstow, of New York. In 1874 and 1875 Gen-
eral Tilton imported animals direct from the Isle of Jersey, and the
Togus herd at that date consisted of twenty animals, and was one of
the finest in New England.
At present the largest breeder of American Jerseys in the county,
as well as the state, is Chandler F. Cobb, of Mt. Pleasant Farm, South
Vassalboro, whose herd consists of sixty choice, fashionably bred ani-
mals. The leading animals in the herd are " Sir Florian," 11,578, im-
ported by T. S. Cooper, Chambersburg, Penn.. and " Fancy's Harry
7th," 24,386. His herd embraces noted individuals of the celebrated
Regina, Nobie and Pogis families, and aside from his own breeding
Mr. Cobb is making constant additions of new blood. His animals
.are among the great prize winners of Maine, and the product of his
212 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
celebrated dairy has a high reputation. His stock farm is the old
Hawes property, on a commanding- elevation in one of the most
sightly and picturesque spots in Kennebec county.
Other breeds of cattle have at different dates been imported into
the county. The Devons were first brought in 1859 by Allen Lam-
bard, of Augusta, by the purchase of four individuals from the herd
of Joseph Burnett, of Southboro, Mass. In 1860 he also purchased
from the herd of S. C. Wainwright, of Rhinebeck, N. Y., then the
most famous herd of this breed in America, a pair of animals, and with
this foundation built up a large and fine herd. Sewell B. Page, of
Winthrop, bred the Devons extensively between 1865 and 1880. In
1855 and 1866 John D. Lang, of Vassalboro, Timothy Boutelle and
Joseph Percival, of Waterville, and Hiram Pope, of West Gardiner,
each brought in individuals of the Ayrshire breed from the herd of
John P. Gushing, Watertown, Mass. There are many full blood and
grade Ayrshires now scattered through the larger dairy herds of the
county. The first specimens of Dutch cattle, afterward called the
Holstein, and now known as the Holstein-Friesian, were brought into
the county by Thomas S. Lang, of Vassalboro, in 1864, being imported
animals from the very celebrated herd of Winthrop W. Ghenery, of
Belmont, Mass. General W. S. Tilton, while governor of the National
Soldiers' Home, Togus, obtained a bull of this breed of Mr. Ghenery,
and in 1871 made an extensive importation himself from East Fries-
land. During General Tilton's governorship of the Home it had a
very extensive herd of imported and thoroughbred HoLsteins, which
herd has been kept up to the present time, and is now the largest and
finest of this breed in the county. Grades are to be found in many
towns, and some thoroughbred animals are also kept by a few of the
leading farmers, Reuben Russell, of Readfield, being one of the best
known breeders of this class of stock at present.
In 1880-81 ten Polled Aberdeen-Angus cattle were imported by
Burleigh & Bodwell, the second importation of this breed ever made
into the United States. In 1882, and again in 1883-4, other importations
were made. The animals were mostly sold to go west for bi^eeding
purposes. In 1883 this firm imported a herd of thoroughbred Sussex
cattle, the second largest importation of this breed ever made into the
United States, and another lot was iinported in 1886. Mr. Burleigh
has continued to breed this class of cattle to the present time; and
both he and his son, Thomas G. Burleigh, have herds of Sussex cattle.
They have also been disseminated into other towns in the county to a
limited extent.
Dairying. — Naturally following the change in the cattle husbandry
of the county, which took place when the general dissemination of the
Jerseys had displaced the breeds of cattle formerly raised for working
oxen and beef animals, and the increased attention paid to dairying,
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 213
came the introduction of associated effort or cooperation in dairy-
practice. It did not come, however, until a period of twenty years
had passed since the introduction of the Jerseys, during which time
those keeping large herds of this choice breed had established a high
reputation for private dairy butter, which commanded the best
markets and the fancy prices. But handling the milk of large herds
of cows in the old way made very heavy work in the household, and
the day of the cheese factory was hailed with joy, as emancipating the
women of the farm home from the drudgery of the milk pan and churn.
Farmers were slow to change, however, from the private methods to
the factory system of handling milk. The Winthrop Dairy Associa-
tion was not organized till April, 1874, and the China Cheese Factory
Company in March, 1874, these being the first associations of the kind
in the county. In 1875 the "Winthrop factory made 47,000 pounds of
cheese, and in 1878. 60,000 pounds. In 1881 the Winthrop company
put in butter making apparatusintotlieir factory, and have since made
both butter and cheese, although there have been some years when it
did not operate. For one or two winters the cream obtained was sent
to the Forest City Creamery, Portland. W^hen the average at the
cheese factories of the county required a fraction above ten pounds
of milk for a pound of cheese, the Winthrop factory averaged for a
season of one hundred days a pound of cheese from eight pounds and
seven ounces of milk. In the seasons of 1890 and 1891 many farmers
in Winthrop, Fayette and Mt. A'ernon sent their cream to the cream-
ery at Livermore Falls. In the summer of 1892 the Aroostook Con-
densed Milk Company erected a very elaborate "plant at Winthrop.
The first cheese factory in Monmouth was established in 1881 by
the Monmouth Dairying Association. This factory was burned with
all the machinery in February, 1889; but a new building was imme-
diately erected and operated in June following by the Monmouth
Dairying Company, which manufactures both butter and cheese. The
average make for the season of 1891 was 2,800 pounds of cheese, and
1,400 pounds of butter per week.
The Fayette Cooperative Creamery was organized in 1889 and
built a factory at North Fayette. During the season of 1891 it made
an average of 1,000 pounds of butter a week. Although owned by a
stock company, this factory is leased by Mr. J. H. True, who buys the
cream of farmers and m,anufactures butter on his own account. The
product has a high reputation, and the factory has given its patrons
great satisfaction.
The East Pittston Creamery Association was formed in 1890, and
a factory built costing $2,000, now leased by E. E. Hanley, who used
the cream of 120 cows in 1891, making 600 pounds of butter per week.
The price paid farmers for the year was 7i cents per inch of cream
between April and September, and Si cents per inch between Septem-
914 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
ber and April. This factory is well fitted for handling the cream of
five hundred cows.
A creamery association was organized at Waterville in November,
1891, for the purpose of making creamery butter, the enterprise hav-
ing been started largely through the efforts of E. L. Bradford, of
Turner, and R. W. Dunn, of Waterville. A creamery was erected at
Vassalboro in 1892 and began operations in June.
Instead of five there should be in the county a score of successful
creameries. The cows, the pasture, the skill, the capital and the
markets are all awaiting the complete development of this great in-
dustry.
Sheep. — Kennebec county has never been so distinctively devoted
to sheep husbandry as the counties of Somerset and Franklin. Farm-
ers have always made cattle and horses the specialties in stock lines
rather than sheep, while the number of cities and large towns in the
county, with their vast number of predatory dogs, has rendered it a
matter of great risk to keep large flocks of sheep unless in pastures
very near the homestead. In hillside pastures remote from the dwell-
ing, the losses to flocks from roving dogs have always been great and
have actually driven many farmers out of the business of sheep hus-
bandry. Yet English sheep were imported into the county as early
as 1828, and the old Kennebec Agricultural Society early gave atten-
tion to the importance of the subject and urged it systematically upon
the notice of farmers. In June, 1832, the society voted to " choose a
committee to collect information upon the diseases to which sheep
are subject in this climate, with the prevention and cure; the best
breeds of sheep and the mode of improving them, with such matter as
would be useful in a treatise upon sheep generally, should the society
deem it expedient to publish a work upon this subject." The result
of this action was the publication, in 1835, of The Northern Shepherd,
written by Dr. E. Holmes. It is a small 12mo. volume of 131 pages,
printed at Winthrop, by William Noyes, and is the first distinctively
agricultural treatise ever published in Maine.
Doctor Holmes had introduced individuals of the Dishleys or Bake-
well breed into Winthrop in 1828, from the celebrated flock of Ste-
phen Williams, of Northboro, Mass., who had himself imported them
from England. In 1830 others of the same breed were brought into
Hallowell by Charles Vaughan and Sanford Howard, and also in 1835
by Reuben H. Green, of Winslow. Charles Vaughan brought some
pure bred Southdowns into Hallowejl in 1834, being the first of this
breed ever introduced into the state. In 1844 Doctor Holmes brought
into Winthrop a Cotswold buck — the first specimen of this breed ever
brought into Maine. About 1842 several farmers m towns in the
western part of the county united in purchasing in Vermont a num-
ber of the Vermont Merinos from the flock of the eminent breeder.
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 215
S. W. Jewett, crossing them upon their own flocks to much advantage.
The Langs, of Yassalboro. were early and continuous importers and
improvers of sheep, having always the best flocks of Southdowns and
Cotswolds. In 1853 Moses Taber, of Vassalboro, obtained individuals
of the Spanish Merino breed from G. S. Marsh and Eben Bridge, of
Pomfret, Vt., eminent breeders in that state; from whom Ephraim
Maxham, of Waterville, al.so obtained the celebrated buck " Green
Mountain Boy " the same year. In ISoS Rev. W. A. P. Dillingham
introduced the Oxford Downs and Southdowns upon his farm in Sid-
ney; H. C. Burleigh introduced into Waterville fine specimens of
Southdowns the same year, and a few years later specimens of the
same breed were introduced into Wayne by W. B. Frost; into Au-
gusta by Allen Lambard; into Readfield by Samuel G. Fogg, and into
Vienna by Obadiah Whittier. At about the same date the Cotswolds
were introduced in Vassalboro by Hon. Warren Percival, and into
Waterville by his brother, Joseph Percival.
One of the finest, if, indeed, it may not rightfully be called the
very finest, flocks of Southdowns ever kept in the county was that of
the late Dr. N. R. Boutelle, of Waterville, who for many years de-
voted a great deal of attention to the breeding of this class of sheep.
He was a leading exhibitor and high prize winner at state and New
England fairs from 1865 to the time of his death, his interest in the
breeding of stock never having left him, and it was carried on with
a great deal of intelligence and enthusiasm throughout all these years.
Other leading farmers who have made a specialty of sheep husbandry
have been: N. R. Gates and H. G. Abbott, of Vassalboro; the late Ira
D. Sturgis, of Augusta; C. B. Wellington and O. O. Crosby, of Albion,
and C. K. Sawtelle, of Sidney.
Horses. — The first historic mention of efforts at improving the
breeds of horses of Maine was m March, 1819, when the Kennebec
Agricultural Society voted to raise a committee to confer with the
trustees of the Maine Agricultural Society to offer a liberal premium
for bringing " a good stock " horse into the county; "for," says the
resolution, " it is with deep concern we can but notice the almost
total silence and neglect in relation to a noble race of animals— the
horse." From that day Kennebec county has been the home of some
of the most distinguished performers upon the American turf, and
held for one year the crown of the world's record for the fastest stallion
time.
The foundation of the magnificent horses of Kennebec county rests
in the blood of " Imported Messenger," of whom so great an authority
as John H. Wallace says: " He founded a race of trotters that have no
superiors in'the Union; a race that all the world recognizes as among
the fastest and best that this country has ever produced." " AVin-
throp " or " Maine ^Messenger " was purchased in Paris, Oneida county
216 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
N. Y., and brought to Winthrop by Alvin Ilayward— probably after
the premium provided for in 1819. The testimony is clear that " Win-
throp Messenger " was a son of '• Imported Messenger," brought from
England to New York in 1791. Those who saw " Winthrop Messen-
ger " say he was " a large, white, muscular horse, with a clumsy head,
but well proportioned body and legs." His colts were superior road-
sters, very many of them exceedingly fast trotters, posse.ssing great
endurance. " Winthrop Messenger " was kept in Kennebec and Som-
erset counties, and died at Anson in 1834. Between 1820 and 1850 his
descendants became famous and were sought after from all parts of
the country. Farmers sold their best colts, which were carried to
other states, where they were trained to the early trotting courses.
Sanford Howard, who was better informed on the horses of
America than most writers of his time, said in 1852: " Maine has, un-
til within a few years, furnished nearly all the trotting stock of any
note in the country." And Maine, for thirty years preceding that date,
meant Kennebec county, so far as its horse breeding and agricultural
interests were in question. Among the famous descendants of old
" Messenger " which gave renown to Maine and to the breed, are
many whose names are famous in the annals of the American turf.
The famous mare, " Fanny Pullen," was bred by Sullivan Pullen, Au-
gusta, about 1825, and at Harlem, in 1835, made the unparalleled time
of 2.33. She was the dam of the incomparable " Trustee," the first
horse in America to trot twenty miles inside of one hour (Long Island,
October 20, 1848).
A celebrated horse, " Quicksilver," was brought to Winthrop in
lS18^by James Pullen, and there was for a time much rivalry between
the Messenger and Quicksilver stock. The Quicksilvers were hand-
some, good moving, spirited horses, but lacked endurance. " To
Winthrop Messenger," says Thompson in his History of Maine Horses,
" Maine is more largely indebted for whatever speed she may possess
than to any other source."
The Drew family was founded in 1842, but the Drews have never
been so prominent in Kennebec county as have other families.
" General McClellan," one of the most famous stallions of this family,
was owned by George M. Robinson, of Augusta, between 1 861 and 1865.
He got a record of 2.26, was sold to Boston parties and finally went to
California. The original Eaton horse, founder of the Eaton stock,
was owned by William Beale, of Winthrop, from 1854 to 1859, and the
breed has always been in good repute throughout Maine. One of the
most celebrated of his descendants was " vShepherd F. Knapp," who
was taken to France, where he trotted famous races at the Bois de
Boulogne. Another celebrated Eaton horse was "Shepherd Knapp,
Jr.," purchased m 1866 by George M. Delaney, of Augusta, for $3,250,
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 217
deemed at the time a ver}^ high price. He was sold afterward to go
to Boston, where he made his best record, 2.27|, June 17, 1880.
" Winthrop Morrill " (formerly called "Slasher" and " Winthrop
Boy"), the founder of the celebrated Morrill family of horses, was
brought to Waterville by Asher Savage in 1862, and in 1863 bought
by Jackson & Rounds, of Winthrop. In 1871 he was sold and taken
to Boston. In 1866 Obadiah Whittier, of Vienna, brought to that town
the stallion " Cadmus," bred by Daniel McMillan, of Xenia, Ohio. He
was afterward owned by Means & Butler, of Augusta. The thorough-
bred stallion " Annfield " was brought to Vassalboro, in 1868, by
Thomas S. Lang, who purchased him of the Nova Scotia government.
Three years later he was sold and taken to Oxford county. The Fear-
naughts were introduced into this county by E. L. Norcross, of Man-
chester, who formed a partnership with B. S. Wright, of Boston, and
established a horse breeding farm in Manchester in 1866. Among the
noted members of this family were " Carenaught," "Manchester,"
"Emery Fearnaught," "Young Fearnaught," and " Fearnaught, Jr."
In 1859 Thomas S. Lang, of Vassalboro, began a breeding stud
which soon took high rank among the most noted in the country.
This was maintained for many years and brought Kennebec county
into great prominence. The first purchase by Mr. Lang consisted of
the stallions "General Knox," "Bucephalus," "Black Hawk Tele-
graph," " Grey Fox " and the finely bred brood mare " Priscilla."
Within a year or two after this first purchase Mr. Lang bought the
stallions "Sharon," "Ned Davis" and "Trenton." Subsequently he
purchased the stallions known as the " Palmer Horse " and " Gideon,"
145, by Rysdyk's Hambletonian, 10. Mr. Lang sold " General Knox"
in 1871 for $10,000. He was one of the most remarkable horses ever
owned in Maine, and has done more toward improving our stock of
horses, bringing the state into prominence as a horse breeding state
and causing more money to come to Maine from other states for the
purchase of fine horses than any other single horse ever owned here.
Mr. Lang deserves remembrance as one who builded better than he
knew when his breeding operations were being carried on.
Sunnyside Farm, Waterville, home of the stallion " Nelson," was
established by Charles Horace Nelson, in 1882. Mr. Nelson's stud
consists of eight leading horses, including " Nelson," 2.10; " Dictator
Chief," 2.2U: " Red Hawk," 8,508; "Wilkes," 8,571; " Jedwood," 5,166;
and finely bred trotting stock to the number of seventy-five individ-
uals. The stallion " NeLson " is now ten years old. His records are;
Two 3'ear old, 2.50; three year old, 2.26f ; five year old, 2.21^; Bangor,
Maine, September 10, 1890, 2.15^; Kankakee, 111., September 27, 1890,
2.12; Kankakee, 111., September 29, 1890, 2.11i; Terre Haut, Ind., Oc-
tober 9, 1890, 2.11i; Cambridge City, Ind., October 21, 1890, 2.10|.
This last, the champion trotting stallion record of the world, he held
218 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
until his performance at Grand Rapids, Mich., September, 1891, when
he lowered his record to 2.10.
In 1890 Mountain Farm, devoted to the breeding of trotting stock,
was established at Waterville by Appleton Webb, and for the brief
time it has been under Mr. Webb's management has won high repu-
tation. Mr. Webb has now about thirty fancy bred trotters, the lead-
ing individuals being " Pickering," by Rysdyk's Hambletonian;
"Resolute" (record at five years, 2.26i); "Mountaineer," "Judge
Rolfe," and "Appleton," by "Nelson;" and mares by "Nelson,"
" Young Rolfe," "Rockefeller" and "Gideon."
Many single individuals of great speed or high value to the im-
provement of the horse stock of the county have been bred or owned
at different periods in the various towns in the county, among the
most prominent of which have been the following: Emperor, bred by
Lemuel Pullen,AVaterville, about 1827; Young Warrior, bred by James
Pullen, Hallowell, in 1828; James G. Blaine, bred by James Blanch-
ard, Pittston, in 1866; Col. Lakeman, bred by George M. Robinson,
Augusta, in 1861; Independence, bred by Captain Joshua Wing, Win-
throp, in 1832; Pelham, owned by B. Esmond, Gardiner, in 1837; Phil
Sheridan, bred by Daniel Fawsett, Windsor, in 1860; Whirlpool, bred
by Moses Stacy, Benton, in 1867; Troublesome, bred by William Pen-
niman, Readfield, in 18i")9; Young Ethan Allen, bred by Eliab L. Eaton,
Manchester, in 1860; Carlotta, bred by W. A. P. Dillingham, Sidney,
in 1857: Sultan, a thoroughbred stallion, brought to Augusta by Gen-
eral William S. Tilton,in 1875; Lancaster, brought to Augusta in 1873,
by Allen Lambard; Black Pilot, owned by Major John T. Richards, of
Gardiner, in 1875; Beacon, owned by Wright & Norcross, Manchester,
in 1873; Victor, bred by Dr. F. A. Roberts, Vassalboro; Zac Tajdor,
bred by Doctor Saflford, West Gardiner, in 1841; Susie Owen, bred by
C. H. Nelson, Waterville, in 1877; Pilot Knox, owned by John H. May,
Augusta, in 1883; Independence, bred by Frank Taylor, South Vassal-
boro, and owned by W. E. Potter, Augusta, in 1871; Constellation,
brought from Lexington, Ky,, in 1878, by General W. S. Tilton,
Augusta; Glenarm, bred by General W. S. Tilton, Augusta; Gilbreth
Knox, bred by Samuel Guild, Augusta, in 1862; Echo, bred by Andrew
H. Rice, Oakland, about 1872: Captain Pulley, 2,985, an imported Per-
cheron, brought to Waterville in 1883, by Blaisdell & Folsom; and
Arrival, 2.24-J-, brought to Gardiner in 1889, by A. J. Libby.
The leading horse breeding farms now in the county besides those
already mentioned in detail are: Highmoor Farm, Monmouth; Enter-
prise Farm, Augusta; Elmwood Farm, Augusta; Randolph Stock Farm,
Randolph; Pine Grove Farm, Hallowell; and Pine Tree Stock Farm,
Farmingdale.
Kennebec Tzvo-T/nrty List. — The list below embraces the name,
breeder's name, and time of each horse bred in Kennebec county that
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 219
had a record of 2.30 or better to the close of the season of 1891.
Horses not bred here, and about whose pedigree there is any question,
are not included:
NAME. BREEDER. TIME.
Arthur John Judkins, Waterville 2.28^
Arthur T Mr. Palmer, South China 2.30
Artist C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.29
Aubine C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.19^
Baby Boy Emmons Williams, Readfield 2.30
Bay Chas. B. Oilman, Waterville 2.27^
Ben Morrill Harrison Ames, Winthrop 2.27
Centurion F. G. Richards. Gardiner 2.27^
Ed. Getchell A. J. Crowell, AVinthrop .2.27"
Gilbreth ;Knox Samuel Guild, Augusta 2.26f
Glenarm W. S. Tilton , Togus, Augusta 2.23*
Glengarry Isaac Downing, East Monmouth 2.27
Honest Harry Mr. Wood, Winthrop 2.22^
Hudson Elijah Brimmer, Clinton 2.29
Independence Joshua Wing, Winthrop 2.28
Independence [Potter's]. Frank Taylor, South Vassalboro 2.21^
lolanthe John C. Mullen, North A^assalboro 2.30
James G. Blaine James Blanchard, Pittston 2.28f
John S. Heald John Libby, Gardiner 2.27i
J. G. Morrill John F. Young, Winthrop 2.29
Knox Boy I. J. Carr, Gardiner 2.23*
Lady Maud Thomas S. Lang, Vassalboro 2.18^
Medora C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.20i
Molly Mitchell J. S. Cooper, Pittston 2.26^
Nellie M Foster Brown, Waterville 2.28i
Nelson C. H. Nelson, Waterville 2.10
Pelham ■ B. Esmond, Gardiner 2.28
Pemberton E. L. Norcross, Manchester 2.29^
Sam Curtis Newton Packard, Winthrop 2.28
Startle A. C. Marston, Waterville 2.26^
Susie Owen... C. H. NeLson, Waterville 2.26
Tinnie B John Libby, Gardiner 2.27i
Tom Rolfe Wright & Norcross, Manchester 2.22i
Victor F. A. Roberts, Vassalboro 2.23
The great interest in horse breeding in this county has led to the
formation of several local trotting associations and the building of
many private and society tracks. Agricultural societies in Readfield,
Waterville, Windsor, Pittston and West Gardiner, maintain public
tracks. Tracks were built at Monmouth in 1871; at Litchfield in 1870;
at China in 1868; and at Gardiner, Oakland Park, in 1855. These
tracks have since been abandoned. The track at Augusta, now under
220 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTV.
control of the Capital Driving Park Association, dates back to 1858,
and has been maintained to the present time with but few intermis-
sions, although under management of different individuals and asso-
ciations. Six private tracks have been built in the county at different
times, four of which are now maintained, viz.: H. C. Nelson, Water-
ville; Appleton Webb, Waterville; A. J. Libby, Farmingdale: W. H.
Merrill, Meadow Park, West Gardiner. The abandoned private tracks
are those built by the late George M. Robinson, Augusta, in 1872; and
by the late Allen Lambard, Augusta, about 1873.
An act, framed by General William S. Tilton, and approved Feb-
ruary 26, 1873, " for the better preservation of horse records," required
the registry of stallions and their pedigrees to be recorded at the
registry of deeds, and a certificate of such registry issued to the owner
of the horse recorded.
Orchards. — Kennebec county— the natural home of the apple tree
— is pre-eminently the fruit-growing section of Maine. While other
counties located contiguously have similar natural advantages, Kenne-
bec exceeds all other counties in the state in the number and size of
its apple orchards, the good methods given to the business of growing
and handling the fruit by farmers and the high results obtained. The
natural drainage is excellent on most farms, or at least on those por-
tions set with orchards. The climate produces a highly colored, good
sized, firm fleshed apple that will bear trans-Atlantic shipment.*
For the first systematic improvement of the fruits of Kennebec
county we must go back to 1797, when Mr. John Hesketh came over
to this country as the head gardener of the Vaughan farms and to
have charge of their extensive gardens, nurseries and hot-houses. To
his skill more, perhaps, than to the knowledge of Doctor Vaughan
himself, are the farmers of Kennebec county indebted for the choice
varieties of fruits that were disseminated from the Vaughan gardens,
some of which are esteemed varieties in cultivation at the present
day.
The fruit propagated at the Vaughan farms was largely dissemi-
nated in the leading agricultural towns in the county at that time —
Hallowell, Winthrop, Monmouth, Readfield, Pittston and Vassalboro.
The early settlers of these towns brought apple seeds with them from
the Old Colony, whence they came, or had them sent after they had
provided a place to plant them. Writing in 1847, Major Elijah Wood
says that when he came to Winthrop in 1788, there were a number of
farmers who had "beginnings of orchards," and upon the farm of
Squire Bishop was an orchard in a " bearing state," the trees of which
came from apple seed obtained from " Rehoboth, Mass.," and planted
in a nursery in that town. Ichabod How brought choice seeds from
♦Notwithstanding the recent ravages of the new orchard pest, trxpcta potnon-
alis, new orchards are continually being set.
AGRICULTURE AND LIVE STOCK. 221
Ipswich, Mass., planted out the first orchard and made the first cider
ever made in Winthrop, by pounding the apples and pressing them in
a cheese press. The fir.st grafting in Winthrop was done by Elijah
Wood, who brought the Rhode Island Greening and High-top Sweet-
ing from the Old Colony and grafted them into trees in David Foster's
orchard about 1792. " Winthrop became celebrated for its cider of
good quality," says Major Wood, " and the first owners of orchards
had a ready sale for all their apples at about 67 cents per bushel."
Isaac Smith, who settled in Monmouth in 1795, coming from Middle-
borough, Mass., brought with him seed selected from the hardiest and
best fruit, and planted a nursery in that town. Among the varieties
of apples known to have been introduced from England by the
Vaughans were the Ribston Pippin and King Sweeting; while Hallo-
well is to-day famous for its magnificent cherries, the direct product
of those imported by the A^aughans, and so famous in their own time.
The Pearmain was the principal winter apple, all the others being
manufactured into cider.
The late Alfred Smith, of Monmouth, writing in 1877. said: " The
pioneer farmers of Winthrop were very little versed in the art of
grafting or budding trees, and it was thought to require as much skill
to set a scion and have it grow as to amputate an arm or leg." The
farmers who raised large quantities of apples made them into cider,
which was a universal beverage, " put in " with a winter's supply of
necessaries by the well-to-do people, as much as was pork or home
made butter and cheese. Mr. Smith said that cider sold at from " six
to eight dollars per barrel," a market for it being found in the newer
towns in Franklin and Somerset counties. When cider was the most
profitable product of the orchard there was no inducement to " en-
graft " orchards or seek the best table fruits — hence it is not strange
that the first farmers reared up trees without a thought for quality or
merit of fruit.
The state owes more to the late Dr. Ezekiel Holmes for his efforts
in the improvement of our own varieties of apples than to any other
man who ever lived in Maine. In 1847 he organized the Maine Pomo-
logical Society, which did the first work in classifying our Maine
fruits, properly describing them, and bringing them to the attention of
pomologists in other states. When S. W. Cole published his American
Fruit Book, in 1849, he made special acknowledgments to Doctor
Holmes for great assistance, and catalogued ten varieties of apples
that originated in Maine, five of which were Winthrop seedlings.
Later lists in the transactions of the Maine State Pomological Society
embrace eleven apples and one pear which originated in this county.
Winthrop contributes six varieties, viz.: Fairbanks, originated on the
farm of Elijah Fairbanks; Winthrop Greening, originated on the farm
of Ichabod How, introduced by Jacob Nelson; Winthrop Pearmain
a;i2 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
and Everlasting, originated by Colonel John Fairbanks: vStanle}''s
Winter Sweet, originated on the farm of J. L. Stanley, and Moses
Wood, originated by Moses Wood. Other native apples of this county
are: Bailey's Golden Sweet, originated by Paul Bailey, Sidney; Litch-
field Pippin, originated upon the farm of William Hutchins, Litch-
field; Smith's Favorite, originated by Isaac Smith, Monmouth; and
Starkey, originated by J. W. Starkey, Vassalboro. The Nickerson
pear was originated by Hiram S. Nickerson, Readfield.
Many other good varieties of lesser note have been raised by Ken-
nebec county orchardists, and several small fruits have also been
originated here, among them the 0.sborn strawberry, a seedling much
esteemed in the Waterville and Augusta markets, brought out by the
late Charles Osborn, of Vassalboro. The growing of small fruits is re-
ceiving increased attention, especially in towns which command the
markets of the cities and large villages.
There are several localities in the count}- especiall}' favorable to
the cranberry and where the Cultivation of this fruit might be ex-
tended to a profitable degree. Many persons grow them to a limited
extent, while among the larger growers were formerly D. E. Manter,
Sidney; and at present the Ware Brothers, Pittston, the late B. F.
Butler, Mt. Vernon, and Eben Wellman, Augusta. The small cran-
berry beds of the late Mr. Fuller are kept in excellent condition b}^
members of his family and yield very fine fruit. The Ware Brothers
raised about 250 bushels in 1891. Mr. Wellman has the most exten-
sive cranberry beds in the county and gives almost his entire time to
the crop, having commenced their culture in a small way in 1878, but
devoting increased attention to their systematic culture during the
past seven years. His cranberry farm is located in the eastern part
of Augusta and the beds embrace an area of seven acres, all cut into a
uniform size of two rods in width by forty rods in length — the soil
being a deep, rich, vegetable mold or muck. Between and around
each and all the beds a canal is cut, into which water is conducted
from a reservoir of six acres in extent, the canals being arranged with
a series of gates so that the water can be let in over one or all of the
beds as is desired. By leaving the gates open at night the beds are
all covered with water before morning of sufficient depth to protect
the berries from frost in the fall of the year, while in the spring the
same method is employed to prevent the attacks of injurious insects.
Mr. Wellman 's crop in 1891 was 170 barrels, the variety grown being
the Cherry, and they have a high reputation in the leading markets.
Among the largest orchards and most intelligent, progressive fruit
growers in the county are: W. P. Atherton, Hallowell, 2,000 trees; J.
Pope & Son, Manchester, 1,500 trees; D. M. Marston, Monmouth, 1,200
trees; Rev. J. R. Day, Monmouth, 2,600 trees; George W. Waugh,
Monmouth, 1,200 trees; Miss L. L. Taylor, Belgrade; C. M. Weston,
AGRICl'LTURK AND LIVE STOCK. 223
Belgrade, 2,000 apple trees, 400 pear trees: George A. Longfellow.
Winthrop; Oakes Howard, Winthrop: J. M. Pike, Wayne, 3,000 trees
J. C. Sanford, Readfield; J. H. Smiley, Vassalboro; the Cook Brothers
Vassalboro, 3,000 trees; J. Wesley Taylor, Winslow; George W. Fogg
Monmouth, 1,000 trees; J. Colby Dudley, Readfield; J. O. Butman
Readfield; George H. Pope, East Vassalboro: The Oaklands Orchard
heirs of Robert Hallowell Gardiner estate, Gardiner; and Albert R
Ward, China, 700 trees.
The estimate of apple buyers and shippers is that upon an average
90,000 barrels of choice commercial apples are annually shipped from
the towns in Kennebec county to the great markets, one-fourth of
which are sent abroad.
An effort was made by the State Pomological Society in 1876 to
collect information regarding the nurseries of the county and the
number of trees in stock, with a view to keeping at home much of the
money paid out to foreign nurserymen and at the same time obtain-
ing a tree better adapted to this soil and climate. There were found
six nursery firms then in the county, with the following number of
trees in stock: A. Smith & Son, Monmouth, 3,000; H. B. Williams,
South China, 3,000; N. R. Pike, Winthrop, 10,000; Charles I. Perley,
Vassalboro, 20,000; J. A. Varney & Son, North Vassalboro, 40,000:
Bowman Brothers, Sidney, 75,000; a total of 151,000 trees.
Other intelligent, active and progressive pomologists of the county,
held in grateful veneration for their services to this branch of our
rural economy, are: Joseph Taylor, of Belgrade, a leading orchardist
and large exhibitor of fruits at state fairs, who died in July, 1882,
aged 78 years; Alfred Smith, of Monmouth, who died February 19,
1885, aged 77 years, a large orchardist and well known writer on
pomological subjects for the agricultural press; and Hon. Robert Hal-
lowell Gardiner, owner of the celebrated estate " The Oaklands," and
of its famous orchard of Bellflowers, in Gardiner, a life member and
for four years president of the State Pomological Society, who died
September 12, 1886, aged 77 years.
Conclusion.— This glimpse of what the farmers of Kennebec
county have accomplished during the past century in the special
lines for " the improvement of agriculture and bettering the condi-
tion of the husbandman," presupposes that in other directions equal
intelligence and progressive views have been employed and as high
results obtained.
All the cereals, fruits and vegetables known to the agriculture of
this latitude are here rai.sed to perfection. Hay, the great staple crop,
yields upon our farms more than the average ton to the acre which
the agricultural department credits the state with producing. In
early times the county raised its own wheat, and even exported it;
and now wherever wheat is sown it produces an average yield higher
22i HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
than that of the wheat growing states of the West. Indian corn is
the glory of the farm as a cereal. One hundred bushels of shelled
corn to the acre have been many times raised as a premium crop,
while the average is but little above one hundred bushels of ears to
the acre.
Sweet corn has for many years been a specialty. Packing factories
have been established at Winthrop, Wayne, Fayette, Monmouth, Vas-
salboro, Belgrade, Oakland, West Gardiner and Hallowell. The crop
yields about $50 per acre, leaving the stalks for winter fodder. The
use of ensilaged corn fodder is successfully employed, especially by
milk producing farmers, who, living in the vicinity of our cities, are
known to be among the best and most prosperous farmers in the
county, paying great attention to their herds and keeping their farms
in the most fertile condition. In fact, in all lines of rural economy
the farmers of Kennebec county have made husbandry a business and
a study, the successful results of which are apparent all over our beau-
tiful hills and through our lovely valleys, in every town and district,
where comfortable homes and well tilled farms speak of industry,
economy and independence.
CHAPTER IX.
TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION.
Early Methods of Travel.— Stage Routes.— Water Routes and Steamboats.—
Captain Jason Collins. — Railroads.
IN THE present day of rapid steam and electric transportation by
land and water, when the people and products of towns and cities
removed from one another by the length and breadth of the state
are transferred in the course of a single day, it is hard to adequately
appreciate the almost insuperable obstacles that lay in the way of
intercourse between the early settlements. The river was of course
the main thoroughfare, whenever practicable, and in the warmer
months was traversed by bateaux, shallops and other primitive craft,
while in the winter rude sledges were employed in conveying stores
and family goods upon its frozen surface. The means of communica-
tion with the county from the earlier settlements to the westward
were many-fold more difficult, and days and weeks were consumed in
toilsomely driving ox-teams, loaded with the lares and penates of the
household, through a wilderness to which the early guides were the
blazed and spotted trees, commemorative of a still earlier migration of
hardy pioneers.
In 1754 the first military road in the state was made between Forts
Western and Halifax. This was done by order of Governor Shirley,
who at the same time made arrangements for the transmission of ex-
presses by whale boats from Fort Halifax to Portland in twenty hours,
returning in twenty-four. The military road being impassable in
winter, owing to the depth of snow, barrels of provisions and other
stores were carried from the lower to the upper fort on hand sleds.
This occasioned Captain Hunter to say to the governor that he had
been obliged to give the men who had hauled the sleds large quanti-
ties of rum, without which it would have been impossible to have
done anything. Thus it seems that in those days, long before the use
of steam power, rictn power was used — the active spirit of progress.
The rude vehicles used at that time made transportation doubly
slow and tedious. Augusta was the center of cart lines to the towns
up the river, and the roads, even in the early part of the nineteenth
15
226 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
century, were little better than rough clearings through the forests.
Over these primitive " thoroughfares " Major Thomas Beck ran a
truck team for goods to Bath, during the winter; and as late as about
the winter of 1836, Samuel C. Grant, who owned the cotton (now a
woolen) mill at Gardiner, sent his son, William S., to Wiscasset with
a rude sled, on which was a bale of cloth to be shipped to Boston.
Prior to 1790 the only mode of individual travel was by foot or on
horseback. The first wheel carriage was a venerable chaise, already
outlawed by fashion in Boston. It was brought to Gardiner about
1790, by Mr. Hallowell, and was called by its owner " the parish
chaise," for the appropriate reason that the entire parish borrowed it.
When General Dearborn returned from congress the first time, he
brought a Philadelphia wagon, which was the wonder of the inhabit-
ants, though there was not more than a mile of road on which it
could be run.
As may be readily imagined, the transmission of the mails in the
early days was conducted in the most primitive manner. About 1790
the first mail was carried on horseback to Gardiner, from Portland,
through Monmouth and Winthrop, and it is chronicled that " the road
was very much improved about this time." The next mail was car-
ried in 1794, from Portland, via Wiscasset to Augusta. In 1795 Ben-
jamin Allen, the first postmaster of Winthrop, and Matthew Blossom,
of Monmouth, took the contract to carry the mail once a week on
horseback between those places. In 1803 Jacob Loud, the second post-
master at Pittston, carried the mail from Wiscasset to Gardiner on
horseback and from Gardiner to Augusta in a canoe. Early in the
present century, however, the stage, usually carrying the mail, began
to make its appearance in the county. The first stages were rude and
torturing conveyances, and in speed and comfort bore about the same
relation to the Concord coach of later days that that vehicle now bears
to the railway passenger coach.
Stage Routes.— The first stage came to Augusta in 1806, and the
first to Gardiner in 1811. Both started from Brunswick. Colonel T.
S. Estabrook, of the latter town, ran the x\ugusta stage, making bi-
weekly trips. From thirteen to twenty-three hours were required for
the transit, the route being the same over which Colonel Estabrook
had carried the mail on horseback, in 1802, for the first time. Peter
Gilman, who still carried the mail from Augusta to Norridgewock, in-
formed the public, in June, 1806, that " he leaves Norridgewock with
a stage on Monday and Thursday at six o'clock in the morning and
arrives at Hallowell the evening of the same day at seven." Truly a
wonderful performance !
In 1807 John and Meshach Blake and Levi Moody began running
the first line of stages from Hallowell to Portland, via Augusta, Mon-
mouth and New Gloucester. They left Hallowell at 4 a. m., and ar-
TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 227
rived in Portland at 7 P. M. In 1810 the western stage left Augusta
early in the morning, in season for passengers to breakfast at Bruns-
wick, dine at Freeport and reach Portland in the evening. Leaving
Portland early the next day, breakfast was taken at Kennebunk, din-
ner at Portsmouth and the night was spent at Newburyport. The
following morning it left Newburyport at two o'clock, arrived at
Salem about daylight and reached Boston early in the forenoon. In
1812 Peter Gilman contracted to carry a weekly mail from Augusta to
Bangor, via Vassalboro and China, at which places fresh relays of
from four to six horses were in waiting. Previous to this, Colonel
Moses Burleigh, grandfather of the governor, conveyed the first car-
riage mail between Augusta and Bangor. In 1810 John Homan, Vas-
salboro, carried a weekly mail on horseback from Augusta eastward,
and afterward, in 1815, drove a bi-weekly stage over the .same route.
In 1827 an hourly stage between Augusta and Gardiner was at-
tempted by Smith L. Gale, of the former town; and William E. Robin-
son, of Hallowell, began running a coach once in two hours between
that town and Gardiner. The first venture was not a success, and it
was not until 1834 that the enterprise became permanent. At that
time David Landers, father of William J. Landers, began hourly trips
between the two places, and continued the business until the opening
of the Maine Central railroad.
About 1830 Solomon Brown was an old mail contractor between
Augusta and Freeport, connecting at the latter place with Kennebec
and Portland stages. This was called the Union Line. It was sold in
1848, to Crowell & Baker. From 1850 to 1854 Joshua Strout was the
stage proprietor, and Thomas Holmes was one of his drivers. The
route was afterward sold to Addison Townsend, and lastly to Vas.sal
D. Pinkham, the latter only running from Augusta to Little River.
It was not until shortly before 1840 that mail coaching entered
upon its palmiest days, and four and six horse teams, crowded with
passengers, ran daily between Portland and Augusta, passing through
Litchfield and West Gardiner.
Of more importance than the railroad to the community now was
the old stage line for the transmission^of mail and passengers between
Augusta and Bangor. It was the direct through line. Leaving either
town at 7 a. m. each day, the place of destination was reached in early
evening. The old thoroughbrace coaches were first in use, but about
1849 the Concord coaches were adopted. A change of horses was made
at Vassalboro after a short, sharp drive from Augusta, then again at
China, then Unity, and every few miles until Bangor was reached.
The same horses were changed and driven back by the .same driver
the next day on his return trip. Seventeen horses were kept at Vas-
salboro, and this was an average number for each station. The pres-
ent large barn of^the Vassalboro Hotelfwas then the stage barn. Shaw
SJb HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
& Billings, of Bangor, were the proprietors. They perfected the busi-
ness, and the older residents well remember the richly caparisoned
coaches and the two or three spans of well matched horses to each
coach.
The drivers were men of note in those days, and he who could
dexterously handle six horses and safely make the schedule time,
was a greater personage than the proprietor and, in his own opinion
at least, held a superior position to that of the chief magistrate. Many
will remember John Deering and his two brothers, Jabe Sawings,
Libby, Bennett, Hale Freeman, Crowell, Isaac Holmes of Augusta,
David Crockett, and Benjamin Mitchell, the crack of whose whips was
familiar all along the line, as the rocking, heavily-laden coaches wound
their way through shady vale and over lofty hill.
Water Routes and Steamboats. — During the development of
the facilities for transportation by land, a like progress was being made
on the river. Waterways, the world over, were the first thorough-
fares, and rivers are the oldest highways. The Kennebec afforded the
Indians an open passage from the Sebasticock to the sea, before
Columbus was born or Caesar had crossed the Rubicon. Equally ser-
viceable was the river to the pioneer — its shining way with undeviat-
ing flow, his one sure path, by sunless day or starless night. Its
buoyant bosom was his highway of exploration, and from its friendly
banks diverged the tree-blazed roads that led to his clearing and his
home. At once a producer and a consumer, the river was his natural
avenue of commerce, and the vehicles and methods that were first in
use are matters of curious interest. The settlers had little time or
skill to construct bark canoes such as the Indians made, and when
made they were too frail for lasting service, so the " dug out " was the
primitive boat, and after saw mills were running flat bottomed boats
of various kinds came into universal use. Of these, the bateau, a long,
narrow boat, is the principal survivor, being still the log driver's
favorite.
But there was one kind of river craft — indispensable in its day,
that has become extinct, known as the " long boat " — built from 60 to
95 feet in length, IS to 20 feet wide, especially designed for transport-
ing heavy freight, but fitted also with comfortable cabins for passen-
gers, including lodging and meals. Each boat had two masts that
could be lowered going under bridges, with square sails, main and
wing, above which was the top-gallant-royal sail. The peculiarity of
these boats was, that they went down the river with the current, but
could return only with a good southerly wind, for which they must
wait — sometimes indefinitely.
Some of these carried over one hundred tons. Mathews & Oilman
built the Eagle at Waterville, in 1826, and loaded her with wheat in
charge of Walter Getchell as supercargo, who sold it at the various
TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. ^'^y
landings " down river " for from sixty to eighty cents per bushel, dis-
posing of the last at Bath, where he took on a return cargo of one hun-
dred hogsheads of salt.
These boats could and did go through the rapids at Augusta before
the dam was built there, and with a good wind they had no trouble in
returning to Waterville with full loads. Occasionally, however, they
met with mishaps, and sometimes they were wrecked. This was the
fate of the Eagle. On a return trip, with a full load of merchan-
dise and a light wind, oxen were employed, as was often the case, to
pull her up the Old Coon rapids. By some cessation of the towage,
the current swung the boat athwart a rock with such force that it
broke completely in two, dumping its cargo of molasses, sugar, rum,
hardware and dry goods into the river, whence the damaged packages
were recovered when quiet water was reached; but the poor Eagle was
a dead bird. A like misfortune befel the Kite, built by William and
Walter Getchell. With a load of 700 bushels of potatoes she was
twisted and dashed broad.side against a pier of the Augusta bridge-
boat and potatoes a total loss.
As early as 1796 George Crosby, of Hallowell, ran the Keiinebec
Packet, Captain Samuel Patterson, master, between that place and Bos-
ton; and before that time, but in the same year. Captain Patterson re-
ported the fourth trip of the. sloop Courier, the settlement of accounts
naming as owners George Crosby, John Sheppard, David Cutler, John
Molloy , Edmund Freeman and Chandler Robbins. Other packets that
were irregularly run, later on, from Augusta and Hallowell, were the
Catharine, owned by Thomas Norris, which was dismasted in 1814 on
a trip to Boston, and the Kennebec Trader, commanded by Captain Carr,
who lost his mate, Elisha Nye, overboard in the same storm. The
channel not being deep enough for these vessels to reach Waterville,
the " long boats "' previously mentioned were employed at Augusta to
convey consignments from them to points above.
In 1824 the Traders' Line, plying between Augusta and Boston,
was established. It comprised the schooners Actress, Captain G. O.
West; Sidney, Captain G. A. Dickman; and Emerald, Captain P. B.
Lewis. It is said that their accommodations secured " comfort and
convenience to passengers." The first regular line of passenger
packets, with the time advertised, between Hallowell and Boston, was
started about 1831. One of the captains was Andrew Brown. In 1845
two lines of packets were started froin Hallowell to Boston, and were
to leave from Augusta when the river channel had been deepened.
Flagg's Line was composed of the schooners Gazelle, Captain Elisha
Springer; the Van Buren, Captain T. R. Pool; Advent, Captain Soule;
and Jane, Captain T. S. Ingraham. The Union Line contained the
schooners Somerset, Captain Hinckley; the M'aterville, Captain W. H.
Heath; Harriet Ann, Captain William Reed, jun., and Consul, Captain
230 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
A. L. Gove. Other old captains on the Kennebec in those days were:
Major Thomas Beck, Charles H. Beck, Jo. Beck, George W. Perry,
Tillinghast Springer (son of Job and brother of Elisha), Jacob Britt,
Joshua Bowler, Samuel Gill, jun., Gustavus Dickman and Samuel and
Alfred Beale.
During the era of the packet boats steam was of course being grad-
ually used for locomotion, both on land and water; and long before
passenger sailing craft ceased running on the river, the steamboat, in
a crude and ungainly form, began to ruffle the surface of the beautiful
stream. The first of these vessels was fitted up from an open scow at
Alna, by its owner, Jonathan Alorgan, a lawyer. In it he paid Gardi-
ner a visit in 1819, tying up at Gay's wharf. Captain Morgan came by
way of Wiscasset, and his queer craft drew crowds wherever it made
a landing. Another steamer, called the Experivicjit, made her ap-
pearance on the river soon after Attorney Morgan had produced his
pioneer boat.
The year 1823 is memorable as the date of the building of the
steamer Waterville at Bath, by Captain Samuel Porter, and the open-
ing of the first steam route from Bath to Augusta the same season, by
this boat, under command of Captain E. K. Bryant. Captain Porter
bought in New York, the same season, the steamer Patent, which he
put on the route from Portland to Boston, advertising to make the run
in \1\ hours. The next year (1824-) the Patent ran from Boston to
Bath, where she connected with the Waterville for Augusta. In 1826
the Patent, Captain Harry Kimball, opened the first through route
from Gardiner to Portland. The Waterville was laid off that season,
and the small steamer, Experiment, ran from Bath to Augusta. For
the next three years the Patent held and made popular the Gardiner
and Portland route. In 1830 the Patent did not run above Bath, at
which place she connected with the Waterville for Augusta; and in
1831 no steamer ran regularly on the river above Bath.
The village of Gardiner was a center of great activity in 1832. A
boat that became noted, the stern-wheel steamer Tieonic, was built
where the public library building now stands, and completed in May,
for a Mr. Blanchard, of Springfield, Mass., at a cost of $8,000. On the
first day of June she made the historic trip to Waterville, whose citi-"
zens received her with manifestations of the wildest joy. This stanch
little steamer, under the command, successively, of Captains J. Flitner,
S. Smith and Nathan Faunce, ran regularly from Gardiner to Water-
ville until interrupted by the river dam at Augusta in 1835. The dam
company made the lock so short that the Tieonic could not pass. After
this the Tieonic was the only regular boat, for a time, between Gardi-
ner and Bath. There was, however, a petite little steamer called the
Tom Thumb, that made irregular trips on the river. In 1835 the
TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 231
steamer McDonougJi, Captain Nathaniel Kimball, was put on the route
from Hallowell to Portland, but was taken off in 1836.
In the spring of 1836 a stock company was formed in Gardiner, and
bought a steamer to rim between Gardiner and Boston. Nathaniel
Kimball, Parker Sheldon and Henry Bowman were chosen directors
and at once purchased the steamer Nczv England, a fast boat built for
Long Island sound travel, and opened the new route from Gardiner to
Boston about the first of June, making two round trips per week, Cap-
tain Nathaniel Kimball commander, and Captain Solomon Blanchard
pilot — " fare $4 and found." The Nciv England was an elegant boat
in those times, 170 feet long and of over three hundred tons burden.
The Teutonic connected with her at Gardiner for upper towns.
In 1837 the McDonongli, Captain Andrew Brown, was again run on
the Kennebec, from Hallowell to Portland, but the next year her
place was taken by the little steamer Clifton, Captain William Bryan.
The Neiv England made the Gardiner and Boston route so popular
and profitable that an opposition movement had culminated in the
construction of the Augusta. It was built by Cornelius Vanderbilt,
and was advertised as about ready to run from Hallowell to Boston
when, on the morning of June 1, 1838, while on a regular trip, the
N CIV England QoWiA&d. with the schooner Curlciv,o'S. Boon island, re-
ceiving injuries from which she sunk, having barely time to transfer
her passengers to the schooner. Parker Sheldon and Captain Kim-
ball went at once to Norwich, Conn., and chartered the new steamer
Huntress, and put her in the place of the wrecked boat. Competition
on the Kennebec route now became active. Cornelius Vanderbilt, of
New York, put on the W. C. Peck, Captain A. Brown, as an opposition
boat, running from Hallowell to Boston. This boat not proving fast
enough, Captain Brown was transferred to the new steamer Augusta,
which was substituted in her place.
But the Augusta was not fast enough to compete with the Huntress,
and Commodore Vanderbilt sent on a steamer bearing his own name,
which arrived here September 3d, under Captain Brown. Competition
became intense and a trial of speed was inevitable. The Vanderbilt
sent a challenge one day at Boston, which the Huntress accepted and
won the race, arriving at Gardiner the next morning about a mile
ahead, after a most exciting night. The warmth of public feeling
over such contests in those days can hardly be understood in our rail-
road era. At the close of the season the Huntress was re-chartered for
the next season. Commodore Vanderbilt, beaten at racing, changed
the game and won. He bought the Huntress, subject to the lease, and
notified the Kennebec company that he should run her, paying them,
of course, what damages the courts should award; or he would sell
them the boat for $10,000 more than he had given for her and forever
232 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
leave the route. The offer was accepted, the money paid, and there
was no more opposition for several years.
In 1841 a new era began in the transportation of passengers to and
from Boston. The steamer Jolin W. Richmond, Captain Kimball, was
placed on the route by night twice a week, and the Huntress, Captain
Thomas G. Jewett, was on the route by day twice a week. The steamer
J\L Y. Beach went three times a week to Portsmouth, where she con-
nected with the Eastern railroad, This .schedule was continued
through the season. In 1842 the Ricluitond cut down the fare to two
dollars. The Huntress then combined with the railroad line, via Port-
land, with fare one dollar to Boston — the lowest yet seen. In June,
1842, the steamer Telegrapli was put on as an opposition boat, with fare
one dollar; and July 10th the steamer Splendid was commissioned,
with the cry " No opposition, fare one dollar, or as low as any other
boat on the route." She was followed, July 28th, by the Riclnnond,
advertising " fares to Boston, until further notice, twenty-five cents."
The Richmond was burned at her dock in Hallowell Sunday night,
September 3d. She was valued at $37,000 and was owned by Rufus
K. Page and Captain Kimball, who, within a week, replaced her with
the Penobscot, a larger boat than any that had preceded her. During
the season of 1844 the Penobscot ran on the all water route from
Hallowell to Boston; the Telegraph first and then the Huntress run-
ning four trips per week from Hallowell, connecting with the railroad
at Bath.
In the spring of 184,'5 the People's Line, a stock company, was or-
ganized, with William Bradstreet, Samuel Watts, John Jewett, Green-
lief White, E. W. Farley, B. C. Bailey and Henry Weeks, directors.
The citizens of the Kennebec valley bought the stock readily, and the
People's Line placed the new steamer/^/;;/ Marshall, Captain Andrew
Brown, in opposition to the Penobscot. After June the elegant Kenne-
bec took the Marsiiall's place, and a small steamer was run in connec-
tion with her between Hallowell and Waterville, to compete with the
Water Witch and Balloon, which ran to the Marshall.
The season of 1846 opened briskly, the fare to Boston being only
twenty-five cents. The Kennebec was the regular line steamer, while
the People's Line put on the John Marshall, Captain Brown, and the
Charter Oak, Captain Davis Blanchard. The steamers Flushing and
Bellinghani formed a line between Augusta and Bath, a boat leaving
each of these places every morning. Before summer came the two
lines were consolidated, the John Marshall was sold, and the Kennebec
and Charter Oak ran on alternate days the balance of the season.
In the spring of 1848 the Huntress resumed her trips from Hallo-
well to Portland, the Charter Oak and Kennebec running alternately
to Boston. Several small steamers ran on the river to Waterville,
often racing in their fierce competition. These hazardous practices
TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. ^ 233
•culminated in May this year, by the Halifax bursting her boiler while
passing through the Augusta lock, and killing six people.
The season of 1849 was marked by the advent of the new steamer
Ocean, Captain Sanford. She took the outside route to Boston and
held it several years. July 4th the railroad was finished to Bath, to
which city the Huntress made daily trips in connection with the cars.
In 1851 the steamer T. F. Sccor connected with the railroad at Bath,
and, later, at Richmond. During the spring of 1854 Richard Dono-
van was made captain of the Ocean, and commanded her till November
24th, when she was run into by the Cunard steamer Canada, off Deer
island, Boston harbor, and burned to the water's edge.
In 1855 and 1856 the steamer Governor, Captain James Collins, ran
from Hallowell to Boston, and the T. F. Secor, Captain Donovan, from
Augusta to Portland, tri-weekly. The new steamer Eastern Queen,
Captain James Collins, was put on in the spring of 1857, and ran that
year and the next. She was partially burned at Wiscasset, in March,
1859, and the State of Maine filled her place during repairs. In 1861
the steamer Union ran daily between Augusta and Bath, connecting
with the T. F. Secor for Portland. The Union was afterward sold to
the government and was taken to Fortress Monroe, where she was
noted for her speed.
In 1865 parties in Bath bought the steamer Daniel Webster, Captain
William Roix, and placed her on the route from Gardiner to Boston,
in opposition to the Eastern Queen, which, since the death of Captain
James Collins in 1861, had been commanded by his cousin. Captain
Jasofi Collins. This last named steamer ran from Hallowell to Boston
from 1866 to 1870, when she was sold. Previous to this, in 1866, the
new steamer Star of the East, was placed on the Boston route, under
the command of Captain Collins, who ran her until the spring of 1889,
when he was transferred to the palatial new steamer Kennebec, of the
same line.
Captain Jason Collins, the genial and popular commander of this
fine vessel, is a resident of Gardiner, and from his long connection
with lines of travel and transportation, must have a place in this chap-
ter. He was born at Bowman's Point, and is the only surviving son
in a family of nine children. His father, James Collins, came to what
is now Farmingdale when he was a young man, married Elizabeth
Tyler, and passed his life in rural pursuits. Jason grew up on the
home farm to the age of fourteen, when he shipped as cook with his
father's brother, Captain John Collins, in the coasting schooner, Hope.
The next year he again went to sea with his Uncle John, this time as
a sailor before the mast, in the Adventure, bound for Mexico and sev-
eral South American ports. After this trip he was on the brig Corin-
thian, with Captain Sampson, in the coastwise trade. His next voyage
234 • HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
was to Europe in the ship Powliattan, commanded by Captain Thomp-
son.
In 1836 our young sailor became a fireman on the steamer Nnv
England, Captain Nathaniel Kirnball, holding that position until the
vessel was wrecked off Portsmouth, June 1, 1838. He was then made
assistant engineer of VaelHiintress, and four years later was promoted
to the responsible position of chief engineer of this, the fastest steam-
boat ever on the Kennebec river. In 1850 he went to California as
chief engineer of the steamship Independence, and ran on a Pacific coast
route until she was wrecked, February 16, 1853, on Marietta island,
Lower California. Returning home he was first engineer on Atlantic
coast .steamers until the summer of 1861, when he succeeded his cousin.
Captain James Collins, in command of the coast steamer, Eastern
Queen, in which capacity he was eight months with Burnside's expe-
dition in North Carolina. The next year (1862) he commanded the
same boat at New Orleans, under General Banks, getting thereby a
practical knowledge of the naval operations of the great war. Four
years later he was assigned to the splendid steamer, Star of the East,
of 1,400 tons burden, in which responsible position he faithfully .served
his company and the public, for twenty-four years.
Upon the completion of the Kennebec, in the construction of which
he had been the active man on the building committee, he assumed
the duties of his present position. The details of making, as well as
of running a boat are familiar to him, having superintended the build-
ing of several. He has long been an owner in the Kennebec Steam-
boat Company, and is one of its directors.
Jason Collins married Louise, daughter of Nathaniel Kinneston, of
Farmingdale. Their children have been: Anna Augusta, Louise
Blanche, who died at the age of nineteen; Delia H., Eugenia and Wal-
lace J., who was educated at Bowdoin College, graduating in 1883.
Choosing the medical profession, he entered that department of Bow-
doin, receiving his degree in 1886. He is now practicing at Monte-
video, Minn.
Captain Collins has been fond of mechanics and machinery from
his boyhood, and wisely chose a calling in which his talent has always
had stimulus and opportunity. His practical ability and sound judg-
ment brought him to the presidency of the Boothbay Steamboat Com-
pany, also to a directorship in the Merchants' Bank of Gardiner.
Captain Collins' life has been useful as well as active. Few men have
as many acquaintances as he, and fewer still as many friends.
Besides the passenger steamers on the Kennebec, there were also
numerous steam tugboats employed in towing sailing craft up and
down the river, but only brief mention can be made of two of the
earliest specimens of these craft. The first was th.& Jefferson, built to
ply on Lake Jefferson. About the year 1838 Captain Wyman Morse
iQUi^cnA^^Xytr^^y^^ toAd
TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 235-
purchased this boat, moved her overland to tide water, and launched
and brought her up the Kennebec, where she became the first regular
towboat on the river, and the nucleus of the fleet of powerful steamers
owned a generation later by the Knickerbocker Steam Towage Com-
pany, in which his son, Captain B. W. Morse, was a large owner and
also the business manager. This company owned the barge Yosemite,
that was so well known as a pleasure boat on the river in the seventies.
The other of the pioneer towboats was that owned by Ebenezer
Beard, who came to Pittston in 1843, and contracted with Deacon Fo-
linsbee to build him a sixty-four ton towboat. When completed, he
took the vessel to Kimball's wharf, where he placed in it two small
steam engines attached to two screw propellers of an improved model,
invented by himself. This craft, the first screw propeller ever seen
on the county's waters, was called the Experiment.
Railroads.— Turning from the use of steam power on the river to
its employment on the rail, it is found that the county was somewhat
backward in sustaining the march of improvement in that direction.
In 1836 the Kennebec & Portland Railroad Company was chartered,
with authority to construct a road from Portland to Augusta. Noth-
ing further was done, however, until 1845, when the time to build was
extended ten years. In the same year charters were given to the An-
droscoggin & Kennebec railroad, which was to enter the county at
Monmouth and pass through Winthrop, Readfield and Belgrade, to
Waterville, and to the Penobscot & Kennebec railroad, which was to
start from Augusta, cross the river, and run along its eastern bank
through Vassalboro and Winslow. meeting the Androscoggin road at
Waterville, and running thence through Benton and Clinton, toward
Bangor. Among the early promoters of this extension from Augusta
were John D. Lang and Eben Frye, of Vassalboro, and Joseph Eaton,
of Winslow.
On July 4, 1849, the Androscoggin & Kennebec railroad, known as
the " back route," entered Winthrop, and on October 8th following,
the road was completed to Readfield. During this month a daily stage
line was started from Augusta to connect, as now, with the railroad at
Winthrop. On November 27th the railroad was opened to Waterville,.
the event being celebrated by a grand jubilee.
During this time the Portland & Kennebec railroad, afterward
tnown as the " main line," was slowly progressing along the west
bank of the river, and in the spring of 1850 meetings were held at
Augusta, and at other towns, to assist in pushing forward the read.
At length the first train entered Gardiner, November 10, 1851, amid
general rejoicing. On the 15th of the following month the first loco-
motive entered Augusta, followed on the 29th by the first train of cars;
and on the morning of the 30th the first train of cars left Augusta for
Portland.
■236 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
These two pioneer roads, and the Penobscot & Kennebec extension
from Augusta to Waterville and eastward, are now embraced in the
Maine Central system. From Leeds Junction, which lies in three
counties, another branch of the Maine Central runs to Farmington,
touching the corner of Monmouth, thence following the western
boundary of Wayne, and thence running, within a few miles, the en-
tire length of the western line of Fayette.
The Somerset Railroad Company was conceived, planned and its
construction begun by Reuben B. Dunn and Joel Gray. It was their
original intention that this road should be a branch of the Maine Cen-
tral, of which Mr. Dunn was then president. The work of building
the roadbed was begun in 1868, but in less than three years, and be-
fore a rail had been laid, the control of the Maine Central passed into
other hands, and the new management refused to countenance the en-
terprise. At this crisis, John Ayer, one of the directors of the strug-
gling company, took the lead in the direction of its affairs, and to his
■energy and financial ability the existence of the road is undoubtedly
due. Trains began running to Norridgewock in 1873, and the line,
forty-one miles long, was subsequently completed to Bingham. The
Toad was sold, in 1883, on the first mortgage, and reorganized as the
Somerset railway. Joel Gray was the first president, F. W. Hill, of
Exeter, Me., the second; and John Ayer has been president since
1872. George A. Fletcher, the first treasurer, was succeeded in 1874
by Major Abner R. Small. The superintendent is W. M. Ayer, of
•Oakland
The Kennebec Central Railroad Company was chartered Septem-
ber 12, 1889, with a capital stock of $15,000, afterward increased to
-$50,000. It is five miles long, running from Randolph to Togus, has
a two-foot gauge, and was opened for business August 1, 1890. The
first eleven months' operation showed total receipts, $13,242; expenses,
$8,392. This money was earned with two engines, four passenger,
two box and six flat cars — the total rolling stock of the road, costing
$18,200. The road bed, with land damages and terminal facilities,
■ cost $12,000 per mile — as much as the average cost of a good many
standard gauge roads. The nine directors are: H. W. Jewett, David
Dennis, Weston Lewis, E. D. Haley, A. C. Stilphen, J. S. Maxcy, J.
B. Dingley and S. N. Maxcy, of Gardiner, and Franklin Stevens, of
Randolph. Weston Lewis is president; P. H. Winslow, treasurer and
general ticket agent; F. A. Lawton, superintendent; H. S. Webster,
clerk, and A. C. Stilphen, attorney and auditor.
Electricity, which is fast superseding horse power on the street
railways of cities and suburban towns, has as yet been employed in
the county for that purpose in but two instances. In 1890 the Augusta,
Hallowell & Gardiner Electric Street Railroad Company was incor-
porated, with a capital, authorized by charter, of $150,000. The length
TRAVEL AND TRANSPORTATION. 237
of the line is seven iniles, and the road is reported to be earning a
substantial income. The officers are: President, J. Manchester
Haynes, Augusta; superintendent, E. K. Day, Hallowell; treasurer,
George E. Macomber, Augusta; clerk of corporation, Henry G. Stap-
les, Augusta.
The Waterville and Fairfield Power & Light Company, opened in
July, 1892, the electric road running north from Waterville, on what
had been operated as a horse car line since 1888.
CHAPTER X.
THE NEWSPAPER PRESS.
Bv Mr. Howard Owen.
-Newspapers of Hallowell and Augusta. — The Press of Gardiner. — Waterville
Press. — Newspapers of Oakland and Winthrop. — Journalistic Ventures at
China, Vassalboro and Clinton.
AUGUSTA has long been the center of the newspaper business in
the county, and as far as the number is concerned, the news-
papers started here have been legion. We shall not attempt in
this chapter to mention the multitude of publications of world wide
circulation, issuing from the extensive publishing establishments of
The Allen Publishing Company, of Vickery & Hill, and of the more
recently established house of the Gannett & Morse concern. These
belong more especially to the commercial and manufacturing indus-
tries of the city and will have attention in another chapter of this
work.
Several ephemeral newspapers have been started here of the
" Jonah's Gourd " variety, such as the Ajigtista Courier, the Liberal Re-
publican, an anti-temperance periodical — not living long enough to es-
tablish for themselves a place in history.
The first newspaper in Kennebec county was started in Hallowell
— then called " The Hook " — August 4, 1794, nearly a century ago.
It was published by Howard S. Robinson and called the Eastern Star.
It had the life of a yearling, and was succeeded in 1795 by The Toesiji,
published by Wait & Baker, of the Falmouth Gazette. In September,
1796, it was transferred to Benjamin Poor. This paper was also short-
lived, being discontinued in 1797.
The American Advocate, a democratic-republican newspaper, was
begun at Hallowell in the year 1810, and was published first by Na-
thaniel Cheever, father of the late Rev. Dr. George B. Cheever, of
New York; then by S. K. Gilman, who published it for six years and
sold to Calvin Spaulding, who in turn disposed of the establishment
to Sylvanus W. Robinson and Henry K. Baker, the latter gentleman
so long judge of probate and still residing in Hallowell. In 1835 the
paper was united with the Free Press and called the Free Press and Ad-
vocate. It was sold to the Kennebec Journal in 1836. The Free Press,
THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 239
published by Anson G. Herrick and edited by Richard D. Rice, was a
violent anti-Masonic paper. There was at that time great prejudice
against the institution of Masonry, and during its brief career the
paper had an immense circulation. In the meantime a paper called
the Banner of Light was published for a year or two.
The Genius of Temperance, a paper of small size, devoted to the
cause of temperance, was established in Hallowell m January, 1828;
printed semi-monthly by Glazier & Co., for P. Crandall, editor and
proprietor. It continued about two years, and then died for want of
patronage.
The Liberty Standard, printed at the Halhnvell Gazette office, was
commenced about 1840 and published in Hallowell by the anti-
slavery martyr. Rev. J. C. Lovejoy. It was devoted to the cause of
negro emancipation, Mr. Lovejoy, the editor, wielding a very vigor-
ous and aggressive pen. Rev. Austin Willey afterward conducted the
paper with great ability. Its name was finally changed to Free Soil
Republican, the free soil party having become a factor in politics. It
was a failure as a business enterprise, and died after a precarious ex-
istence of about seven years. It was printed by Newman & Rowell.
For a year or two during the war of the rebellion a paper called
the Kennebec Courier, was published at Hallowell, by T. W. Newman.
It was afterward removed to Bath, where it sickened and died.
A paper with the heavenly title of the Northern Light, was pub-
lished in Hallowell for a few months, by J. W. May and A. C. Currier.
The Hallowell Gazette, federal in politics, was established by Eze-
kiel Goodale and James Burton, jun., in January, 1814, and was pub-
lished until 1827.
September 28, 1839, the Maine Cultivator and Weekly Gazette was
established in Hallowell, by T. W. Newman and R. G. Lincoln. For
two years its editor was Rev. William A. Drew, afterward of the
Gospel Banner. It was devoted primarily to agriculture and the me-
chanic arts, though later it became more of a local organ. It received
a fair support from the people of Hallowell and surrounding towns.
Newman & Lincoln continued the publication of the paper until
March, 1842; T. W. Newman from that date until September, 1843;
T. W. & G. E. Newman to September, 1845; T. W. Newman and E.
Rowell from September, 1845, to June, 1852; E. Rowell and H. L.
Wing to June, 1854; E. Rowell to November, 1859; E. Rowell and
Charles E. Nash (later of the Kennebec Journal) to June, 1862; E.
Rowell to June, 1865; Charles E. Nash to September, 1869, and Henry
Chase from that time until it was discontinued, December 9, 1871. In
1850 the headings of the paper were transposed to Halloivell Gazette
and Maine Cultivator; and at the beginning of the fifteenth volume,
in September, 1853, the second heading was dropped, retaining only
the Hallowell Gazette. Some time after Mr. Chase became publisher,
240 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
the character of the paper was entirely changed from a local to a story
paper, and it was called the Saturday Gazette. Mr. Chase tried to imi-
tate E. C. Allen, but failed. Major E. Rowell, so long identified with
the paper, continues a much respected citizen of Hallowell.
The Saturday Gazette died on the hands of Mr. Chase, December 9,
1871. Hallowell had no paper from that time until December 22,
1877, when the present Hallozvell Register was established. Its proprie-
tor and editor, W. F. Marston, not only conducts the paper, but has in
connection a commercial job printing office. The Register is a spicy
local paper, filling well its rather limited field. While non-partisan,
it has republican leanings.
The first paper established in that part of Hallowell which is now
Augusta, was the Kennebec Intelligencer, published by Peter Edes, than
whom no one was more respected by the members of the craft. It
was established November 14, 1795, and was a little affair, the dimen-
sions being only eleven by sixteen inches. Political action at that
time found expression through the federal and republican parties, the
federalists in this section of the country being in the majority. The
Intelligencer was changed to the Kennebec Gazette in 1800, and in 1810
became the Herald of Liberty. Under this name it was published
until 1815, when it was discontinued on the removal of its proprietor
to Bangor.
A non-partisan paper, " far removed from party turmoil," the
Augusta Patriot, was started March 7, 1817, by James Burton, jun.,
but it died in a year or two for want of patronage.
The Kennebec Joiirnal grew out of the dominant political sentiment
which afterward became crystalized in what was known as the whig
party. In the fall of 1823, two young men, journeymen printers, came
from Washington, D. C, and started the paper. Their names were
Luther Severance and Russell Eaton. The Tufts hand press on which
it was to be printed was set up at what was called the Branch brick
block, at the corner of Bridge and Water streets, where the first num-
ber of the Journal was struck off, January 8, 1823. The size of the
subscription list at that time did not seem to be taken at all into ac-
count by the publishers. Indeed, they thought they were doing a big
business if their list of subscribers numbered four or five hundred.
Advertising was also at a discount; and we have known a publisher
who in those early days received but forty-two cents a week for a half
column "ad," taking his pay " in country produce at market prices."
So the Journal's upward progress was from the smallest possible
beginning. Luther Severance, whose name is to-day a tower of
strength in the county, stood at the editorial helm, and gained a great
reputation among the rank and file of the party for the clear and com-
prehensive style in which he clothed his editorials. Like Horace
Greeley, he was able to go to the case and put into type an elaborate.
THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 241
unwritten editorial. In 1829 Mr. Severance was called to represent
his party in the legislature, in 1835-6 in the state senate, in 1839-40
again in the house, and in 1843 and 1845 in the national house of rep-
resentatives. Beginning in 1850, he was for three years United States
commissioner to the Sandwich Islands. But his labors were nearly
ended. Stricken with a hopeless cancerous disease, he reached his home
in Augusta on the 12th of April, 1854, and died on the 2oth of Janu-
ary, 1855, at the age of fifty-seven years. During his last sickness, and
as a means of diverting his attention from his intense physical suffer-
ing, Mr. Severance, under the heading of "Brief Mention," weekly
contributed articles full of wisdom and suggestive thought to the
columns of his favorite paper.
In the early .stages of the JonriiaFs career, the two young men
struggled on, doing most of their own work, with the help of two
apprentices. Mr. Eaton had special charge of the mechanical and
business departments of the paper, and here were laid deep and broad
those busine.ss principles that ripened so successfully after he became
connected with the Farmer. Full of years, and highly respected by
his fellow citizens, Mr. Eaton went to his rest some two years since.
In June, 1833, Mr. Eaton retired from the /i3«r«rf/, leaving Mr. Sev-
erance the sole proprietor and manager until the beginning of 1839,
when he sold half the concern to John Dorr, who had been engaged
at Belfast in the publication of the Waldo Patriot. Mr. Dorr brought
business tact and shrewdness to the performance of his tasks, and the
paper entered upon the high road to success. Mr. Dorr continued as
clerk and bookkeper in the office under subsequent administrations.
In 1850 the /£72/r«fl/ passed into the hands of William H. Wheeler and
William H. Simpson, and was edited by Mr. Wheeler, who afterward
sold his half to his partner, Simpson, and removed to Bangor, where
he engaged with John H. Lynde in the publication of the Wliig and
Courier. Simpson sold the paper in the fall of 1854, to James G. Blaine
and Joseph Baker. A stock company was formed, new material pur-
chased, and the paper attained to a new prominence under the able
and vigorous management of Mr. Blaine, who also contributed to the
editorial department of the paper long after he had severed his busi-
ness connection with it. The Maine liquor law now became the lead-
ing issue in politics, and after a short ownership Mr. Baker sold his
interest to John L. Stevens, who became one of the most profound
political thinkers and vigorous writers in the state. Mr. Stevens is at
present United States minister to the Sandwich Islands, having served
in similar capacities at Montevideo and at Stockholm.
In 1857 Mr. Blaine was succeeded by John S. Sayward, who came
from the Bangor Whig. During a portion of the war of the rebellion
a daily leaflet, containing the telegraphic news from Washington and
10
242 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
the seat of operations, was issued from this office; and this was the
beginning that led to the thought of establishing a permanent daily,
which appeared later. In May, 1868, Owen & Nash bought Mr.
Sayward's interest, and the January following the other half interest
in the paper was sold to Alden vSprague, of \\iQ Rockland Free Press.
Howard Owen had for fifteen years served in various capacities in the
Journal office, and Charles E. Nash was of the Hallowell Gazette. The
new firm was known as Sprague, Owen & Nash, Mr. Sprague being
the political editor, Mr. Owen the local editor, and Mr. Nash having
charge of the business affairs. Several times enlarged, the paper was
again enlarged by the new firm, and \.\iQ Daily Kennebec Journal started
on the first of January, 1870.
In August, 1879, the partnership was abolished by the sale of Owen
and Nash's half to Charles A. Sprague, and the office was conducted
under the firm name of Sprague & Son. They attained to the entire
ownership of the paper by the purchase of all the floating stock, and
sold the entire concern in April, 1887, to C. B. Burleigh and Charles
Flynt, by whom the paper has since been conducted. The new firm
enlarged the paper and greatly improved the plant. With a large and
able corps of editors and correspondents, with excellent arrangements
for obtaining the telegraphic and other news, the Daily Journal has
taken its place among the leading dailies of the state, while the
weekly, enlarged and improved, has attained a large state circulation.
The adherents of the once despi.sed faith of Universalism, of which
Hosea Ballou was the pioneer preacher in this country, felt the need
of an official organ in the state, where afterward they gained a per-
manent foothold. Accordingly, a weekly religious newspaper, called
the Gospel Banner, devoted mainly to advocating the doctrine of the
salvation of the entire human race, was established July 25, 1835, with
Rev. William A. Drew, editor and proprietor. He was assisted by two
associate editors, Rev. Calvin Gardiner and Rev. George Bates. Arthur
W. Berry became in some way interested in the paper, and printed it
in 1839. It, however, soon returned to the proprietorship of Mr. Drew,
who, in 1843, sold it to Joseph A. Homan (who retired from active
business pursuits several years since, and remains one of the respected
and honored citizens of Augusta), and his brother-in-law, James S.
Manley, long since deceased. The firm of Homan & Manley pub-
lished the paper until January, 1859, when they purchased the Maine
Farmer, and sold the Banner to James A. Bicknell and Rev. R. A.
Ballou. Mr. Drew, after long and able service, retired from the editor-
ship of the paper in October, 1854, when he was succeeded by Rev. J.
W. Hanson, who becam.e editor and part owner. Mr. Hanson, in 1859,
was succeeded by Mr. Ballou, who was the editor of the paper until it
was sold, in 1864, to Rev. George W. Quinby, whose vigor and interest
in the work was not only equal to the editorial tasks imposed, but also
THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 243
to the exacting business demands. He was not only an editor, but an
able author and an aggressive preacher, and was honored by Tuffts'
College, with the degree of D.D. After a brief sickness, Doctor Quin-
by died in Augusta on the 10th of January, 1884.
The Baiiin-r was purchased on the 14th of July, 1888, by Rev. Isaac
J. Mead and George W. Vickery, Mr. Mead having charge of the edi-
torial columns, and Mr. Vickery of the business department. A strong
pressure being made upon his time elsewhere, Mr. Vickery sold his
interest February 14, 1889, to B. A. Mead, and the paper has since been
published by The B. A. Mead Company. It was changed to a quarto,
and enlarged October 9, 1890.
The Kennebec Journal being at that time the undoubted leader of
the press in this section, an effort was made in 1827 to establish an
opposition paper which should advocate the claims of General Jackson
for the presidency. Accordingly, the Maine Patriot and State Gazette
appeared on the 31st of October, 1827, published by James Dickman,
and under the editorship of Aurelius V. Chandler. In May, 1829, the
paper was sold to Harlow Spaulding, by whom it was published, Mr.
Chandler continuing the editor. Mr. Chandler went South to recruit
his health, and died at Charleston, S. C, December 31, 1830, at the
age of twenty-three. James W. Bradbury took his place in the edi-
torial chair, but relinquished it July 1, 1831. The following Decem-
ber the paper was absorbed by The Age, a new paper of similar politi-
cal proclivities, and the Patriot ceased to exist.
After the removal of the state capital to Augusta, The Age was es-
tablished, December 23, 1831, by Ira Berry & Co., Frank O. J. Smith,
a brilliant lawyer and able journalist from Portland, being its editor.
One of the earlier incidents of its career was a libel suit growing out
of one of Mr. Smith's caustic and personal items, charging a promi-
nent citizen of Belgrade with being a deserter from the army in the
war of 1812, and that he was tried, convicted and sentenced to be shot.
The publisher of The Age was arrested and tried on a criminal libel.
The trial, which excited the most intense interest, lasted a week. The
result was the sustaining the paper in its charges, and this gave the
concern a great boom and influence among its political adherents.
The paper also had the state patronage. Mr. Smith was chosen to a
seat in congress, and retired from the paper August 10, 1832, when
George Robinson, a law student, became the editor, and continued in
that capacity several years. In 1834 Berry & Co. sold the paper to
William J. Condon, who had been connected with the Saeo Democrat.
He continued the publication of the paper for about a year, when
William R. Smith, who came from Wiscasset, and who was at that
timejworking at the printer's case in the office, bought a quarter in-
terest, forming a partnership with Robinson, who continued to edit
the paper. Mr. Smith was a printer almost from birth, having entered
244 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
a newspaper office as an apprentice wlien eight years old. Mr. Ira
Berry, formerly of The Age, died in Portland in September, 1891, at
the great age of ninety years.
Mr. Robinson died in February, 1840, Smith having previously
bought another quarter interest from him. During this period was
begun at The Age office the publication of a tri-weekly, during the ses-
sions of ihe legislature, reporting the proceedings, and afterward giv-
ing the telegraphic news. Later, the Keimebec Journal eniereA upon
the publication of a tri-weekly, on alternate days with The Age, the
two forming a daily paper — the first time the citizens of Augusta were
favored with such an institution.
At the death of Mr. Robinson, George Melville Weston', son of the
late Chief Justice Nathan Weston, became associated with Mr. Smith,
and conducted the editorial department of The Age. The paper was
conducted by this firm until August 5, 1844, when it was sold to Rich-
ard D. Rice, a printer by trade, who afterward rose to the exalted
position of justice on the supreme bench. Mr. Rice edited the paper,
controlling its politics in the interests of the democratic party, until
May, 1848, when he returned to the profession of law, and the paper
was purchased by William T. Johnson (who afterward became cashier
of the Granite National Bank). He associated himself with Daniel T,
Pike, who became its editor. Mr. Pike, who wielded a forceful and
facetious pen, now retired from the profession, whose ranks he graced
for more than twenty years, is enjoying a green old age in our
midst. Messrs. Johnson & Pike conducted the paper until May,
1856, when they were succeeded by Benjamin A. G. and Melville W.
Fuller (now the honored chief justice of the United States supreme
court), who after a number of years disposed of the establishment to
Daniel T. Pike, and he in turn to Elias G. Hedge and others. They
sold to Gilman vSmith, of Augusta, a journeyman printer, and the old
and influential y^^r, which had so long and so safely sailed the politi-
cal seas, died upon his hands during the war of the rebellion.
Upon the ruins of The Age rose the Maine Standard, in 1867, a
democratic sheet, published by Thaddeus A. Chick, a well known and
accomplished practical printer, and Isaac W. Reed. The paper was
sold in 1868, to Eben F. Pillsbury, the noted political leader and pol-
ished lawyer, several times the nominee of the democratic party for gov-
ernor, though never elected. Mr. Pillsbury, who had formerly edited
the Franklin Patriot, at Farmington, edited the Standard, and associ-
ated with him was L. B. Brown, of Starks, now of New Hampshire;
and at one time, on the editorial force, was Horace :M. Jordan, of
Westbrook, now of Boston.
The paper was bought in January, 1881, by Manley T. Pike & Co.,
who dropped its name soon after the purchase, and called it The Neiv
Age, the name which it has since borne. These proprietors published
THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 245
the paper two years and a half, when, in July, 1883, it was sold to
Harris M. Plaisted and Charles B. Morton. General Plaisted, who
had been the democratic governor of Maine the two preceding years,
was the political editor, and for some time Charles B. Chick was con-
nected with the local department. In December, 1889, Mr. Morton's
portion was purchased by a son of the senior proprietor, Frederick
W. Plaisted, and the paper has since been published by H. M. Plais-
ted & Son. The paper was enlarged and changed to a quarto at the
beginning of the 2,'5th volume, March 6, 1891. Tlie Nczv Age has a large
and increasing patronage, being the leading democratic paper of cen-
tral Maine.
The Maine Farmer grew out of the necessities of the time, and was
founded to meet the demands of a more progressive agriculture. Its
"birth really grew out of the establishment of the Kennebec Agricul-
tural Society, in 1832. It was started in Winthrop, January 21, 1833,
bearing the name of the Kennebec Farmer, the publishers being Wil-
liam Noyes & Co., and the editor Dr. Ezekiel Holmes. It was printed
in quarto form, and the size of the printed page was 7| by 8-| inches.
After eight numbers of the paper had been issued, the name which
was first deemed appropriate was adopted, that of the Maine Farmer,
adding as the motto for its field of operations, "and journal of the
useful arts,"' devoting itself not only to the interests of the farmer,
but also the mechanic. The first four volumes were published in
Winthrop, when the paper was moved to Hallowell, but in 1838 was
purchased by Marcian Seavy, and moved back to Winthrop. vSeavy
sold out the next year to Noyes and Benjamin F. Robbins, the latter
remaining in the firm but two years. In 1844 Russell Eaton, a former
publisher of the AV««ci^(Y/ci«r«rt/, purchased the /v7r;«<r, moved it to
Augusta, changed its form to that of a folio, which it has since re-
tained, enlarged the paper, and improved it in every respect. Mr.
Eaton made another enlargement in 1847. In 1860 and 1870 other en-
largements were made, the last in 1883, representing its present size,
31i by 46i inches.
In 1858, after publishing the paper fourteen years, Mr. Eaton sold
out to Joseph A. Homan and James S. Manley, former proprietors of
the Gospel Banner. Special attention was now paid to a compilation
of the general news, making the Farmer a complete family paper, that
department being edited by Mr. Homan. On account of failing
health, in 1861, Mr. Manley sold his half interest to William S. Bad-
ger, the present senior proprietor and manager of the paper, who has
become a veteran in the service, being the oldest newepaper man in
continuous service in the state. In 1878 Mr. Homan retired, selling
his interest to Joseph H. Manley, the present junior proprietor.
Doctor Holmes continued his position as agricultural editor until
February, 1866, at which time Dr. N. T. True, of Bethel, took his
246 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
place, continuing four years. Samuel L. Boardman, now employed on
the editorial force of the Kennebec Journal, was agricultural editor of
the Farmer from March, 1869, to March, 1879. He had previously
served as assistant in this department. Dr. William B. Lapham, the
well known historian and necrologist, who had been employed as gen-
eral news editor since 1872, became agricultural editor in 1879, which
relation he continued until November, 1883, when the charge was as-
sumed by Z. A. Gilbert, of Greene, secretary of the board of agricul-
ture, who is at this time the agricultural editor. Howard Owen has
served as general news editor since 1881, and Dr. G. M. Twitchell has
charge of the horse and poultry departments. The paper has^or forty
years had an extensive circulation, easily maintaining, against all at-
tempted competition, its position as the exponent of the interests of
the intelligent and progressive farmers of the state. Comparing the
paper at the present time with its earlier efforts, shows to a demon-
stration the great advances which have been made in the special field
of practical thought to which, through all these years, it has devoted
itself.
The Co7iy Student is a monthly periodical, started in Augusta in
1887, and published each year, during the school term, from Septem-
ber to June, inclusive, managed and edited by a corps of editors and
publishers selected by and from the students in the Cony High
School. It is " devoted to the interests of the members of the Cony
High School," and contains original essays, poems, sketches, notes
and gossip. It has several times been enlarged, until now it is a cov-
ered periodical of twelve pages.
The Home Mission Echo, a monthly paper issued under the auspices
of the Woman's American Baptist Home Mis,sion Society, has been
issued in Augusta about five years. It ably champions the cause of
missions in the home field, and has a circulation of some 9,000 copies.
Its editor and publisher is the well known writer, Anna Sargent Hunt.
The Home Farm was started in Augusta by Samuel L. Boardman,
November 13, 1880. It was designed as a purely agricultural and
home paper. It contained eight pages, five 18-inch columns to the
page. In the beginning of volume IV, November 15, 1883, it was en-
larged to six columns to a page, making a neat, well made up journal.
It was removed to Waterville and the name changed to Eastern
Farmer. The first number under the new name appeared September
30, 1887. During the time it was published, Henry A. Hall, Asa R.
Boardman, the editor's brother, and George F. Patch were at different
times connected with the paper as publishers or business managers.
Samuel L. Boardman was chief owner and editor until its discontinu-
ance in April, 1888.
A little sheet, called the Musical Monitor, published by R. M. Man-
THE NEWSPAPER I'KESS. 247
sur, was removed from North Vienna to Augusta. It was principally
devoted to advertising.
In 1840 there was published in Augusta for a little while, a bright
and crisp little temperance paper called TIic WasJiingtonian, growing
out of the Washingtonian movement that swept like a tidal wave over
the country. When the wave subsided the paper died. It was pub-
lished at The Age office by Henry Green, a journeyman printer, who
had been interested in the reform movement. The articles in the
paper were all written by " Washingtonians."
Drew's Rural Intelligencer was a weekly newspaper, devoted to the
wants and pleasures of rural life, designed to make home pleasant and
happy. It embraced departments in agriculture, horticulture, me-
chanic arts, education and general intelligence. It was established
and conducted by Rev. William A. Drew, who but a few months' pre-
viously had laid down the editorial pen on the Gospel Banner. He was
assisted by an able corps of contributors. Mr. Drew had no printing
office of his own; the type setting was done at the Kennebec Journal
office, and the press work at the office of The Age. It was a four-
column quarto of eight pages, enclosed with a tasty border. The
paper aimed to devote itself more especially to the interests of the
home. It was started January 6, 1855, and continued to be published
at Augusta until September, 1857, when it was purchased by R. B.
Caldwell, of Gardiner, and removed to that city, Mr. Drew continuing
to edit it. It was is.sued until 1859, when it ceased to exist as a dis-
tinctive publication.
The history of the pre.ss in Gardiner is rather an uneventful one,
although during the years that have passed quite a large number of
journalistic enterprises have been launched on the community, flour-
ished for a season, and finally gone the way of all the living. The
advent of the newspaper in Gardiner dates back to October 24, 1824,
when appeared the first number of the Eastern Chronicle, published
and edited by the late Hon. Parker Sheldon, Gardiner's second mayor.
January 25, 1827, the Chronicle was merged with the Intelligencer, and
Rev. William A. Drew, spoken of elsewhere in these sketches, as-
sumed the editorial management. A monthly magazine known as the
New England Farmer, and Mechanics' Jonrnal, was also started in 1828,
by Mr. Sheldon, and twelve numbers, with plates, were issued. It was
edited by Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, afterward of the Maine Farmer. The next
journalistic enterprise was the Gardiner Spectator, which began publi-
cation in December, 1839, Alonzo Bartlett, editor and proprietor. In
July, 1840, Dr. Gideon S. Palmer, a former well known Gardiner phy-
sician, who died in Washington, D. C, in December, 1891, assumed
the management, but after a brief time was succeeded by his brother,
the late Judge William Palmer, and it continued under his manage-
ment until September 24, 1841, when it peacefully expired. From its
248 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
ashes, however, arose the Gardiner Ledger, which existed about thirteen
months, when that, too, went the way of its predecessor.
In 1842 the now popular Yankee Blade was moved from Waterville
to Gardiner, and published by William Mathews and Moses Stevens.
It was located there four years, when it was moved to Boston, its
present home. The Cold Water Fountain and Washingtonian Journal,
published in the interests of the temperance cause, was started June
24, 1844, under the manag-ement of the late General Geoi^ge M. At-
wood, who was prominent in military circles. He commanded the
24th Regiment, Maine volunteers, and died a few years ago in Boston.
He was succeeded in the management of the. Fountain by H.W. Jewell
& Co., then by H. L. Weston and F. Yates in 1849, who were soon suc-
ceeded by Weston & Morrell, and they in January, 1851, by H. K.
Morrell and A. M. C. Heath, who in 1853 sold it to Portland parties,
and it was moved to that city. The afterward noted humorist, Arte-
mus Ward, worked for Morrell & Heath as an apprentice on the
FoH)itaiu.
David's Sling was the suggestive title of a little publication, the
first number appearing February 1, 1845. Its mission was to diffuse
the peculiar religious views of James A. Clay and Isaac Rowell, but
after nine months " life's fitful fever ended." The Star of the Fast
and Fastcrn Light, by H. W. Jewell, and the Busybody, by Thomas H.
Hoskins, were published in 1845-6. The first number of the Lieor-
rigible appeared July 1, 1848, edited and published by W. E. S. Whitman
(Toby Candor), now of Augusta. Only four issues are accounted for,
but it was succeeded by a smaller sheet known as the Nettle, which
was also short-lived. But this versatile newspaper man has amply
demonstrated that as " great oaks from little acorns grow," so great
correspondents sometimes spring from small beginnings.
The Gardiner Advertiser made its first appearance February 9, 1850,
published by Richard B. Caldwell, father of a former editor of the
Kennebee Reporter. After the second number the name was changed to
the Kennebec Transcript, and Sedgwick L. Plummer assumed the editorial
management. In 1856 Mr. Caldwell purchased Drezv's Rural Intelli-
gencer, and removing it from Augusta, united the two under the name
of the Maine Rural. Brock & Cheeney, and later Brock & Hacker, pub-
lished it. A daily, called the Daily Rural, was issued a few months in
1859, but the offices were burned in 1860, and the papers discontinued.
James Burns issued six numbers of a radical political sheet, known as
the Despatch, in November and December. 1858. The publication of
the Northern Home Journal ^a.s commenced January 1, 1854, A. M. C.
Heath, editor and proprietor. In 1858 the name of the paper was
changed to Gardiner Home Journal. Mr. Heath conducted the paper
until August, 1862, when he enlisted in the Sixteenth Maine, and the
management of the Journal passed into the hands of H. K. Morrell.
THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 249
Mr. Heath, while gallantly fighting- with his regiment before Freder-
icksburg, December 13, 1862, fell mortally wounded. November 1,
1864, Mr. Morrell became the sole proprietor of x\vq Journal, and con-
tinued to control its pages exactly twenty years, when he relinquished
editorial cares and sold the office to his son, E. W. Morrell, who, as
editor and proprietor, still conducts the paper with ability.
The Kennebec Reporter was established in 1866, by Giles O. Bailey
and James F. Brown. After a few months, Mr. Brown retiring, Rich-
ard B. Caldwell purchased his interest. G. O. Bailey & Co., with Mr.
Bailey as editor, continued its management until August 10, 1871,
when Mr. Bailey sold his interest to his partner. In 1880 William J.
Landers became associated with Mr. Caldwell in the management of
the paper, and this firm continued its publication until May, 1888,
when Mr. Caldwell retired, and the present management, the Reporter
Publishing Company, assumed control, Mr. Landers having charge of
its columns.
In May, 1889, the Gardiner Daily Neios sprung into existence, pub-
lished by Thomas W. Schurman & Co., with Mr. Schurman in the
editorial chair. In the summer of 1891 Mr. Schurman purchased his
partner's interest, and is now sole proprietor of the paper.
The history of the press in Waterville dates from May, 1823, when
the first i-ssue of the Waterville Intelligeneer appeared, published and
edited by William Hastings, the pioneer among Waterville journal-
ists. The Intelligencer dragged along an uncertain existence until De-
cember, 1828, when it became The]Vatchnian,yN\W\ Hastings continuing
as editor and publisher for about one year, when it was suspended for
lack of support.
The next attempt in Waterville journalism was made in June,
1831, when John Burleigh began the publication of Tiie Times. It took
about two years to demonstrate the failure of The Times venture, when
that sheet passed out of existence. Mr. Burleigh, however, was not
discouraged, and in 1834 he began the publication of the Walervillc
Journal, and continued the same for one year. The demise of this
paper was followed by a long lapse of time, during which no one was
ambitious or courageous enough to again take the field, and until
1842 Waterville was unrepresented by any sheet whatever. In that
year Daniel R. Wing and William Mathews started The Watervillo-
nian. From that year dated Mr. Wing's almost uninterrupted career as
a newspaper man until his death. He was an antiquarian, and his
local sketches, frequently published, made a valuable feature of the
papers with which he was connected. The fame which Mr. Mathews
has since attained in the field of literature needs no comment.
At the close of the first volume of The Watervillonian its name was
changed to the Yankee Blade. In 1844 its publishers had become dis-
couraged with the lack of support the Blade had been able to secure in
250 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Waterville, and the paper was transferred to Gardiner, and a little
more than two years after was removed to Boston, where it was finally
merged in the Olive Branch.
The Union was the next on the scene in Waterville, its first issue
appearing in April, 1847, under the management of C. F. Hathaway,
who published Tlic Union about four months, when he induced Eph-
raim Maxham, who had enjoyed journalistic experience in Massa-
chusetts and New Hampshire, to take charge of the sheet, revised and
re-christened as the Eastern. Mail. Mr. Maxham was not only a ready
and concise writer, who always chose to keep his paper a clean, in-
dependent, local journal, but also a practical printer, and under his
experienced hands the Eastern JAnVbegan a vigorous growth. Daniel
R. Wing became a partner with Mr. Maxham, July 26, 1849, and the
firm of Maxham & Wing from that date played an important part in
the history and development of Waterville. The title of the paper
was changed to the more distinctive local name of the Waterville Mail,
September 4, 1863. Daniel R. Wing, the junior editor, died Decem-
ber 2, 1885. Mr. Maxham stood at his post, although stricken down
by illness, until January 1, 1886, when the Mail was purchased by
Charles G. Wing and Daniel F. Wing, who took the firm name of
Wing & Wing.
From the Mail office September 30, 1887, was issued the Eastern
Farmer, formerly the Home Farm (begun at Augusta), and Burleigh,
Wing & Co. appeared as the name of the new firm. This paper was
a financial incubus to the concern. The publication of the Eastern
Farmer was continued up to April, 1888, when the paper was discon-
tinued, and the remains of its subscription list transferred to the
Lcwiston Journal. Hall C. Burleigh at the same time retired from the
firm, which again appeared as Wing & Wing, publishers of the Mail
alone. They introduced many modern improvements in the Mail
office and in the paper, making it one of the best local papers in the
state from a typographical point of view. They also enlarged it and
made it an interesting weekly visitor to all its readers. The junior
partner, Daniel F. Wing, died March 21, 1891, and Charles G. Wing
continued the publication of the paper until April 17, 1891, when it
was purchased by H. C. Prince, of Buckfield, and E. T. Wyman, of
Sidney, Me., the present proprietors. Mr. Wyman graduated from
Colby University in the class of 1890, and was an editor on the Waterville
Sentinel until he went to the Mail. Mr. Prince was also formerly a
student at Colby, but left college to go West, where he was in business
for several years.
The Waterville Sentinel was first published by E. O. Robinson in
1880. It was afterward purchased by J. D. Maxfield, who in turn sold
to Otis M. and L. A. Moore, of Augusta, in 1884. In the following-
year O. M. Moore bought his brother's interest, and .sold one-half of
THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 25T
the paper to A. W. Hall, of Rockland. Mr. Hall's father, Hon. O. G.
Hall, now judge of the superior court for Kennebec county, purchased
Moore's half in the summer of 1886, since which time the paper has
been published by O. G. Hall & Son. The firm has lately beenjknown
as the Sentinel Publishing Company.
The Kennebec Democrat was established in Waterville by Benjamin
Bunker,* who issued its first number February 2, 1887. It is a nine-
column folio. While professedly a democratic sheet, it exercises the
privilege of a free lance. The characteristic of the sheet is the origi-
nal cuts by the editor, and the peculiar pungency of its political para-
graphs. The paper is known as " Ben. Bunker's Democrat."
The first newspaper in Oakland— then known by the name of West
Waterville— was started in 187.5, bearing the name of the West
Waterville Union. The office was well equipped for a general printing
business, a newspaper seemed to be needed, and with the right person
at the head of affairs at the time, a permanent and substantial living
would have been assured. But there was a flippancy and a filthiness
about the sheet at first that led everybody to mistrust the future, and
the thing died unlamented. This paper was published by Daniel
Rowe and Casper Hooper.
In the meantime Mr. I. J. Thayer, a life-long resident of Oakland,
was running a small job office, and in 1882 the community was glad-
dened by the announcement of Mr. Thayer that he proposed to issue
a monthly paper, the Oakland Observer, the name of the town having
meanwhile been changed. The .sheet was an unassuming one, the
size being fifteen by twenty inches. For a time the Observer was ob-
served each month, then it would lapse; and when, for instance, the
August number reached the firesides of Oakland on Thanksgiving
day, its early death would be looked for with an absolute certainty.
In March, 1887, the proprietor entered into an arrangement with the
proprietor of the Madison Bulletin to print and publish the Observer.
which was enlarged to 26 by 40, "patent" outside, and this arrange-
ment was continued until June, 1888. During that time there was
nothing in the paper but " locals." The paper came regularly to hand,
and had a small subscription list. The Bulletin man engaged Mr. J.
Wesley Gilman as manager and editor, in June, 1888. Mr. Oilman
wielded a graceful and facile pen; and as he had resided in the town
for thirty years and been identified with its business interests, he
knew, presumably, the wants of the community. In the fall of 1888 the
Observer was printed in the county of Kennebec; advertisements were
secured and the subscription list increased, and in a larger sense than
ever before Oakland had a new.spaper which reflected the stability, the
*In 1880 he established the Pine Tree State at Fairfield, and published it for
two years, and then bought the Fairfield Journal and conducted it as an inde-
pendent paper until 1886.— [Ed.
■252 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
prominence, the enterprise of the town. Under this arrangement the
Observer continued until 1890, when pressure of other affairs, together
with previous engagements, obliged Mr. Oilman to sever his connec-
tion with the paper.
About this time Mr. George T. Benson made an arrangement with
Mr. E. P. Mayo, of the Fairfield Journal, to print and publish the Oak-
land Enterprise. Outside of the local happenings, the "comings and
goings," it in no sense represents the people of Oakland, but is, per-
haps, better than no paper.
The first newspaper published in Winthrop was the Winthrop
Gazette, published by William H. Moody, and started in the spring of
1866. Mr. Moody was at that time principal of Towle Academy, and
was afterward mail agent on the Maine Central railroad. He was a
graduate of Colby University. After a brief period the paper was re-
moved to Mechanic Falls, and its name changed to the Mechanic Falls
Herald. After a sickly existence of a few years in its adopted home,
the paper died.
The next venture in journalism was the Winthrop Bulletin, pub-
lished by W. B. Berry & Son, and first edited by Rev. D. H. Sherman,
then principal of Towle Academy. The first issue was dated Septem-
ber 19, 1867. The .size of the sheet was 21 by 30 inches. Mr. Sher-
man's connection with the paper was extremely brief. Shortly after,
the elder Berry sold out to his son, and went to Camden, starting the
Herald at that place. He died in Massachusetts about two years ago.
His son, A. N. Berry, conducted the paper until February, 1869, when
he discontinued it. The Bulletin was a good local paper, and never
ought to have been allowed to die. Its latest publisher, Mr. A. N.
Berry, is now doing a good business in Boston as a label printer,
under the firm name of J. N. Allen & Berry.
The first copy of the Winthrop Budget, a paper which is now pub-
lished, was issued in January, 1881, and was dated the 8th of the
month. . It was started by E. O. Kelly, of Winthrop, who recently
deceased in that town. It carried a "patent outside," and was com-
posed of twenty columns. The present publisher, John A. Stanley,
purchased the paper August 22, 1882, issuing the first number August
26th. It was continued as a " patent " until February, 1885, when Mr.
Stanley decided to print the entire paper in Winthrop, and has done
so ever since. The first issue in August, 1889, was enlarged to its
present size, 21 by 30 inches, six columns to a page. The paper is
non-partisan, is devoted principally to local happenings, and has a
good circulation.
At East Winthrop, in the same town. The Winthrop Alonthly News,
with " local news in full, stories, poetry, wit, humor, &c.," was started
in October, 1875. Although a little sheet, all its matter was original;
the stories, editorials, news items, and even advertisements, were
THE NEWSPAPER PRESS. 253'
written by the editor, who was a printer as well as editor almost from
infancy. Mr. Packard also published another little amateur paper
called the Enterprise, and in October, 1880, he started the Wintlirop
Banner as a monthlj', printing it on an old " Novelty " press. The
Banner has had a varying existence, but has steadily gained until it is
now a weekly sheet 18 by 24 inches, and the publishers are contem-
plating another enlargement in the near future. The present circula-
tion is 800. In December, 1889, Mr. Packard formed a partnership in
the business with J. E. Snow, of Winthrop. Besides the Banner, the
firm print for Mrs. Hannah J. Bailey the Pacific Banner and the Acorn,
two monthly papers, having a circulation of from twelve hundred to
fifteen hundred each. A well equipped job printing office is con-
nected with the establishment.
The West Gardiner Observer was issued semi-monthly in 1889, by E.
E. Peacock, a young man in that town. After a suspension of two
years he began " Vol. II " as a weekly, his printing being done at the
Wintlirop Banner office.
TIic Orb was the name of a paper published at China, by Japheth
C. Washburn. Vol. I, No. 1, was issued December 5, 1833 — a clean,
newsy and well scissored quarto. The second volume was begun De-
cember 6, 1834, and was completed. Although the subscription price
was two dollars a year, its publication was discontinued at the close
of the second year, and no further attempt was made at journalism in
that town. The advertising and job work of that day were very light
in that purely agricultural town.
The only paper ever attempted at Vassalboro is the Kennebec ]~allcy
News, started at Getchell's Corner in August, 1891, by the Kennebec
Valley News Company, Samuel A. Burleigh, editor. It is published
weekly, at one dollar per year.
The Clinton Advertiser, the smallest paper in the county, was started
in Clinton, June, 1886, by B. T. Foster & Co., editors and publishers.
It is published weekly; terms, fifty cents per year. No other paper
was ever started in Clinton.
CHAPTER XI.
LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE.
THE list of persons, natives or at some time residents of Kennebec
county, who have in one way or another contributed to the
literature of the nineteenth century is remarkably long and
varied. It comprises poets, humorists, novelists, essayists, historians,
philosophers, moralists and scientists of both sexes and all ages, whose
work ranges from the level of ordinary merit to heights of superior
attainment. The personality of several writers of note still resident
in the county might well be treated at length; and such singularly in-
teresting work as that of the Hon. James W. North should receive
more than passing attention; but to treat in extenso the personalities
and published productions of the entire company of authors named in
this chapter would require a volume in itself, and would be obviously
beyond the present purpose. It has, therefore, been deemed advisa-
ble to do little more than enumerate in their alphabetical succession
the names of the writers, and briefly indicate, wherever possible, the
general character of their efforts.
Though numbers of professional men of literary tastes have con-
tributed excellent special matter to the pages of various periodicals,
and though there are many general works devoted to the state, or New
England, in which Kennebec county is incidentally treated — both
open practically endless avenues of statistical research upon which it
is impracticable here to enter; consequently, only those who have con-
tributed to what may be classed as the general literature of the day
are mentioned m the succeeding pages.
Editors whose line of literary effort has been confined solely to the
columns of the press have received notice in the preceding chapter:
but in this connection it should be remarked that the majority of the
authors here catalogued essayed their first flights up the thorny slopes
of Parnassus through the friendly aid of the editors of the local press,
to whom is due, in large measure, the credit of producing, either di-
rectly or indirectly, nearly all of the county's prominent poets and
story writers, as well as those of humbler attainments.
The well known Rollo and Lucy books, the Illustrated History series.
LITERATURE AND UTERARY PEOPLE. 255
and History of Maine, were from the facile pen of Rev. Jacob Abbott,
a native of Hallowell, who was graduated from Bowdoin in 1820.
A popular Yassalboro writer is Howard G. Abbott, who is a cor-
respondent for several newspapers.
An early poet favorably known was Josiah Andrews, born in
Augusta in 1799. One of his poems. To Augusta, appears in Tlie Pcets
of Maine, published at Portland in 1888.
Mrs. Frederick (Wimple) Allen, wife of the distinguished attorney,
possessed superior intellectual abilities, richly developed by education
and culture. She enjoyed scientific research, geology being her
special delight. She was one of the first to find marine fossil shells of
extinct species in this region. Her collection was recognized as of
great value by Agassiz, Silliman and other scientists with whom she
was in frequent correspondence. Her longest literary production was
a poem entitled, A Poetical Geognosy.
Samuel Lane Boardman'-, the editor of the Daily Kennebec Journal,
was born at Skowkegan, Me., March 30, 1836. He early developed a
taste and ability for literary work, and in 1861 became editor of the
Maine Farmer. For more than seventeen years he filled this import-
ant position, becoming undoubtedly the foremost writer in Maine
upon agriculture and kindred topics. Within that period he published
— in 1867 — History and Natural History of Kennebec County, Maine, 8vo.,
200 pp.; and while secretary of the Maine State Board of Agriculture
(1872-1877), he published six volumes on Agriculture of Maine; and in
1885-6 issued two volumes on Pomology of Maine. He has published
a genealogy of the Boardman family (1876), besides numerous pam-
phlets and lectures on historical, literary, agricultural and scientific
subjects. He was editor of the American Cultivator, Boston, 1878, and
from 1880 to 1888, editor and proprietor of The Home Farm. Mr.
Boardman is also vice-president of the Kennebec Natural History and
Antiquarian Society; resident member of the Maine Historical Society,
and of the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, Boston; and
corresponding member of the Vermont and Wisconsin Historical So-
cieties, and of the American Entomological Society, Philadelphia.
Ira Berry, born in 1801, started The Age at Augusta in 1831, and
published the Gospel Banner in 1839. His poems. The Androscoggin, and
Spring, are among the best specimens of his verse. His son, Stephen,
born in Augusta in 1833, is also the author of several pleasing poems.
Two brothers are seldom made bishops, but the exception is found
in the case of the Rt. Rev. George, and Rt. Rev. Alexander, sons of
*This family name first appears in New England in 1634, when William
Boardman was a citizen of Cambridge. Mass. One of his descendants, also
named William, was born at Stratham, N. H., in 1754, and in 1816 his son, Sam-
uel L., born 1781, removed to Maine, when his son, Charles F. Boardman. the
■editor's father, was ten years of age.
256 . HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Hon. Thoma.s Burgess, of Rhode Island. Rev. George was conse-
crated bishop of Maine m 1847, becoming also rector of Christ church,
at Gardiner. A volume of his poems was published after his death,
in 1866. Rev. Alexander, first bishop of Ouincy, Mass., was rector of
St. Mark's, Augusta, 1843-1864. He is the author of many printed
sermons, carols and hymns.
Many poems and short stories for newspapers and magazines were
written by Josiah D. Bangs, at one time a resident of Augusta, and
later, in 1843, a New York journalist. His wife, Pauline, a native of
Augusta, furnished a few poems for the Ktr>i>i6'6ec /oierna/ a.s early as
1831. Later she wrote regularly for the Philadelphia Saturday Courier,
under the pseudonyms of " Ella" and " Pauline."
The Address delivered by Rev. Doctor Bosworth at the dedication
of Memorial Hall, Colby University, was published at Waterville in
1869.
Benjamin Bunker, of Waterville, the democratic editor, was born
in North Anson, Me., in 1837, and has been a resident of this county
since 1887. He founded The Pine Tree State at Fairfield, in 1880, and
in 1888 published, under the title Bunker s Text-Book of Politieal Deviltry,
a humorous criticism upon Maine politics and politicians. The "Jack-
knife" illustrations by the author is its mechanical characteristic.
Samuel P. Benson's Historic Address, delivered at the Winthrop
Centennial celebration in 1871, was afterward published in pamphlet
form.
John M. Benjamin, of Winthrop, a careful, methodical collector of
local history, has long been engaged in preserving the earliest data
relating to that town. His unpublished manuscript is doubtless the
best literature in existence on the pioneer period of Winthrop before
1800.
Clarence B. Burleigh, of Augusta, son of Governor Edwin C. Bur-
leigh, is the author of a pleasing story, The Smugglers of Chestnut, illus-
trated, published by E. E. Knowles & Co., 1891.
Maine's most distinguished adopted son, Hon. James G. Blaine, of
Augusta, is the author of the brilliant and instructive book. Twenty
Years of Congress, published in 1884. His life and work are mentioned
at length in the chapter on Augusta.
Judge H. K. Baker, of Hallowell, author of Maine Justice, has also
written a valuable and interesting volume on Hymnology, issued dur-
ing the summer of 1892 from the press of Charles E. Nash, Augusta.
A number of interesting articles in Harper's Magazine have been
contributed by Horatio Bridge, of Augusta, who was a classmate and
life-long intimate friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne. His recent Harper
articles are in relation to Mr. Hawthorne.
A ready writer, and frequent correspondent of Maine papers, is H.
J. Brookings, of Gardiner, now a resident of Washington, D. C.
LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 257
Hannah J. Bailey, of Winthrop — a well known Christian reformer
and philanthropist, is a daughter of David Johnston, a Friend minister,
of Cornwall, N. Y. After the death of her husband, Moses Bailey,
she wrote and published an appreciative biography of him in a volume
aptly entitled Reminiscences of a Christian Life. She is now chiefly en-
gaged in literary work incident to her official position in the W. C. T. U.,
as world's superintendent of its department of Peace and Arbitration,
editing two monthly publications and devoting great intellectual and
material resources to the uplifting of mankind.
Colonel Henry Boynton, of Augusta, is a compiler of historical
works. He issued The World's Greatest Conflict in 1891.
Eight interesting volumes from the pen of Rev. Henry T. Cheever,
of Hallowell, bear title as follows: The Whale and his Captors; Island
World of the Pacific; Life in the Sandivich Islands; Life of Captain
Conger; Memoir of Nathaniel Cheever, IStiO; Memoir of Rev. Walter Col-
ton; Voices of Nature; and Pulpit and Pew, 1852.
A pleasing writer of poems and short stories for the magazines is
Gertrude M. Cannon, of Augusta.
Eunice H. W. Cobb, of Hallowell, wrote hymns and occasional
poems, and obituary lines that comforted many in affliction. She was
the wife of Rev. Sylvanus Cobb, D.D., and the mother of Sylvanus
Cobb, jun., of Boston, the gifted story writer.
Emma M. Cass, of Hallowell, has gained recognition as a writer
both of prose and verse. Her little poem. My Neighbors, is especially
pleasing.
Harry H. Cochrane, of Monmouth, grandson of Dr. James Coch-
rane, jun., has. among other things, given close attention to historical
and antiquarian subjects. The chapter on Monmouth in this volume
is an abridgment of his very elaborate manuscript History of Mon-
mouth and Wales, which is soon to be published.
Alexander C. Currier was an early literary light of Hallowell. He
achieved the distinction of having one of his anonymous fugitive
newspaper poems quoted by William Cullen Bryant in his Library of
Poetry and Song.
J. T. Champlin, D.D., a former president of Colby, was the author
of a number of valuable text-books and pamphlets, a|Rong them being:
A Discourse on the Death of President Harrison, published in 1841; De-
mosthenes on the Crown, 1843: Knhners Elementary Latin Grammar,
1845; Text-book of Intellectual Philosophy, 1860; and Lessons on Political
Economy, 1868.
Golden Gems, a pretty booklet of poems, handsomely illustrated, is
from the pen of Mrs. Maria Southwick Colburn, a daughter of Jacob
Southwick, of Vassalboro. Mrs. Colburn now lives in Oakland, Cal.
An expressive poem. Dominie M' Lauren, is from the pen of Rev.
17
258 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Edgar F. Davis, pastor of the Congregational church at Gardiner from
1881 to 1889.
• Rev. William A. Drew, of Augusta, was the author of a volume of
Foreign Travels (1851), published by Homan & Manley, and numerous
sermons and addresses.
John T. P. Du Mont, who died prior to 1856, was locally famous as
a literary man and wit. He was an orator of considerable ability, and
a valued contributor to the local press.
A pleasing volume of Poems bears upon its title page, as author,
the name of Mrs. Mattie B. Dunn, of Waterville.
Charles F. Dunn, a graduate of Harvard College, possessed an
excellent gift of poetry, as shown in his published writings; but he
was buried on a farm in Litchfield during most of his life, and his
talents never received their full development.
A brilliant writer of sea letters was Captain John H. Drew, of
Farmingdale. He was well and delightfully known to readers of the
Boston Journal ?iS, " Kennebecker." He died in 1891.
Olive E. Dana, of Augusta, has written several poems of merit for
various periodicals. One, The Magi, is illustrative of her best ability.
Other poems from her pen are embraced in TIic Poets of America, is-
sued in 1891 by the American Publishing Association, of Chicago.
Henry Weld Fuller, jun., was born in Augusta in 1810. He was a
graduate of Bowdoin, and later became the law partner of his father,
Hon. Henry Weld Fuller. The Victim, a fine poem from his pen, ap-
pears in The Poets of Maine.
Benjamin A. G. Fuller, born in Augusta in 1818, was an occasional
contributor to genealogical and other magazines. He was also the
author of several poems.
Melville W. Fuller, of Augusta, chief justice of the U. S. supreme
court, is a man of cultivated literary tastes, as shown m numerous
published poems.
The verses of Oscar F. Frost, of Monmouth, have appeared in manj'
of the leading metropolitan periodicals. His short poem, Brush Awaj
the Tears. Alollic, which appeared in the Boston Post soon after Presi-
dent Garfield was assassinated, was set to music by a leading publish-
ing house.
R. H. Gardiner was the author of a History of Gardiner. The vol-
ume may be found in the Maine Historical Society's collection.
Rev. Eliphalet Gillett, D.D., of Hallowell, was the author of many
published sermons, ranging in date from 1795 to 1823; and also author
of Reports of the Maine Missionary Society, 1807 to 1849 (except 1836),
and A List of the Ministers of Maine, 1840.
William B. Glazier, who was born in Hallowell, is now a forgotten
poet, but one who, in his day, contributed many pleasing verses to
LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 259
periodical literature. A volume of his poems was published by Mas-
ters & Co., previous to 1872.
Several volumes of poems have been written by F. Glazier, of Hal-
lowell.
Mrs. Eleanor (Allen) Gay, daughter of Mrs. Frederick Allen, and
wife of Doctor Gay, of Gardiner, was a woman of rich mental gifts,
and a writer of much literary merit. She published a volume entitled
Tlie Siege of Agrigentum.
An Obituary Record of Graduates of Colby University, from 1822 to
1870, was compiled by Charles E. Hamlin, and published (66 pp., 8vo.)
at Waterville in 1870. Mr. Hamlin is also the author of an interesting
Catalogue of Birds found in the vicinity of Waterville.
J. H. Hanson, LL.D., principal of Coburn Classical Institute, has
contributed much to the educational literature of the day, having an-
notated and published TJie Preparatory Latin Prose Book; Cicero's Select
Orations; CcBsar's Commeiitarics; and (in association with Prof. W. J.
Rolfe, of Cambridge, Mass.,) the Hand-Book of Latin Poetry and Selec-
tions from Ovid and Virgil.
The literary labors of the late Dr. Ezekiel Holmes, of Winthrop,
author of The Northern Shepherd, are referred to at some length at
page 192.
Mrs. Anne A. Hall, of Augusta, wrote many sweet poems of home
life, among them The Little Child's Belief and The Nursery. She died
in Spain in 1865.
Mrs. Caroline N. Hobart, of Augusta, was the author of Lines on
Visiting the Old Ladies Home, Childhood's Faith and other short poems.
Amos L. Hinds, town clerk of Benton, is the author of a beautiful
legendary poem, of considerable length, entitled Uncle Stephen.
On the Assabet, a local poem, by Dora B. Hunter, of Waterville, ap-
peared in the Portland Transcript some years ago and received de-
served recognition. Miss Hunter is also a contribator to the Congrc-
gationalist. Christian Union and other papers.
Ode to the Snow, Good-bye, and the The Men of Auld Lang Syne, (the
latter sung at the Augusta Centennial celebration, July 4, 1854), are
from the pen of Joseph A. Homan, the retired editor and publisher,
of Augusta.
Mrs. Anna Sargent Hunt, of Augusta, editor of the Home Mission
Echo, has been a very prolific writer, both of prose and verse. Alpine
Calls is one of her best poems.
In 1852 Rev. J. W. Hanson, then pastor of the Universalist church
in Gardiner, published, in 343 pages, a local history of the old town of
Pittston, in which is preserved much valuable information. The
work, now out of print, is, in fact, the best authority extant on the
early families of Gardiner, West Gardiner, Pittston, Farmingdale and
260 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
Randolph. Mr. Hanson wa.s also author of the Histjry of Norridge-
wock and Canaan, Me., and the History of Danvcrs, Mass.
A profound student of ancient and modern languages, and a noted
Shakespearian scholar, is Prof. Henry Johnson, a native of Gardiner
and member of the faculty of Bowdoin College. He is at work on a
variorum edition of Shakespeare, (portions of which have been already
published), which is intended to give an exact account of all the varia-
tions of early copies of the great poet, even to the least in spelling or
punctuation.
Clara R. Jones, of Winslow, is the author of Spinning and other
poems.
The poetic contributions of Cathie L. Jewett, of Augusta, have ap-
peared in many periodicals, and she has also achieved success in the
line of story writing.
The Life of Eli and Sybil Jones was written in 1888, by Rufus M.
Jones, now principal of Oak Grove Seminary. It is a graphic and
moving narration of the struggles of these early missionaries, the first
ever sent abroad by the Friends. Mr. Jones is also the author of the
chapter in the present work, on The Society of Friends.
Rev. Sylvester Judd, once pastor of the Unitarian society of
Augusta, was an author of national reputation. A graduate of Yale,
and the divinity school at Cambridge, he was an accomplished scholar,
. a deep thinker, and the master of an elegant and forceful literary
style. He was the author of Margaret, A Tale of the Real and Ideal;
Philo, an Evangeliad; Riehard Edney, and several volumes of sermons
and lectures. His Life and Character, by Miss Arethusa Hall, was pub-
lished in 1854, the year of his death.
Dr. William B. Lapham*, of Augusta, is a well known author of
local histories and genealogies. He has written the following town
histories: Woodstock, published in 1882; Paris, 1884; Norzvay, 1886;
Runiford, 1890; Bethel, 1892— all of Oxford county, Me. He is also the
author of the synoptical history of Kennebec county, and its cities
and towns, which prefaces the Atlas of Kennebec County, published in
1879, by Caldwell & Halfpenny; and he has compiled the well known
Bradbury Genealogy, and eight smaller genealogies of from 20 to 72
pages each. Doctor Lapham is chairman of the committee on publi-
cation, of the Maine Historical Society. Though his natural taste is
for genealogical and historical matters, he has by no means confined
his pen to this line of work. He began writing for the local papers in
Oxford county, and wrote also for the Portland Transcript. He was
editor of the Maine Fanner from 1871 to 1885; he issued the Maine
Genealogist and Biographer — a quarterly — from 1875 to 1878; and he
edited the Farm and Hearth two years.
His style is clear and concise, without any effort at display, but
*By H. K.' Morrell, Esq., of Gardiner.
(jU^Mf^l^cJ|;ila^
LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 261
never dull or uninteresting. He ha.s occasionally "dropped into poetry,"
like Mr. Wegg, and has very rarely taken a turn at political sarcasm.
His pen, though usually as smooth as the stylus of Virgil, can be pro-
voked to criticism, and is then pointed enough to satisfy any opponent.
He has a sharp sense of fitness, and feels keenly what he thinks is
unfairness. His works are such as will always live, so long as the
sons of Maine take a pride in its history. He once remarked that he
did not take much interest in a man till he had been dead a century
or two. This was, of course, a joke, but it indicates the true anti-
quarian, of which he is a good specimen. Charles IX said, as he
kicked over the massacred body of Coligny, " There is nothing so sweet
as the smell of a dead enemy." Doctor Lapham would not go so far
as that, but there is an odor of sanctity to old books and old heroes
and pioneers very refreshing to his nostrils. May he live to write the
obituary and history of all of us— for he will " nothing extenuate, nor
set down aught in malice."
Elijah P. Lovejoy, son of the late Rev. Daniel Lovejoy, of Albion,
graduated from Waterville College in 1826. He was shot by a mob in
Alton, 111., in 1837, for writing against slavery in the newspaper he
had established in that place. His poems. The Little Star, and To My
MotJier, appear in Tlie Poets of Maine.
Henry C. Leonard, editor of the Gospel Banner during Mr. Homan's
proprietorship, was a man of fine poetic instincts, instanced in The Old
Chief and Christinas Eve.
Prof. J. R. Loomis, of Colby, is the author of a volume on the Ele-
ments of Physiology.
Mrs. M. V. F. Livingston, of Augusta, is a constant writer for cur-
rent periodicals, and is also the author of several remarkable books —
one of them, Fra Lippo Lippi, having attained a wide circulation.
Harriet S. Morgridge, of Hallowell, is widely known by her series of
Mother Goose Sonnets, published in St. Nicholas in 1889. Miss xMor-
gridge is also the author of many fugitive pieces, in prose and verse,
that have appeared from time to time in various periodicals.
John W. May, formerly of Winthrop, is the author of a stirring
poem first read at the Winthrop Centennial celebration in 1871, and
afterward published. He also published in 1884, a unique volume of
legal and local reminiscences, entitled Inside the Bar.
A very talented writer of verses, Hannah A. Moore, of Benton, was
introduced to the literary world by N. P. Willis, and her poems found
favor with Longfellow, Bryant and other celebrated authors. Almost
Miss Moore's first publisher was Ephraim Maxham, of the Waterville
Mail.
HiRAM K. MORRELL, of Gardiner, whose antecedents are noticed
at page 658, is perhaps as distinctively a literary- man in tastes, habits
and accomplishments as any non-professional resident of the county.
262 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
His relations to the local press are noticed in the preceding chapter,
and while editor of his own paper he did much of the literar}^ work
by which he is now well known in Maine.
His school days were passed in Gardiner, where he had not only such
chances of learning as every poor man's son may secure, but also re-
ceived some help in a private school kept by Frederick A. Sawyer,
who took a great interest in the boy. He also studied Latin with
Judge Snell, then teaching in the public schools. He learned the
brickmaker's trade with his father, and, about 1857, was in partner-
ship with him for a year. Possessing a natural taste for literature, it
was not surprising that he soon drifted into newspaper work, where
he has made a reputation for himself of which any journalist might
be protid.
During his long editorial career Mr. Morrell was regarded as
among the ablest newspaper writers in the state; and his innate hu-
mor and waggishness (a prominent trait of the Morrells of this gen-
eration) served him in good stead as a paragrapher, there being but
few who could equal him in this difficult form of composition. In the
discussion of topics of the time he wielded a ready and intelligent
pen. He could be very sarcastic when he chose and sympathetic
when he thought the occasion required it.
Though retired from the active duties of the newspaper office,
whenever he now takes up the pen he handles it with all his old-time
facility and vigor. His education is varied, and he is able to write
instructively upon a great variety of topics. He has ever been a
close student of nature in all her varied forms. He is something of a
botanist, an intelligent mineralogist, and in several other departments
of natural history he is well versed. He has been a champion of tem-
perance from his boyhood, and no man in Maine has written more or
better upon this subject. He joined the Sons of Temperance October
8, 1845, and is now the senior member of the order. He was for nine-
teen j'ears grand scribe of Maine — the longest recorded service in
that office. In 1862 he joined the National Division.
For many years he was librarian, treasurer and collector of the
old Mechanics' Association of Gardiner, which later became the Gar-
diner Public Library, of which he has been a director from the start;
and his labors in behalf of the institution have been very valuable to
the city. His latest literary work will be found in the initial chapter
of this volume. Honest, open-handed and open-hearted, a hater of all
forms of hypocrisy, of an intensely sympathetic nature, and an unos-
tentatious friend of the needy, Mr. Morrell commands the love, ad-
miration and respect of all who knoiv him.
Henry A. Morrell, now of Pittsfield, Me., but a native of Gardiner
(see page 658), is a versatile and interesting newspaper correspondent.
He is well known under the pseudonym of "Juniper," the signature
J^ /(". y^l^n^r^^^
LITERAIURE AND [.ITERAKV PEOPLE. 263
he gave to a very readable series of articles in the Gardiner Home Jour-
nal, which he wrote while making an extended tour through the woods
of Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. His brother, William
Morrell, of Gardiner, has more than a local reputation as one of the
most witty writers in Maine.
Dora May Morrell, of Gardiner, mentioned at page 658, after a very
successful career as a teacher, devoted herself entirely to her pen.
She is considered a very able and entertaining writer of short sketches,
and for the past year has been literary editor of the Massac/nisetts
Ploughman, of Boston.
By far the most elaborate, careful and valuable volume of local
history that has been written by any author of Kennebec county, is
Hon. James W. North's History of Augusta, issued from the press of
Sprague, Owen & Nash. This remarkable work is a monument to its
author that will outlast any of stone or bronze that might be erected
to his memory. It is a most accurate, painstaking and minute record
of the persons and events, the customs and manners, the sayings and
doings of the long procession of years from the earliest settlement on
the Kennebec down to the year 1870, when the volume was published.
The infinite care, labor and anxiety attendant upon the undertaking
can be approximately appreciated only by the student who thought-
fully peruses its 990 teeming pages. It is filled with curious, as well
as historical information, confined not only to the locality of Augusta
itself, but extending far to the north, south and west of that historic
spot. Interesting as literature, and valuable as history, it is destined
to perpetuate its author's name through generations to come.
Captain Charles E. Nash, of Augusta, publisher of the Maine
Farmers' Almanac, is a careful, concise writer. His style may fairly be
judged from his Indians of the Kennebec, which appears as Chapter II.
of this volume. Except while editing newspapers (see page 239), he
has not made writing his business, but cultivates as a pastime his love
for historical research.
Emma Huntington Nason, of Augusta, a daughter of Samuel W.
Huntington, of Hallowell, is a well known contributor to some of the
best periodicals. At an early age she gave evidence of literary talent,
and soon after leaving school she published anonymously several
short poems and stories in the Portland Transcript. The first article
appearing under her own name was written in 1874 and was published
in the Atlantic Monthly. This poem, The Tower, attracted general at-
tention. It was followed by other poems of acknowledged merit and
numerous ballads and stories for children, which have since made
their author familiarly known to the readers of our higher class of
juvenile literature. In 1888 D. Lothrop Company issued her first pub-
lished volume— If 7«V(' Sails, a collection of poems and ballads for
young people. This book, which her publishers issued as a Christmas
264 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
publication, was elegantly illustrated by some of the ablest artists.
It was well received, and is now one of their leading publications.
It contains several ballads which have been widely reprinted. Among
them The Bravest Boy in Town, The Mission Tcaparty, and Off for Boy-
land have found their way into various collections for declamation
and recitation. At the dedication of the Hallowell Library in her
native city, March 9, 1880, she read an original poem, which was pub-
lished in a souvenir volume by Hoyt, Fogg & Donham, of Portland.
The work of her pen, already before the public, gives brilliant promise
for her literary future.
Howard Owen, the well-known editor, author and lecturer, was
born in Brunswick, Me., in 1835. He was educated in the public
schools and learned the printer's trade in the offices of the Lczciston
Jouriial and Brnnsivick Telegraph. At Brunswick he printed and
edited the first youth's temperance paper ever published in Maine.
He has written a number of poems, one, Wanted to be an Editor, ap-
pearing, in 1888, in The Poets of Maine; and he was the originator and
author of Biographical Sketches of Members of the Senate and House of
Representatives of Maine. He has been in the lecture field for many
years, giving numerous lectures, most of them in a humorous vein.
He has also delivered quite a number of Memorial Day orations. In
1879 Colby University conferred on Mr. Owen the degree of A.M.
The preceding chapter in this volume is by Mr. Owen.
Rev. A. L. Park, many years pastor of the Congregational church
of Gardiner, but now of Lafonia, Cal., has had much correspondence
in Maine papers.
A bright and favorite writer of juvenile stories and humorous
sketches is Manley H. Pike, of Augusta, son of Hon. Daniel T. Pike.
The period of his literary production covers now but about seven
years. He has contributed to Golden Days, but now writes solely for
the Youth's Companion, so far as juvenile tales are concerned. In
humorous writing he has been a constant contributor to Puck, and his
sketches which have appeared in that periodical are now to be issued
in book form by the publishers of Puck. Mr. Pike has also at times
contributed humorous matter to Life, Harper's Bazar, Harper's Monthly
and the Century.
By vote of the Maine Historical Society in November, 1802, John
A. Poor was appointed to deliver a eulogy upon the character and a
memoir of the life and public services of Hon. Reuel Williams, of
Augusta, then ju.st deceased. This memoir, ably and elegantly writ-
ten, was read at a special meeting of the Historical Society in Au-
gusta in February, 1863, and in the following year was published by
H. O. Houghton & Co. for private circulation.
A series of twenty-nine interesting historical sketches, by W. Har-
rison Parlin, that first made their appearance in The Banner, published
LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 265
in East Winthrop, were afterward, at the urgent request of many
friends, incorporated into book form, and issued, in 1891, under the
title, Rcmuiisccnces of East Winthrop.
Heaven Our Home: the Cliristian Doctrine of the Resurrection, by Rev.
George W. Quinby, was issued in 1876 from the Gospel Banner office,
Augusta. Mr. Quinby also edited a volume of Sermons and Prayers by
Fifteen Universalist Clergymen, 350 pp., 12mo., published by S. H.
Colesworthy.
Artiong the published works of Prof. Charles F. Richardson, a na-
tive of Hallowell, are: A Primer of American Literature and The Col-
lege Book, 1878, and a volume of religious poems. The Cross, 1879.
Dr. Joseph Ricker, of Augusta, a graduate of Colby, and in point
of service the oldest member of the university's board of trustees, was
born in 1814. An extract from a Commencement Ode from his pen ap-
pears in The Poets of Maine.
Daniel Robinson, a resident of West Gardiner from 1812 to 1864,
was a school teacher and a man of unusual intellectual gifts. Astron-
omy v/as his favorite study, and at an early age he was considered an
adept in the science. He was the editor of several standard school
books, but his widest reputation rests upon his connection with the
Maine Partners' Almanac (founded by Rev. Moses Springer, of Gardi-
ner, in 1818), of which Mr. Robinson was editor from 1821 to 1864.
He died in 1866, in his ninetieth year.
The Star of Bethlehem and Dreaming are two poems by Edward L.
Rideout, who was born in Benton in 1841 and now resides in Read-
field. Mr. Rideout is a contributor to several periodicals.
Mrs. Salvina R. Reed, the daughter of Josiah Richardson, of Mon-
mouth, was for many years one of Maine's popular verse writers.
She married Daniel Reed, the son of one of the early settlers of Lewis-
ton. She now resides in Auburn.
Laura E. Richards, whose work as a writer covers, as yet, but little
more than a decade, was first known to her readers by her book. Five
lUiee in a Mouse-Trap, published by Estes & Lauriat in 1880. In My
Nursery, the Toto Books and others which followed have now a fixed
place with popular publications for children. Among her books not
designed for juvenile readers, but often portraying the ever fasci-
nating child character, are: Crr//«/«/rt;«<rt;-j', perhaps the best known
of this class; Queen Hildegarde and Hildegardes Holiday, the latter pub-
lished in 1891. Mrs. Richards has resided in Gardiner since her mar-
riage with Henry Richards, of that city. Her father was Dr. Samuel
G. Howe, the philanthropist; her mother, Julia Ward Howe, the author
and poet.
Some very pleasing poetical sketches have been written by Dr. A.
T. Schunian, of Gardiner. His prose writings are also marked by
grace of diction and fine literary insight.
266 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
A well-known writer of books, and an editor of the Yoiitlis Coiii-
pauiou, is Edward Stanwood. a native of Augusta.
Rev. Albion W. Small (noticed at page 99), late president of Colby
University, is author of the following works: The Bulletin of the French
Revolution, published in 1887; The Grnvth of American Nationality,
1888: The Dynamics of Social Progress, 1889; Introduction to the History
of European Civilization, 1889; vend Introduction to the Science of Sociology,
1890.
Rev. David N. Sheldon, president of Waterville College from 1843
to 1853, was the author of a volume of sermons. Sin and Redemption,
published by a New York house in 1856. At the time of the compila-
tion of these sermons Mr. Sheldon was a Baptist, but some years after
his resignation of the college presidency he associated himself with
the Unitarian church.
Major-A. R. Small, of Oakland, is the author of The Sixteenth Maine
Regiment in the War of the Rebellion, a book of 323 pages. Of this his-
tory General James A. Hall says: " The faithfulness with which you
have produced the record, and the completeness of the tabulations,
give the work a value not often found m such productions. The bio-
graphical allusions, the personal reminiscences, and the delineations
of camp, march, bivouac and battle are so correctly drawn that I pre-
dict for it the highest place among regimental histories." Major
Small is also a veteran and valued newspaper correspondent and the
author of an exhaustive History of lilessahviskee Lodge, of West Water-
ville, Me., from its organization to the year 1870.
Miss Caroline D. Swan, of Gardiner, is known to discriminating
readers as a valued contributor to standard newspapers and maga-
zines. The productions of her pen sometimes take the form of prose,
but oftener of poetry, among the latter being The Fire-Fly's Song and
Sea Fogs, which have been extensively copied.
Our national hymn, America, and the missionary hymn. The Morn-
ing Light is Breaking, were written by Samuel Francis Smith, pastor
of the First Baptist Church at Waterville from 1834 to 1842.
Nathaniel F. Sawyer, at one time a resident of Gardiner, was a
writer of great originality, both of prose and poetry. He died of con-
sumption in 1845.
A young author of Augu.sta, who died in 1882, was Arthur M.
Stacy. From the age of fourteen he was a contributor to various
papers and juvenile magazines. A volume of his verses, T/ic Miser's
Dream and Other Poems, and a story in book form, Edii>ard Earle, a
Romance, have been published.
Captain Henry Sewall, of Augusta, an officer in the revolutionary
army, left a remarkably interesting diary, in manuscript, of the stir-
ring events of 1776-1783. It was published in the Historical Magazine
August, 1871.
LITERATURE AND LITERARY PEOPLE. 267
The History of Winthrop. 1764-185.'5, was written by Rev. David
Thurston, a graduate of Hanover and pastor of the Winthrop Con-
gregational Church from 1807 to 18!54. It was published by Brown
Thurston, of Portland, in 18.o5. Mr. Thurston was also the author of
Letters from a Father to his So// a/t Apprc/iticc and other pamphlets of
moral tone.
Rev. Daniel Tappan, born in 1798, and at one time pastor of the
Congregational church at Winthrop, was the author of several poems
and numerous addresses.
Rev. Benjamin Tappan, D.D., for many years pastor of the South
Parish church, of Augusta, was a ready writer, though plain in style.
He died in 1863, at the age of seventy-five, leaving a number of pub-
lished volumes of sermons on a variety of practical themes.
The chapter on Tlie Town of Fayette in this work is from the pen
of George Underwood, of Fayette. Mr. Underwood is also an occa-
sional contributor to several newspapers.
The literary work of Dr. Benjamin Vaughan, LL.D., of Hallowell,
author of numerous articles on surgery, and a well-known writer on
agriculture, is referred to at length in the chapter on Agriculture and
Live Stock, page 19] .
Me/ital Beauty, -AxidL other poems of a devotional nature, were written
by Richard H. Vose, for many years a resident of Augusta.
Miss Kate Vannah, of Gardiner, has for a series of years thrown
some of the impressions she has received from people and events into
that omnipresent mirror of the times — the modern newspaper. Her
writings seem to be the irrepressible overflow of mental activity.
Her ideas take the mould of prose or poetry, as best adapted to their
expression, with equal facility. She has published one volume of
poems — Verses — and another is ready for the press. With marked
musical talent and careful training she has found an inviting field
in composing and publishing songs.
At the death of the gifted Rev. Sylvester Judd, Robert C.Waterston,
a native of Kennebunk, was called to Augusta to take charge of the
vacant pastorate. He was author of a number of fine hymns and
poems, and memoirs of Charles vSprague, George Sumner, William
Cullen Bryant and George B. Emerson.
Some spirited anti-slavery poems were, in years gone by, written
for the Maine Far//ier by Mrs. Thankful P. N. Williamson, of Augusta.
She was born in 1819.
During Prof. W. F. Watson's senior year at Colby University he
published a volume of miscellaneous and college poems entitled The
Children of the Stc/i.
William E. S. Whitman, the well-known " Toby Candor " of the
Bosto// Jour//al, besides having been the regular correspondent of sev-
i!bS • HISTORY OF KEXNEBEC COUNTY.
eral daily papers, has written Maine in the War and several other
books. He was the only son of Dr. C. S. Whitman, of Gardiner.
Judge Henry S. Webster, of Gardiner, in addition to widely recog-
nized professional and business qualifications, has also a distinct liter-
ary reputation as an earnest student and thinker and as a strong and
accomplished writer. The public know him chiefly in the prose col-
umns of various newspapers, but his friends know that the finest coin-
age of his heart and brain come through the mint of verse.
Samuel Wood, of Winthrop, a valbed contributor to the Maine
Farmer, is mentioned in the chapter on Agriculture and Live Stock,
page 192.
At the age of sixteen Julia May Williamson, of Augusta, published
a volume of her poems for circulation among her friends; and a sec-
ond volume, published in 1878, was well received. A third volume,
recently issued, is entitled Star of Hope and Other Songs. Miss Wil-
liamson is in her twenty-third year; her noui de guerre is "Lura Bell."
In 1813 a book was published by J. C. Washburn, of China, under
the following explanatory title: " The Parish Harmony, or Fairfax
Collection of Musick, containing a Concise Introduction to the grounds
of Musick, and a variety of Psalm Tunes suitable to be used in Divine
vService, together with Anthems, by Japheth Coombs Washburn."
Nathan Weston, a former chief justice of the supreme court of
Maine, and long an honored resident of Augusta, was the author of
an eloquent oration in 1854, at the centennial celebration of the erec-
tion of Fort Western. It was published by William H. Simpson, Au-
gusta.
In 1887 S. H. Whitney, of Vassalboro, published a cursory sketch
of 122 pages, entitled Early History of Kennebec Valley.
Oscar E. Young, of Fayette, is the author of a book of poems and
is also a contributor to the columns of the Chicat^o Sun.
CHAPTER XII.
THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS.
BY RUFUS JI. JONES, Principal of Oak Grove Seminary.
David Sands. — First Meeting.— George Fox. — Vassalboro Meeting. — Oak Grove
Seminary.— China Monthly Meeting.— Fairfield Quarterly Meeting.— Litch-
field Preparative.— Winthrop Preparative.— Manchester Preparative.— Sid-
ney Preparative.
NO man is more intimately and essentially connected, by his life and
labors, with the rise and growth of the Society of Friends in Ken-
nebec county than David Sands, a Friend minister from Cornwall,
Orange county, N. Y. In the year 1775 David Sands, then thirty years
of age and nine years a member of the Society of Friends, came to
New England to attend the yearly meeting at Newport, R. I. Again
in 1777, he felt called to more extended labors throughout the towns
and villages of New England, and he came with a minute from his
own meeting for that service. In his journal we find the following
passage:
" We had many meetings, although passmg through a wilderness
country. I trust they were to the encouragement of many seeking
minds. We were invited to the house of Remington Hobbie; he re-
ceived us kindly, and we had two meetings at his house, one on First
day, where were many of the town's people; this place is called Vas-
salborough, on the Kennebec River; and another in the evening at a
Friend's hou,se. These meetings were much to my comfort, feeling
the overshadowing of our Divine Master. We next proceeded up the
river for two days, through great fatigue and suffering, haying to
travel part of the way on foot, to a Friend's house, who received us
kindly, there being no other Friend's house within forty-five miles.
We had a meeting among a poor people, newly settled, but to our
mutual comfort and satisfaction, witnessing the Divine Presence to
be underneath for our support."
This is the first of his four visits to the towns of Kennebec county,
and this account shows the true state of this region at the time. The
country was only just beginning to be settled. If there were any
Friends, there was not more than one famijy in a settlement. Each
visit of David Sands was attended with striking success, showing that
he possessed peculiar gifts and ability for missionary work among
these Maine pioneers. Hardly a meeting was begun in the county a
270 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
century ago which did not owe almost the possibility of its existence
more or less directly to his influence, and a very large number of the
prominent Friends in these early meetings were convinced by his
preaching or through his personal efforts. It would be safe to say
that the position Friends have held here and the work they have been
able to do, is in great measure owing to the zeal and faithfulness of
this true and devoted Christian apostle. Nearly twenty years from
his first visit he made a final journey through the county, of which
he wrote:
" I proceeded towards the eastward on horseback "•■ * * on our
course toward Kennebec, where we arrived 5th month, 9th. 1795, and
found things greatly altered since my first visit, there being now a
pretty large monthly meeting where there was not a Friend's face to
be seen when I first visited the country; but rather a hard, warlike
people, addicted to many vices, but now a solid good behaved body of
Friends."*
The first meeting for worship established by the Society of Friends
in this county was at Vassalboro, on the east side of the Kennebec
river, in the year 17S0. Members of this society were among the
pioneer settlers of the towns of China and Vassalboro, and as the set-
tlers increased many embraced the peculiar views of the so-called
Quakers. These early Friends were men and women of great strength
of character; their lives were their strongest arguments in favor of
the views which they promulgated and, though few in number, they
at once made their influence felt. They lacked the broad culture of
the schools and colleges, nor had they gained the intellectual skill
which long study gives; but they had keen judgment, prompt decision,
unwavering faith in God, and they looked constantly to him for guid-
ance. The solitary life in their new homes, where the forests were
just yielding to give place to fields and pastures, was well suited to
this people, and they were in many respects peculiarly adapted for the
only kind of life possible in this county in the last quarter of the last
century. For a better understanding of these Friends themselves, their
fitness for their condition and surroundings, and their influence espec-
ially on the early life of this county, it will be necessary to take a
hasty glance at the rise and growth of the society, and to consider the
character of its founder, George Fox, for he is the proper exponent of
Quakerism.
He was born in 1625, and began his active career in about the year
1649, closing his eventful life, with those words of triumph, "I am
•clear,'! am clear," in the year 1690. For centuries the truths declared
to men among the hills of Judea had been unknown to the people; the
signification of the Incartiation was completely lost to them, symbols
*This Journal [New York: Collins & Bro., 269 Pearl street] is highly inter-
esting not only to Friends but to all who love to read the simple record of a good
■man's life.
THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 271
were taken for the things symbolized, mechanical performances took
the place of vital communion with a loving Father as revealed
by the vSon; but the rise of modern Protestantism, and the fear-
ful struggles of the century which followed Luther's first protests
belong to general history. The unrest which was so noticeable in
the first half of the sixteenth century goes to show that the people
were not yet satisfied with the religious condition of the country any
more than with the political. Numerous characters and various
societies came forward at this time, each with its own peculiar con-
ception of the relation which exists between this world and the next;
between the human creature and the Creator.
The feeling that outward signs of religion are empty and that the
relation between God and man is in the highest degree a personal
matter came, at a very early age, with great force, into the heart of
George Fox. He had sat on the knee of a mother who came from the
stock of martyrs, and he inherited a fearlessness which never left him
when the " voice within " bade him stand in his place. His father,
who was the " Righteous Christer," taught him by his life and words
that there is no crown on earth or in Heaven to be compared with a
'crown of righteousness." He possessed a tender but strong nature
which could be satisfied by what was genuine alone. Let us see by
looking a little farther at the experience of George Fox what being a
*' Quaker "* means.
He went to keep sheep for a shoemaker, and his work as shoe-
maker and shepherd combined went on until he was twenty, and
might have continued through his life, had not He who appeared to
Saul on his way to Damascus, appeared no less certainly, though dif-
ferently, to him. Carlyle says: " Perhaps the most remarkable inci-
dent in modern history is not the Diet of Worms, still less the battle
of Austerlitz, Waterloo, Peterloo, or any other battle; but George
Fox's making himself a suit of leather. This man, the first of the
Quakers, and by trade a shoemaker, was one of those to whom, under
ruder or purer forms, the Divine idea of the Universe is pleased to
manifest itself, and across all the hulls of ignorance and earthly
degradation, shine through in unspeakable awefulness, unspeakable
beauty in their souls; who therefore are rightly accounted Prophets,
God-pos.sessed, or even God's, as in some periods it has chanced."
No man ever instituted a more earnest search for the truth; far and
near besought for a teacher who could really teach him; he was ready
to listen on his knees to such an one when he found him, but though
he traveled as far as London he could find no man who could lift a jot
of the weight from his burdened heart. The answers he received
would have completely discouraged a less earnest youth, but he was
on a quest he could not abandon: " Be sure they sleep not whom God
* At first a nickname started by George Fox's telling a magistrate to " Quake
at the word of the Lord."
272 HISTORY OF KENNEBEC COUNTY.
needs." At length, when all his hope in men was gone, and as he tells
us, "When I had nothing outwardly to help me, nor could tell what
to do; then O 1 then, I heard a voice which said: ' There is one, even
Christ Jesus, that can speak to thy condition.' "
He had always heard a dead Christ preached in the churches, but
he sought a Christ who could teach him and act upon him so as to
change his life^ only a living Christ could do that. Doctrines about
Christ and what He has done for man are not Christ himself; and at
length Fox reached the great truths, as Kingsley says, " That Christ
must be a living person, and He must act directly on the most inward,
central personality of him, George Fox;" or again in his own words,
"Christ it was who had enlightened me, that gave me his light to !e-
lieve in, and gave me hope which is in Himself, revealed Himself m
me, and gave me His spirit and gave me His grace, which I found
sufficient in the deeps and in weakness."
He and the early Friends were orthodox in regard to the atone-
ment, but this has sometimes been overlooked, owing to the emphasis
which they put on the spiritual Christ who is the Light within, the
constant guest of the soul. Their characterizing peculiarities were,
then, obedience at all times to the voice within, the maintenance of a
life in full harmony with their profession, protestation against all
shams and formality, the use of " thee " and " thou " to show the
equality of all men,"'- and their refusal to doff" the hat to so-called
social superiors. Still, farther, they declared the incompatibility
of war with perfect Christianity; oaths, even in courts of justice,
they utterly refused; in regard to the two sacraments, baptism and
the Lord's supper, they held that " they were temporary ordinances,
intended for the transition period, while the infant church was ham-
pered by its Jewish swaddling clothes, but unneces.sary and unsuitable
in 2. purely spiritual religion^ Men and women were equal in the sight
of God and " the gift for the ministry " was conferred upon both by
the Head of the church. It was wrong for a minister to receive pay-
ment for preaching the Gospel, whether from the state or from the
congregation. vSilent communion was an essential part of their wor-
ship and it was believed that the true voice could be best heard at
such seasons.
To note these distinguishing points in belief, life and conduct,
taken with the successful efforts of George Fox to gain light and per-
fect peace, will help the reader to form a just conception of the
Friends of Kennebec county, who were the inheritors of the princi-
ples and practices of the men who so aroused and influenced the
world a hundred years before them. We do not need to speak of the
fearful persecution which attended their labors; suffice it to say that
*The use of " you," the plural to superiors, and " thou," the singular to in-
feriors, was very common then, as it still is, in Germany.
THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 273
in central Maine they were allowed peacefully to pursue their manner
of life, and no remonstrance was raised against their tenets. Here, as
in England, the Friends marked out no creed, but contented them-
selves with the life and words of the Lord as recorded by the holy
men who received the revelation, and they strove to be in their meas-
ure reproductions of Christ. The following words used by a recent
writer on the " Quakers " very nearly express their views at all the
different epochs of their existence:
" Christianity is a life; the true life of man; the life of the spirit
reigning over all the lusts of the flesh. * * * Christianit}', we call
it, because first in Jesus, the Christ, this life was manifested in its
highest perfection. * * * Our creeds and theologies are human
conceptions of what the Christian life is; but the Christian life was
before them all, is independent of them all, and probably no one of
them is a perfectly true and adequate description of the reality.
Their diversities, their mutations, prove that they are imperfect.
Christianity is the life which Christ lived, which lives in us now by
His Spirit."
Such, then, was the belief and such, in a measure, the life of the
little company which met m Vassalboro, on the hill side overlooking
the Kennebec valley, in the year 1780. The history of the Friends in
this county can never be adequately written, since from their first ap-
pearance until the present time they have done, their work in a quiet,
unobtrusive way, leaving behind them little more record of their
trials and triumphs than nature does of her unobserved workings in
the forests; but this fact does not make their existence here unim-
portant, and no careful observer will consider it to have been so.
In 1779 John Taber and family moved from Sandwich, Mass., to-
gether with Bartholomew and Rebecca Taber, brother and sister, and
established themselves in Vassalboro, being the first Friends to settle
in this locality, excepting Jethro Gardner, who lived on Cross hill.
They soon held a meeting at John Taber's house. In 1780 Jacob
Taber, aged eighty-one, father of the above mentioned John Taber,
together with Peleg Delano and their families, settled in Vassalboro.
About two years later Moses Sleeper joined this little group of Friends.
In the 3d month of 1786 Stephen Hussey and Rebecca Taber were
married at the house of John Taber, this being the first marriage in
this meeting. The same year Joseph Howland moved hither from
Pembroke and brought the first removal certificate which was placed
upon the records of the meeting.
Friends Meeting House at Vassalboro was built from 178.) to 1786,
only one half being finished, and the little company met one, if not
two, winters without any fire, meeting holding sometimes three
hours. The meeting house at Vassalboro was rebuilt about fifty years
ago. In 1787 Joshua Frye moved to Vassalboro. In 10th month,
274 HISTORY OF KENXEBEC COUNTY.
1788, Joseph Rowland and Sarah Taber, and Pelatiah Hussey and Lydia
Taber were married, being the first married in the new meeting
house. It then being the custom to request for membership, verbally
and in person, Anstrus Hobble, Levi Robinson and wife, John Get-
chell, John Baxter and wife, with Ephraim Clark and George Fish,
of Harlem, went up to Falmouth in 1782 to request the " care of
Friends," i.e., the rights of membership.
In most other parts of the land opposition brought out the char-
acter of the Friends more distinctly and their lives became a part of
written history; here they were allowed to worship God unhindered,
and the leaven which they became in the various communities was a
constantly active, though often unnoticed, force.
Remington Hobble was at first undoubtedly the strongest and
most influential member of the little society at Vassalboro. He was
a magistrate in the place and inhabited a spacious house built like the
old English homes, with a front hall so large that a " yoke of oxen
with cart attached could be driven in the front door, up the hall and
turned around in it," as the neighbors said. When David Sands and
his companion were in Vassalboro holding their first meetings.
Remington Hobble said to his wife: " I hear these Quakers are decent,
respectable looking men; I believe I shall invite them to my hou.se,
as they must be but poorly accommodated where they are." She
agreed and they were invited. When they came they were shown
into the common room or kitchen. After being seated, they re-
mained in perfect silence. Remington Hobble being entirely unac-
quainted with the manners of Friends, was at a loss to account for
their remarkable conduct, and attributed it to displeasure at being
invited into his kitchen. He at once had a fire made in his parlor,
saying to his wife: " I believe these Quakers are not pleased with
their reception; we will see how they like the other room." He in-
vited them in, but the same solemn silence continued, at which he
became almost vexed, and thought to himself, " they are certainly
fools or take me to be one."
As these thoughts were passing in his mind, David Sands turned
and fixed his eye full in his face and in the most solemn manner said:
" Art thou willing to be a fool?" when he paused and again repeated,
" Art thou willing to become a fool for Christ's sake?" He continued
with such power that Remington Hobbie could not withstand it, and
in a short time he was fully convinced of Friends' principles and prac-
tices. He was ever after a most intimate friend of David Sands and
often his colaborer. " His gift for the ministry was acknowledged,"
and for many years he preached the Gospel acceptably. In the affairs
of the church he was a " weighty man."
Moses Starkey was another strong pillar in this Vassalboro meet-
ing, and he, too, was convinced under the preaching of David Sands,
THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 275
in the following remarkable manner. He was a carpenter by trade,
and if not a rough man, he was at least one who was unconcerned
about spiritual things. As he was one day riding along the newly
made road, he was asked by a neighbor passing by if he was going to
hear the Quaker preach? To whom he replied that he had not thought
of doing so. A little farther on, the road